• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.1022-1027
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• 2010

Effects of increasing dietary rice straw on chewing activity, ruminal fermentation, and fibrolytic enzyme activity in growing goats were investigated in a $4{\times}4$ Latin Square experiment. The goats were offered four diets with an increasing proportion of rice straw (i.e. 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20, respectively, on dry matter basis). Increasing level of rice straw increased ($P_{linear\;effect}$ <0.05) the time spent on eating, ruminating, and chewing. The ruminal pH and acetate: propionate ratio were increased ($P_{linear\;effect}$ <0.05), while the $NH_3$-N concentration was decreased ($P_{linear\;effect}$ <0.01). Increasing level of rice straw in the diet increased ($P_{linear\;effect}{\leq}0.01$) molar proportion of acetate and isovalerate, and decreased ($P_{linear\;effect}$ <0.01) molar proportion of propionate. The CMCase, xylanase and cellobiase activities in the rumen were decreased ($P_{linear\;effect}$ <0.05) with increasing level of dietary rice straw, whereas the avicelase activity was increased ($P_{linear\;effect}$ <0.01). In summary, increased level of rice straw elevated the dietary neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content in the diet and had a great impact on chewing activity and ruminal fermentation.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.139-146
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• 1989

The purpose of this study was to examine the qualitative variation of human fetal-cord sera (HCS) and to accept the sera in human lVF-ET program. One hundred and sixteenth RCS were tested with 1772 2-cell embryos of F1 (C57BL x CBA) virgin mice, Ten to sixteenth embryos were cultured in m-KRB medium with a aliquot of each serum (10%, v/v) or with bovine serum albumin(O.4%, w/v) as a control medium. Embryonic development were recorded at every 24hr for 4 days by such events as cellular compaction, cavitation, and hatching. In the control groups of eight assays, 98.1%(106/ 108) of 2-ce1l embryos developed above expanded blastocyst and the embryonic development was unified through the tests. But the developmental pattern in medium with each serum was various. Namely, the sera that supported development of 100% 2-cell embryos to above morula, early blastocyst, expanded blastocyst and hatching blastocyst was 45,7%(53/116) , 35.3%(41/116), 15.5%08/116.) and 6.9-%(8/116), respectively. And the sera that supported development of above 80% 2-cell embryos to the each embryonic stage was 92.2% (107/116), 83.6%(97/116), 63.8%(74/116) and 36.2%(42/116), respectively. Meanwhile two kinds of toxic pattern to the embryonic development were observed in some sera. The first pattern is that some sera arrested development of most embryos in pre- or post-stage of morula or blastocyst. The second pattern is that some sera promoted or arrested a part of embryos in the same dish. The ability of serum was depended on the batch of serum. Finally we could accept 69%(80/116) of the tested sera for human IVF-ET program. The base line for acceptance was the ability that supported above 80% 2-ce1l embryos to blastocyst. But some deterious sera were contained in this range. We cut off about 10% of the sera (83.6% , 97/116) that passed the baseline. This final percent of sera was similar to that of grade N of this study.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.24-25
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• 2006

SmBCO coated conductors were successfully fabricated using EDDC (Evaporation using Drum in Dual Chambers) deposition system that is a bath type co-evaporation system for fabrication of superconducting tape and divided into two chambers named evaporation chamber and reaction chamber. To obtain long and high quality superconducting coated conductor, it is very important to secure the uniformity of all the deposition parameters m the deposition system such as deposition temperature, oxygen partial pressure, compositional ratios and so on. Therefore, we investigated the distribution of the parameters along the axis of the drum m EDDC on which tapes were wound helically. When the temperature on the middle point of deposition zone was $700^{\circ}C$, that on the edge of deposition zone was $675^{\circ}C$. When the thickness of SmBCO layer on the middle point of deposition zone was 1063 nm, that on the edge of deposition zone was 899 nm. The partial pressure of oxygen was 5 mTorr in the reaction chamber while that was $7{\times}10^{-5}$Torr in the evaporation chamber. The composition ratio of Sm:Ba:Cu, that was measured by EDX, was very uniform along the axis of the drum. Under these deposition conditions, critical current distribution along the drum axis was 175 A/cm, 190A/cm, 217.5 A/cm, 182.5 A/cm, 175 A/cm with the interval of 9 cm between samples. It means that the EDDC system has the potential of fabricating (100m, 200A) class coated conductor.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.163-174
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• 2006

The $Ph{\acute{e}}bus$ FP project is an international reactor safety project. Its main objective is to study the release, transport and retention of fission products in a severe accident of a light water reactor (LWR). The FPT4 test was performed with a fuel debris bed geometry, to look at late phase core degradation and the releases of low volatile fission products and actinides. Post Test Analyses results indicate that releases of noble gases (Xe, Kr) and high-volatile fission products (Cs, I) were nearly complete and comparable to those obtained during $Ph{\acute{e}}bus$ tests performed with a fuel bundle geometry (FPT1, FPT2). Volatile fission products such as Mo, Te, Rb, Sb were released significantly as in previous tests. Ba integral release was greater than that observed during FPT1. Release of Ru was comparable to that observed during FPT1 and FPT2. As in other $Ph{\acute{e}}bus$ tests, the Ru distribution suggests Ru volatilization followed by fast redeposition in the fuelled section. The similar release fraction for all lanthanides and fuel elements suggests the released fuel particles deposited onto the plenum surfaces. A blockage by molten material induced a steam by-pass which may explain some of the low releases. The revaporisation testing under different atmospheres (pure steam, $H_2/N_2$ and steam /$H_2$) and up to $1000^{\circ}C$ was performed on samples from the first upper plenum. These showed high releases of Cs for all the atmospheres tested. However, different kinetics of revaporisation were observed depending on the gas composition and temperature. Besides Cs, significant revaporisations of other elements were observed: e.g. Ag under reducing conditions, Cd and Sn in steam-containing atmospheres. Revaporisation of small amounts of fuel was also observed in pure steam atmosphere.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.424-431
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of short road transportation in an open truck during hot season on live weight shrink, physiological responses, and carcass and meat quality of Omani sheep at 6 and 12 months of age. Thirty-six male sheep, 18 of each age group, were used. Age groups were assigned randomly to transported and not-transported groups. The transported group was transported to the slaughterhouse the day of slaughter in an open truck covering a distance of approximately 100 km. The average temperature during transportation was $37^{\circ}C$. The not-transported group was kept in a lairage of a commercial slaughterhouse with ad libitum feed and water for 48 h prior to slaughter. Blood samples were collected from sheep before loading and prior to slaughter via jugular venipuncture to assess their physiological response to transport in relation to hormonal levels. Animals were weighed just before loading onto a truck and after transport to assess shrinkage. Muscle ultimate pH, expressed juice, cooking loss percentage, WB-shear force value, sarcomere length and colour L*, a*, b* were measured on samples from longissimus dorsi, biceps femoris and semitendinosus muscles collected at 24 h postmortem at $1-3^{\circ}C$. Live weight shrinkage losses were 1.09 and 1.52 kg for 6 and 12 month transported sheep, respectively. The transported sheep had significantly (p<0.05) higher cortisol, adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine concentration levels prior to slaughter at both ages than the not-transported sheep. Transportation significantly influenced meat quality characteristics of three muscles. Muscle ultimate pH and shear force values were significantly higher, while CIE L*, a*, b*, expressed juice and cooking loss were lower in transported than not-transported sheep. Age had a significant effect on meat quality characteristics of Omani sheep. These results indicated that short-term pre-slaughter transport at high ambient temperatures can cause noticeable changes in physiological and muscle metabolism responses in sheep.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.235-241
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• 2002

The detection of tubercle bacilli (TB) from sputum smear is one of the fast and inexpensive methods for diagnosis of tuberculosis. For this method. sputum smears are usually flexed by heating and stained by acid-fast staining method, and then examined under an optical microscope. Two Procedures are commonly used fur TB staining. One is hot staining and the other is cold staining method. The Ziehl-Neelsen method which is a hot staining method is widely used in Korea because its stained color is more vivid However, the conventional automated stainer has to fix the sputum smear on a slide manually and the stain is not so vivid because it has not heating function. In an effort to save labor and minimize variations in manual staining Procedure. we developed an automated stainer with heating function. The entire staining process is fully automated. from fixation to final washing and drying. With the automated methods, five slides can be flexed and stained in 21 minutes at consistent high quality We compared the concordance rate between the two methods for 91 sputum samples to validate the stain quality of the developed automated stainer. As the results, the concordant rate between the two methods was 95% and there was no significant difference (p>0.05)

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.463-472
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• 2003

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of fermented chitosan additive(FCA) as a probiotics in finishing pig. The levels of 0.2% and 0.5% of FCA powder was added to the regular feed. A total of 30 pigs were used to evaluate the growing performance. Those FCA supplemented feeds were supplied to the pigs at 17 weeks of age for 6 weeks. After slaughtering, 4 pigs of each treatment were used to compare the physico-chemical characteristics and sensory evaluation. Addition of 0.2% of FCA improved the average daily weight gain and feed efficiency. The pH of the FCA treated loin was slightly higher than control. The L*, a*, b* values of the treatment groups were generally low compared to control group. So the effect of FCA to meat color was expression of purplish red color. Juiciness of the pork shoulder treated with 0.5% FCA was significantly(p<0.05) higher than the other groups. Flavor and overall preference scores for bacon treated with 0.5% of FCA were significantly(p<0.05) higher than the other groups.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.117-129
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• 2008

Background & Objective : Naeso-san(NSS) has been used for the treatment of functional dyspepsia, regarded as a gastric dysmotility disease. A main cause of gastric dysmotility is antral dilatation or antroduodenal uncoordination. Therefore, we investigated the effect of NSS on gastric motility and its mechanism of action, as well as the morphologic changes in antral dilatated rats. Methods : Antral dilatated rats were induced by wrapping a nonabsorbable rubber ring(D:6mm, W:4mm, T:1mm) around the 1st portion of the duodenum for 8 weeks. Then morphologic changes were investigated and compared with normal intact rats before and after 8 weeks. Gastric emptying was measured by administration of normal saline(NS) or NSS in normal intact and antral dilatated rats. In another series of experiments to evaluate the mechanism of NSS under delayed conditions, normal intact rats were treated with atropine sulfate(1mg/kg, s.c.), quinpirole HCl(0.3mg/kg, i.p.), $NAME(N^{G}-nitro-L-arginine$ methyl ester, 75mg/kg, s.c.) and cisplatin(10mg/kg, i.p.), respectively. The myoelectrical activity of the gastric smooth muscle was recorded in normal intact and antral dilatated rats. The contractile waves were measured for 30 minutes before and after administration of each solution(NS, NSS). Results : Body weight gain of antral dilatated rats was significantly lower than that of the controls. Futhermore, we found the thickness of the mucosal and muscular layers and surface area of the stomach increased significantly compared with controls. NSS 278㎎/㎏ improved gastric emptying more than normal saline or NSS 93mg/kg in normal intact(p=0.026) and antral dilatated rats(p=0.03). NSS enhanced gastric emptying significantly in the NAME treated group(p=0.002). NSS 278mg/kg increased the significant postprandial dominant power than that of NS in normal intact rats, whereas there was no statistical significance in antral dilatated rats. Conclusions : NSS stimulates gastric motility through the cholinergic pathway. We expect that pathologic model with antral dilatation can be used as an exprimental tool which is similar to dyspepsia and NSS would be effective especially in dysmotility-like functional dyspepsia with antral dilatation or impaired reservoir functions such as gastric adaptive relaxation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.29-29
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• 2002

공구강 등 산업용 재료로 널리 사용되는 카바이드 계 재료는 입자 크기 및 분포에 따라 기계적 성질이 변화하므로, 이를 제어하고 조절하는 기술에 관하여 많은 연구가 진행되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 TiCN-WC-Co 복합초경계 에서 소결 공정 및 조성변화에 따른 입자 모양을 관찰하고 이에 따른 업자 성장 거동을 고찰하였다. 일반적으로 입자 조대화 양상과 고상 입자의 모양과는 밀접한 관계가 있다. 각진 입자의 경우에 는 계면이 원자적으로 singular 하여 원자의 홉착이 어렵기 때문에 임계값 이상의 성장 구동력을 받 는 몇몇 입자만 성장하는 비정상 입자 성장이 일어날 수 있다. 반면에 계면이 rough한 퉁큰 엽자의 경우에는 원자 홉착에 필요한 구동력이 존재하지 않아 성장 구동력을 받는 모든 입자들이 성장하기 때문에 정상 입자 성장을 하게 된다. 이와 같이 입자 모양에 따른 입자 성장 거동은 전체 미세구조를 결정하게 되며, 이에 따른 물리 화학적 물성을 변화시킨다. 이러한 입자 성장 원리를 적용하 면 복합초경계 (TiCN-WC-Co)에서도 입자성장이 억제되고 치밀한 소결체를 제조할 수 있을 것이다. 본 실험에서는 평균입도가 각각 0.1, 1.33, 2$\mu\textrm{m}$인 TiCN, WC, Co 분말을 사용하여 $((I00_{-x)}TiCN+_xWC)-30Co$ (wt%) 조성에서 TiCN/WC 비를 변화시키면서 업자 모양과 입자성장 거동을 관찰하였다. 청량된 분말은 WC 초경 볼로 밀렁하고, 건조한 후, 100 mesh 체로 조립화 하였다. 이 분말을 100 MPa의 압력으로 냉간정수압성형 하고 $10^{-2}$ torr의 진공분위기의 graphite f furnace에서 carbon black으로 packing 하여 액상형성 온도 이상에서 소결하였다. 소결된 시편은 경면 연마하여 주사전자현미경으로 미세 조직을 관찰하였다. TiCN-30Co 조성 시편은 corner-round 모양의 입자 모양으로 소결 시간 증가에 따라 빠른 입자 성장을 나타내었다 .(7STiCN+2SWC)-30Co 조성 시변의 경우 일반적으로 보고된 바와 같이 core/shell 구조를 나타내었으며, core는 TiC-rich 상이었고, shell은 (Ti,W)(C,N) 복합 탄화물 상이었다. WC 함량이 중가함에 따라 입자의 corner-round 영역이 증가하였으며 (SOTiCN-SOWC)-30Co 조성 근처에서는 거의 둥근 형태의 입자 모양을 나타내었다. 또한 TiCN - 30Co 조성 시편에 비하여 WC가 첨가된 시펀들은 작은 평균입자크기를 나타내었다. 본 연구의 결과는 shell 영역 조성 변화는 계면에너지 이방성과 기지상 내의 펑형 입자 모양을 변화시키고 나아가 입자 성장 속도 에도 영향을 미친다는 것을 보여준다.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.276-285
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• 2020

In this study, accelerated chloride diffusion tests were performed on OPC(Ordinary Portland Cement) and FA(Fly Ash) concrete considering three levels o f W/B(Water to Binder) ratio o n 1,095 curing days. The accelerated chloride diffusion coefficient and the passed charge were evaluated in accordance with Tang's method and ASTM C 1202, and the resistance performance to chloride attack improved over time. FA concrete showed excellent resistance performance against chloride penetration with help of pozzolanic reaction. As the result of the passed charge, FA concrete showed durability improvement, "low" grade to "very low" grade, but OPC concrete changed "moderate" grade to "low" grade at 1,095 curing days. After assuming the design variables used for durability design as normal distribution functions, the service life of each case was evaluated by the probabilistic analysis method based on MCS(Monte Carlo Simulation). In FA concrete, the increase of probability of durability failure was lower than that of OPC concrete with increasing time, because the time-dependent coefficient of FA concrete was up to 3.2 times higher than OPC concrete. In addition, the service life by probabilistic analysis was evaluated lower than the service life by deterministic analysis, since the target probability of durability failure was set to 10%. It is considered that more economical durability design will be possible if the mo re suitable target probability of durability failure is set for various structures through researches on actual conditions and indoor tests under various circumstances.