• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 2023

Dendropanax trifidus belonging to the family Araliaceae, is a warm-temperate evergreen tree distributed in Jeju Island, Bogil Island, Geomun Island, Geoje Island, Wando, and Haenam in Korea. In June 2021, a root rot disease in which branches of Dendropanax trifidus seedlings turned brown and shrunk was discovered at the seedling cultivation facility in Naju-si, Republic of Korea. To identify the root rot fungus, three strains were isolated from the diseased tissues of seedlings and their mycological characteristics were investigated on potato dextrose agar. In addition, a molecular phylogenetic analysis was performed using sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and translation elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α) gene. The fungus was identified as Fusarium oxysporum. For pathogenicity test, the roots of seedlings were immersed in the conidia suspension of the strains and planted. After 20 days inoculation, root rot and browning symptoms were confirmed in the inoculated plants. This is the first report of F. oxysporum on D. trifidus in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.429-439
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• 2011

We investigated the flora of Imja-do(Isl.), an island of the Shinan archipelago, located in Imja-myeon, Shinan-gun, Jollanamo-do and discussed the vascular plants found there. Twenty-four separate field trips (100days) were completed from August of 1997 to October of 2009. As a result, we identified the distribution of 526 taxa in Imja-do(Isl.), comprising 112 families, 331 genera, 463 species, 1 subspecies, 60 varieties, and 2 forms. There are a total of 78 taxa of floristic regional indicator plants and one taxon of level II endangered species, Millettia japonica, as designated by the Korean Ministry of the Environment. The floristic regional indicator plants are as follows; four taxa of level V such as Utricularia bifida, two taxa of level IV such as Cladium chinense, 14 taxa of level III such as Aletris spicata, three taxa of level II, and 55 taxa of level I. In addition, one endangered species (EN), Nymphoides coreana, five vulnerable species (VU),such as Ilex cornuta, and three near-threatened species (NT) such as Utricula riaracemosa, were found in the investigated area. The plants of Imja-do(Isl.) are classified into four types based on the plant geographical origin, as follows: 1) boreal plants advancing southward in a glacial period, 2) temperate plants spreading eastward from the Himalayas and China to Japan passing through the south coast of Korea, 3) subtropical plants, and 4) indigenously developed endemic species of the warm-temperate region of East Asia.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.558-568
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• 2021

Poor supervision and tourism activities have resulted in forest degradation in islands in Korea. Since the southern coastal region of the Korean peninsula was originally dominated by warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved forests, it is desirable to restore forests in this region to their original vegetation. In this study, we identified suitable areas to be restored as evergreen broad-leaved forests by analyzing the environmental factors of existing evergreen broad-leaved forests in the islands of Jeollanam-do. We classified forest lands in the study area into six vegetation types from Sentinel-2 satellite images using a deep learning algorithm and analyzed the tolerance ranges of existing evergreen broad-leaved forests by measuring the locational, topographic, and climatic attributes of the classified vegetation types. Results showed that evergreen broad-leaved forests were distributed more in areas with a high altitudes and steep slope, where human intervention was relatively low. The human intervention has led to a higher distribution of evergreen broad-leaved forests in areas with lower annual average temperature, which was an unexpected but understandable result because an area with higher altitude has a lower temperature. Of the environmental factors, latitude and average temperature in the coldest month (January) were relatively less contaminated by the effects of human intervention, thus enabling the identification of suitable restoration areas of the evergreen broad-leaved forests. The tolerance range analysis of evergreen broad-leaved forests showed that they mainly grew in areas south of the latitude of 34.7° and a monthly average temperature of 1.7℃ or higher in the coldest month. Therefore, we predicted the areas meeting these criteria to be suitable for restoring evergreen broad-leaved forests. The suitable areas cover 614.5 km², which occupies 59.0% of the total forest lands on the islands of Jeollanamdo, and 73% of actual forests that exclude agricultural and other non-restorable forest lands. The findings of this study can help forest managers prepare a restoration plan and budget for island forests.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.3
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• pp.312-322
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• 2010

In Korea, Torreya nucifera (L.) Siebold & Zuccarini is widely distributed in the warm temperate zone of South coastal area and Jeju island, mainly as preserved forest in the vicinity of the Buddhist temple and Confucian temple. The objective of this study is in order to develop the conservation method and comprehension of vegetation community by current vegetation structure analysis of Torreya nucifera stand. As the results, the number of surveyed species in Torreya nucifera stand were total 148 species with 28 species of tree layer, 38 species of subtree layer, and 82 species of shrub layer. The appearance of the common species were Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold & Zucc., Hedera rhombea Bean, and Trachelospermum asiaticum Nakai var. asiaticum. All the story of the surveyed region, Torreya nucifera maintained the current dominant species, but the subtree layer and shrub layer was decreased dominant rate because of the development of the crown of tree layer and biased growth of the subtree layer. Most of the tree layer and subtree layer in Torreya nucifera stands are composed of the sprout forest. Therefore, these results suggest that in order to maintain the healthy stand it is demanded for the application of selection thinning method for reducing crown competition in Torreya nucifera forests.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.558-570
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• 2009

The vascular plants in Jeju composed of 21 families 62 genera, 190 species, 7 varieties with 197 taxa in Pteridophyta, 3 families 5 genera, 7 species, 3 forma with 10 taxa in gymnosperm (Coniferophyta) and 143 families 703 genera, 1,622 species, 114 varieties and 47 forma with 1,783 taxa in Endospermae. The total number of taxa was 1,990 consisting 167 families, 770 genera, 1,818 species, 121 varieties and 50 forma. Three families, 4 genera 4 species and 1 variety in Pteridophyta and 1 family, 1 genus I species, 1 forma of Coniferophyta were endemic to Jeju. Five families, 8 genera and 8 species in the Monocotyledonae of Endospermae and 23 families, 32 genera, 21 species, 16 varieties and 7 forma and 44 taxa in Cholipetalae, and 9 families, 24 genera, 12 species, 13 varieties and 7 forma, total 32 taxa in Sympetalae were endemic to Jeju. Total 90 taxa with 41 families, 69 genera, 46 species, 29 varieties and 15 forma were drawn up as endemic plants in Jeju. As the numbers show on, Jeju has more biodiversity especially plant diversity than any other places in Korea. It was an important region in regard to geographical position. The rarity on plants from Jeju has been assessed based on the IUCN red list categories and criteria at both regional and global levels. There was one species in each extinct (EX) and extinct in the Wild (EW). The EX and EW species were Rhododendron saisiuense Nakai (Ericaceae) and Asplenium antiquum Makino (Aspleniaceae), respectively. Three taxa, Rhododendron dauricum L. (Ericaceae), Lycopodium sieboldii Miq., and Lycopodiella cernua (L.) Serm (Lycopodiaceae) were species that is extinct in the region (RE). Sixty-one taxa were critically endangered (CR), 13 were endangered (EN), and 83 were vulnerable (VU) at regional level. The taxa listed on a Red List corresponds 26.9% of total taxa in Jeju. At global level, there were 19 taxa in CR, 4 in EN, and 1 in VU (Vulnerable) as the category of threat. The rest taxa (133 taxa) were classified as Least Concern (LC). According to the results of the assessment, conservation measures must be taken for total of 157 species that were categorized in threaten including one of EX, one of EW and three extinct in the region immediately. Of 157 species, 61 were CR, 13 are EN and 83 were VU.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.415-425
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• 2010

The purpose of the present study was to analyze the vegetation structure and distributional characteristics of Abies koreana forests in Mt. Halla, and to provide basicdata for an ecological study on Abies koreana in Mt. Halla. The results of the analysis showed that the mean importance percentage(M.I.P,) of Abies koreana in the Youngsil and Bangaeoreum and the Azalea field were 28.3%, 23.6%, and 46.4%, respectively. The ratios of DBH (diameter at breast height) to height were similar in all region, except in the Azalea field, where Abies koreana of various ages, both young and old, were found. The species diversity (H) of the upper and lower layers in the Youngsil and Bangaeoreum and in the Azalea field were 0.625 and 0.810, 0.731 and 0.848, and 0.342 and 0.757, respectively. A total of 52 community were distributed at locations higher than 1,300m above sea level. The proportions of each community in the whole Abies koreana forest were 56.5%(Azalea field), 11.0% (Youngsil trail at 1,550-1,650 m above sea level), and 8.1%(Janggumok and Kundurewat region). The total area of the Abies koreana forest was calculated to be 795.3ha by combining all the areas of each community. An Abies koreana forest with the largest area was found at locations 1,500-1,600 m above sea level, taking up 38.8% of the total Abies koreana forest area. For the slopes of the distributional area of Abies koreana, 46.1%(highest proportion) of the total area was $10\sim25^{\circ}$, and for the azimuth of the distributional area, 17.4%(the highest proportion) of the total area was $0-45^{\circ}$. The vegetation structure showed large differences between areas. It was found, however, that the distribution was mostly in the areas with a relatively gentle slope. It is suggested that research be done to forecast the possible changes in the differences in the vegetation structures between different areas caused by climate changes. In addition, there is a need to monitor the Abies koreana and alpine plants in the subalpine zones of Mt. Halla, which are sensitive to climate change, to obtain the basic data that are necessary for the protection and maintenance of the ecosystem.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.61-83
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• 1997

The flora of evergreen broad-leaved forest regions in the islands off the south & east seashore was undertaken three times between August to October, 1995. The total number of vascular plants surveyed in the studied areas were summarized as 434 taxa; 105 families 297 genera 380 species 49 varieties 1 subspecies and 4 formas. The vascular plants were classified as 56 taxa 32 families 53 genera 50 species 6 varieties in Mokdo, 92 taxa 47 families 80 genera 81 species 9 varieties and 2 forms in Mijo-ri, 68 taxa 47 families 65 genera 58 species 9 varieties and 1 forms in Mijodo, 57 taxa 39 families 52 genera 53 species 4 varieties in Kkamakseom, 124 taxa 59 families 105 genera 112 species 11 varieties 1 subspecies in Aedo, 90 taxa 46 families 75 genera 83 species 7 varieties in Sayangdo, 135 taxa 63 families 111 genera 147 species 13 varieties in Kumodo, 78 taxa 40 families 67 genera 69 species 9 varieties in Chudo, 142 taxa 67 families 113 genera 120 species 20 varieties and 2 forms in Mira-ri, 184 taxa 73 families 150 genera 160 species 24 varieties 1 subspecies in Maengseon-ni, and 196 taxa 79 families 156 genera 172 species 24 varieties 1 subspecies and 1 forms in Yesong-ni. Conservation measures of evergreen broad-leaved forests in the areas, at both the habitat and species levels, are urgently needed to mitigate against destructive human activities, such as unreasonable management and trampling.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.163-173
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• 2011

This paper, as a case study on the evaluation of nationwide-unit forest functions, targeting the entire Gyeongsangnam-do region, examined the integration measures for the evaluation of national, public and private forest functions, as well as GIS data problems and GIS data building methods. Also, the distribution and characteristics of Gyeongsangnam-do's forest functions were examined. First, as integration measures for forest function evaluation, evaluation unit was proposed as watershed unit, and GIS techniques were proposed to correct some patterns of errors shown in the watershed maps. Also, of GIS data used for forest function evaluation, maps of locations of saw mills to be revised, expressway interchange location maps, and population distribution maps were built nationwide. Based on watershed units, the forest functions of 20 cities and counties in Gyeongsangnam-do were evaluated, revealing that wood production function and forest recreation function potentials, high-ranking was high distributed throughout the site, while most functions potentials, low-ranking was low distributed. In forest function maps with the application of priority by city and gun, the area size was ranked in the order of forest recreation, timber production, natural conservation, water yield, living environment conservation, and prevention of natural disaster. Case analysis results for large areas can be used in evaluating nationwide forest functions.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.250-254
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• 2006

To elucidate cytogenetic differences, karyotype analysis and FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) with 45S and 5S rDNAs were carried out in the three Astragalas species: Astragalas membranaceus Bunge, A. membranaceus var. alpinus Nakai and A. mongholicus Bunge. The somatic metaphase chromosome numbers of all three species were 2n=2x=16 and the size of chromosomes ranged $2.19{\sim} 5.73\;{\mu}m$. The chromosome complement of A. membranaceus consisted of each four pairs of metacentrics (chromosomes 3,4,6 and 7) and submetacentrics (chromosomes 1,2,4 and 8). In A. membranaceus var. alpinus, the chromosome complement consisted of two pairs of metacentrics (chromosomes 4 and 8) and six pairs of submetacentrics (chromosomes 1,2,3,5,6 and 7). A. mongholicus had three pairs of metacentrics (chromosomes 6,7 and 8) and five pairs of submetacentrics (chromosomes 1,2,3,4 and 5). Using bicolor-FISH, one pair of 45S and 5S rDNA signals could be detected on the centromeric regions of chromosomes 8 and 7 of A. membranaceus and A. mongholicus, respectively. In contrast, A, membranaceus var. alpinus had one pair of 45S signals on the centromeric region of chromosome 8 and two pairs of 5S rDNA signals on the short arms of chromosomes 7 and 8.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.392-402
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• 2023

This study was conducted to understand the characteristics of the plant society in Cheongwansan Provincial Park, which lacks research on plants, and to establish basic data necessary for sustainable vegetation management and provincial park research. This study set up 126 quadrats were installed in Cheongwansan Provincial Park to investigate the species that emerged, and interspecies association analysis was conducted focusing on species excluding rare species. The results were written in a sociogram using the Gephi 0.10 program, modular analysis was conducted to distribute groups between adjacent nodes, and network centrality and structure analysis were conducted. As a result of the analysis, the Smilax china showed the highest frequency of appearance in the survey area. Next, it was found to be high in the order of Quercus serrata, Eurya japonica, Styrax japonicus, and Sasa borealis. Interspecies association analysis was conducted on 69 species excluding rare species, and plant social networks were visualized based on benign binding. The Plant Social Network consists of 69 nodes and 396 connecting lines, and one species formed interspecies bonds with an average of about 17.9 species, connecting each other in 2.3 steps. 69 species were divided into three groups through modular analysis, and the first group consisted mainly of evergreen broad-leaved and trees that appeared in warm-temperate region, and the second group consisted mainly of deciduous broad-leaved. The three groups were mainly divided into trees that grow well in sunny and dry sunlight.