• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.561-573
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• 2000

Knowledge concerning the nutritional requirements and nutritional problems of fanned deer is limited. Nutritional recommendations must be based on data from domestic ruminants and fanned deer. An understanding of the biology and adaptative characteristics of wild deer is essential for sensible application of sheep and cattle nutritional principles. Nutritional requirements of deer are generally separated into five categories: energy, protein, minerals, vitamins and water. Research on deer nutrition has primarily focused on energy, protein and minerals (phosphorus and calcium). Changes in the nutritional requirements that occur with gestation, lactation, breeding and antler growth should be coordinated with seasonal changes in nutrient availability from forage plants. This paper describes aspects of current knowledge of energy, protein, minerals, vitamins and water requirements. Nutritional problems of. fanned deer are described with recommendations for prevention or control. A comparison of production efficiency of deer, lamb, beef cattle and dairy cattle is included.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.271-274
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• 2010

With deer farming now becoming recognized as one of the alternative livestock farming practices, there has been much attention on infectious diseases of cattle, but less awareness of these diseases in deer. Serum samples were randomly collected from 78 deer from 31 farms and 7 wild water deer from wild animal medical center during 2005 to 2007, respectively. A total 85 sera were tested for Neospora caninum antibodies by ELISA. Fourteen farmed deer(17.9%) were positive to N. caninum but no antibodies were found in sera from wild water deer. The sera from all of the area for these study showed positive in the range from 6.7 to 30.7%. On the basis of these study, farmed deer in Jeonbuk province were exposed extensively and seriously to N. caninum which might present a risk to other species included cattle and dog.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.1779-1787
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• 2000

Southern and south-western Australia is a typical mediterranean environment, characterised by wet, cold winters and dry, hot summers. The evaporation rate varies significantly in summer, resulting in a high salinity of drinking water for grazing animals. In addition, a large amount of land in the cropping areas is affected by salt. Puccinellia, tall wheat grass and saltbushes have been planted to improve the soil condition and to supply feed for grazing animals. Animals grazing these areas often ingest an excessive amount of salt from soil, forage and drinking water which can reduce feed intake, increase the water requirement, depress growth and affect body composition as demonstrated in sheep. While the deer industry has been successfully developed in these regions, the potential impact of excessive salt intake on deer production is unknown. The salt tolerance has been well defined for sheep, cattle and other livestock species, but the variation between animal species, breeds within species, maturity status and grazing environments makes it impossible to apply these values directly to deer. To optimise deer production and effectively use natural resources, it is essential to understand the salt status of grazing deer and the impact of excessive salt intake on growth and reproduction of deer.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-2
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• 1960

Six kinds of free amino acids, leucine, methionine, threonine, lysine, histidine and aspartic acid were found by using partition paper chromatography from water extract of deer horn which is widely used as tonic drug. The results shows that deer horn does not contain any specific free amino acid.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.162-168
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to estimate the roadkill occurrence of water deer (Hydropotes inermis), a representative roadkill species in South Korea. For this estimation, I analyzed national road statistics and roadkill statistics, and then reviewed case studies that estimated the number of deer roadkill in other countries to apply the estimating methods to our case. As a result, the estimated number of water deer vehicle collision was at least 60,000 per year in South Korea.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.111-117
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• 2009

Farmed deer could be susceptible carrier to bovine viral infectious disease. But unfortunately, there has not been an overall study over this subject in Korea so far. Therefore, a study was conducted to see serum antibodies to bovine leukosis, food and mouth disease, bovine viral diarrhea and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in deer using the sera of farmed deer. As a result, two deer in a farms showed positive in bovine leukosis antibodies, using ELISA. For wild water deer, no antibodies were found for those diseases. As a result, it can be assumed that deer were relatively low rate of exposure to highly contagious disease such as viral bovine infectious disease in Korea. As this study was conducted over limited in number of subject and regions, continued study should be carried out in order to prevent and control the interspecies transmission in the future.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.344-347
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• 2011

Intrachondral articulations are the synovial joints that occur within costal cartilage in artiodactyls. The anatomical structure of Korean water deer differs from that of other deer. However, there have been no reports on the occurrence and shape of intrachondral articulations in the deer. To provide information on these articulations, we examined the occurrence and shape of intrachondral articulations in the Korean water deer by gross findings, radiography, computed tomography (CT), and histological observation. These joints often occur in the second to the tenth ribs. Morphologically, they are spheroidal joints, especially from the third to the eighth ribs, and their configuration is discernable in gross findings, radiography, CT, and histological sections. These basic results would be helpful in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in the lateral thoracic wall of the Korean water deer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.55-65
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• 2024

This study aimed to figure out diel activity patterns of water deer and wild boar, whose habitat is disturbed by human activity in a suburban area. Photographic data of water deer and wild boar collected by 18 camera traps from January 2021 to November 2022 was categorized into four diel periods (dawn, day, dusk, and night), and converted into frequencies per 100 CTD (Camera Trap-Days) for seasonal and spatial diel activity pattern analysis. Water deer exhibited intense nocturnality in fall, and wild boar did in fall and winter. During the fall, water deer's night-time capture rate was the highest (61.9%), and day-time photographic rate was the lowest (13.9%) among other seasons. During the fall and winter, wild boar's night-time photographic rate was relatively high (77.6%, 78.0%, respectively), and day-time photographic rate was relatively low (0.7%, 1.8%) in comparison with other seasons. In spatial diel activity analysis, both water deer and wild boar showed a tendency to avoid humans, especially near trails during day-time hours. The day-time photographic rate of water deer in trail-near group was 12.1% and trail-far group was 24.6%. The day-time photographic rate of wild boar was 3.4%, 5.7%, respectively. Because the diel activity patterns of wildlife reflect human disturbance, this study provides useful ecological information for developing appropriate management plans for the coexistence of water deer and wild boar in suburban areas.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.303-310
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• 2013

Velvet deer antler (VDA) is well known oriental medicine claimed to have tonic activities as improving bone mineral density (BMD), immune-enhancing, rejuvenating and many other medicinal activities. Ossified deer antler (ODA) is bony product produced by over-calcification of deer antler due to late harvesting. The extraction efficiency of ODA by conventional boiling in water must be very poor due to bony nature, hence the reputations for the medicinal efficacies of ODA has been highly under-evaluated compared to that of VDA without any experimental evidences. Employing our new efficient water extraction process ($135^{\circ}C$), the extracts of ODA and VDA were analysed to compare the contents of bioactive components and the potencies of pharmacological activities. The results showed that; 1) The $135^{\circ}C$ extraction (autoclaving) of ODA gave highly increased amount of biomass, 120% more than the conventional extraction by 100-boiling, whereas the same treatment for VDA showed only 15% increased amount of biomass. 2) Feeding the ODA- or VDA-extracts to oophorectomized rats showed very potent BMD-recovering activity. 3) During the ossification of deer antler, the total collagen content was found to be increased by addition of type-1 to pre-existing type-2 collagen, but not replacement of type-2 to type-1 collagen. High titer of peptide hormones like growth hormone and IGF-1 were detected in the ODA- and VDA-extracts and also in the serum of ODA- or VDA-treated oophorectomized animals dose-dependently. Present experimental data will give a conclusion that folkloric poor reputations on ODA must be concerned only with poor extraction efficiency of conventional $100^{\circ}C$ water extraction and not based on the composition of bioactive substances of ODA.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.232-239
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• 2018

Our study aims to provide a guideline of deer-proof fence heights to prevent roadkill of water deer (Hydropotes inermis), the most frequently killed by a vehicle collision, in South Korea. With 27 water deer in deer ecology center of the National Institute of Ecology, we measured the ability of water deer to jump gradually higher fences from 0.5cm by 10cm until the deterrence rate reached 100%. Ourresultrevealed that the deterrence rate became 96.7% at the fence height of 1.5m and the rate reached 100% at the 1.8m. We believe that our result provides the fundamental information to prepare a standard of deer-proof fence height. This evidence-based standard will contribute to improving the guideline for wildlife crossing construction and management, established by Ministry of Environment Korea.