• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.103-110
• /
• 2005

The study was carried out to develop the real time measuring technique of ammonia and carbon dioxide concentration emitted from growing-finishing pig house in winter and estimate ammonia emission rate emitted from the pig house. As the study was carried out, environmental management technique for the pig house and odor abatement skill could be properly developed to reduce the residence's annoyance. The room temperature of the growing-finishing pig house was $10^{\circ}C$ higher than outdoor air temperature in spite of additional heating, because of heat emitted from body temperature of the pigs. The daily variation pattern of room temperature in the pig house shows the similar tendency with outdoor air temperature. The daily mean ventilation rate per head was $16\;m^3/h$ and ranged from $12\;m^3/h$ to $22.4\;m^3/h$. The difference of day and night for ventilation rate was about 2 times. The ammonia emission rate was $208{\pm}28\;mg/h{\cdot}pig$ per daily basics calculated with ventilation rate and ammonia concentration.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.105-110
• /
• 1983

In order to select the effective herbicides on polyethylene film mulching culture of galic (Allium sativum L) for weed control in early and low temperature condition, several experiments were conducted at the Chungbuk Provincial Office of Rural Development from 1978 to 1982. The dominated weed in the open field was Chenopodium album (98.1%), and there were many Rvrippa globosas (39.7%), and Dtgitaria sanguinalis (34.3%) in the polyethylene film mulching culture. Effective herbicides in polyethylene film culture were alachlor EC, pendimethalin EC, oxyfluorfen EC, and acifluorfen EC. After the 15th May, metabenzthiazuron WP and prometryne WP for the gramineous weeds were effective. There was a little chemical injury on acifluorfen EC application, but not another influence on the yield. With the effective herbicides application in the polyethylene film mulching culture, yield (22-23%) and profits (26.84) to the nonmuiching culture were increased. Increase of yield (20%) and profits (56%) in black opaque polyethylene film mulching culture compared with the conventional culture was possible.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.35 no.6
• /
• pp.449-456
• /
• 1992

Expermient were conducted to determine the effect of phosphorus stress on bacteroid content and energy status of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) nodules. Plants inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum MN 110 were grown with P-stressed (0.05 mM-P) and control (1 mM-P) treatment in the greenhouse. Phosphorus stress decreased nodule mass per plant and nodule mass to whole plant mass ratio. Phosphorus concentration in leaf, stem and root tissues were reduced by 75% but in nodule tissue was reduced only by 40% under phosphorus stress during 3 week experimental period. The bacteroid content per unit nodule mass and the distribution of total nitrogen and total phosphorus among the bacteroid and plant cell fractions of nodule were not affected significantly by phosphorus stress. Regardless of phosphorus treatment, 22% of the nitrogen and 27% of the phosphorus in whole nodules were associated with the bacteroid fraction. The ATP and total adenylate concentrations in and energy charge of whole nodule were decreased 77%, 46% and 37%, respectively, by phosphorus stress. The ATP concentration in and energy charge of the host plant cell fraction of nodules were decreased 86% and 59%, respectively, but these parametres in bacteroid in nodules were not affected by phosphorus stress. These results indicated that nodule is a strong phosphorus sink and that nodule growth and development are regulated to maintain a high phosphorus and energy content in bacteroid even when the host plant is subjected to phosphorus deficiency.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.20 no.7
• /
• pp.1067-1075
• /
• 2007

Twenty eight 3-4 month old castrated Black Bengal kids (Capra hircus) were used to determine the effects of source and level of dietary copper (Cu) concentration on their performance and nutrient utilization. Cu was supplemented (0, 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg diet DM) as copper sulfate ($CuSO_4$, $5H_2O$) or copper proteinate (Cu-P). Kids were fed a basal diet containing maize (19.5%), soybean (17.0%), deoiled rice bran (56.5%), molasses (4.0%), di-calcium phosphate and salt (1.0% each) and mineral and vitamin mixture (0.5% each) supplements at 3.5% of body weight to meet NRC (1981) requirements for protein, energy, macro minerals and micro minerals, excluding Cu. The basal diet contained 5.7 mg Cu/kg, 122.5 mg Fe/kg, 110 mg Zn/kg, 0.26 mg Mo/kg and 0.32% S. $CuSO_4$ or Cu-P was added to the basal diet at the rate of 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg. Kids were housed in a well ventilated shed with facilities for individual feeding in aluminum plated metabolic cages. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein on d 0, 30, 60 and 90 to determine hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leukocyte count (TLC) and serum enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, alanine transferase and aspertate transferase). A metabolism trial of 6 days duration was conducted after 90 days of experimental feeding. Statistical analysis revealed that source and level of Cu supplementation improved live weight gain (p<0.04) and average daily gain (p<0.01). No significant contribution of source and level of Cu to alter serum serum enzymes was evident. Goats fed Cu-P tended to have higher Hb, PCV and TEC than with $CuSO_4$ supplementation. Cu-P increased digestibility of ether extract (EE, p<0.02) and crude fiber (p<0.05) and showed an increasing trend (p<0.09) for digested crude protein (CP) and crude fiber (CF). Supplemental dose of Cu linearly improved (p<0.02) digestibilities of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), EE and nitrogen free extract (NFE). Though the absorption of nitrogen (N) was not affected (p>0.10) by both source and dose of Cu, N retention was affected (p<0.04) and there was a significant $Source{\times}Dose$ interaction (p<0.05). Final body weight (BW) was not influenced (p>0.10) by the source of Cu but increasing dose of Cu increased (p<0.04) the BW of kids. TDN intake (g/kg $W^{0.75}$) was higher (p<0.05) with the increased dose of Cu and there was a significant $Source{\times}Dose$ interaction. It was concluded that supplementation of Cu from different sources and varying dose level in a concentrate based diet may improve performance, nutrient utilization and plane of nutrition in castrated Black Bengal kids. The effects on performance and nutrient utilization are more pronounced with Cu-P than $CuSO_4$ supplementation. Higher dose of Cu showed better result than lower dose.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.59-66
• /
• 1989

Growing and finishing Korean native bulls were used to investigate the effects of different dietary energy levels on performance and energy intake. Experimental observations were made over three weight categories (200 to 250 kg, 250 to 350 kg and 350 to 450 kg). Three diets (2.4, 2.6 and 2.8 Mcal ME/kg DM) were used for each weight category. Crude protein levels of the diets were 12, 11 and 10% for the respective weight groups. Dietary energy level did not significantly affect daily body gain within a weight range but daily body gain during the entire experiment was higher (P<.05) in bulls receiving 2.6 Mcal energy diet than in those fed 2.4 and 2.8 Mcal energy diets. The following equation was developed to predict daily body gain(Y) from energy levels(X) of ration. $Y\;=\;1.3.475X\;-\;2.5949X^{2}\;-\;16.355$ Increasing energy levels significantly (P<.05) decreased daily feed intake. The following equation was developed to predict daily feed intake(Y) from energy levels(X) of ration. $Y\;=\;-30.013X\;+\;5.4401X^{2}\;+\;49.119$ Feed intake per metabolic body size during the entire feeding period ranged from 100.9 to 110.8 g and was lower in bulls fed 2.6 and 2.8 Mcal energy diets than in those fed 2.4 Mcal energy diet. Increasing energy levels significantly (P<.05) improved feed efficiency. The following equation was developed to predict feed efficiency(Y) from energy levels(X) of ration. $Y\;=\;-118.34X\;+\;22.448X^{2}\;+\;162.85$ Daily energy intake during the entire experiment ranged from 18.90 to 19.99 Mcal and there was no significant difference among energy levels. Daily energy intake per metabolic body size during the feeding period ranged from 248.6 to 260.8 kcal and was slightly higher in bulls receiving 2.8 Mcal than in those fed 2.4 and 2.6 Mcal energy diets. Energy required per kg body gain ranged from 17.25 to 19.11 Mcal and was slightly lower in bulls receiving 2.6 Mcal energy diet than in those fed 2.4 and 2.8 Mcal energy diets.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.48 no.3
• /
• pp.337-345
• /
• 2008

There are accumulating evidences that high levels of dietary iron may play a role in colon carcinogenesis. Elevated iron status has been associated with oxidative stress. Phytic acid (PA) functions as an antioxidant by chelating divalent cations and prevents formation of reactive oxygen species responsible for cell injury and carcinogenesis. The protective effect of PA was investigated on formation of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) induced by azoxymethane (AOM) in iron-overloaded male F344 rats. After acclimation with AIN-93G purified diet (35 ppm Fe, normal control diet) for one week, animals were fed iron-overloaded diet (350 ppm Fe) and PA (0.5% or 2% PA in water) for 8 weeks. Animals received two (1st and 2nd week) injections of AOM (15 mg/kg b.w.) to induce colonic ACF. The colonic mucosa was examined for the total numbers of aberrant crypt (AC) and ACF after staining with methylene blue. The blood and serum were analyzed with a blood cell differential counter and an automatic serum analyzer. Iron-overloaded diet increased the concentration of iron in liver of the rats. But iron-related parameters in blood were not changed among experimental groups. The numbers of ACF per colon and AC per colon were $178.8{\pm}33.2$ and $448.4{\pm}110.2$ in the iron-overloaded F344 rats. The total AC was significantly increased, compared with normal-diet AOM control group (p < 0.05). The treatments of PA at the dose of 0.5% slightly decreased the number of ACF and AC per colon to $153.6{\pm}29.5$ and $396.3{\pm}107.5$. However, there were no significant differences in the total numbers of ACF and AC between the AOM control group and PA (0.5% or 2%)-treated groups. These results suggest that PA may not affect the formation of ACF or AC induced by AOM in ironoverloaded F344 rats.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
• /
• 2011.04a
• /
• pp.101-110
• /
• 2011

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the different NaOH pretreatment concentrations (0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1.00%) on enzymatic saccharification (with cellulase, and ${\beta}$-glucosidase) and fermentation (by Saccharomyces cerevisiaeKCCM 11304) for bioethanol production from rice straw and rice husk. Pretreatment of rice straw and rice husk were conducted under both natural and powder state to observe the potentiality of the biomass condition (natural and powder state). In this study, glucose and ethanol production were increased with the increase of NaOH percentage for both rice straw and rice husk (natural and powder state). For rice straw, the highest amount of glucose was obtained in 1.00% NaOH pretreatment (0.81 g $g^{-1}$ in a natural, and 0.63 g $g^{-1}$ in a powder state pretreatment). Similarly, for rice husk, the highest amount of glucose was obtained in 1.00% NaOH pretreatment (0.47 g $g^{-1}$ in a natural, and 0.46 g $g^{-1}$ in a powder state pretreatment). However, 0.75% NaOH pretreatment resulted in glucose yield near about 1.00% NaOH pretreatment for both rice straw and rice husk (natural and powder state). On the other hand, for rice straw, the highest amount of ethanol was obtained in 1.00% NaOH pretreatment (0.36 g $g^{-1}$ in a natural, and 0.31 g $g^{-1}$ in a powder state pretreatment). In addition, for rice husk, the highest amount of ethanol was also obtained in 1.00% NaOH pretreatment (0.24 g $g^{-1}$ in a natural, and 0.23 g $g^{-1}$ in a powder state pretreatment). Moreover, 0.75% NaOH pretreatment resulted in ethanol yield near about 1.00% NaOH pretreatment for both rice straw and rice husk (natural and powder state). It was confirmed that higher amount of NaOH use is cost effective. Moreover, higher amount of glucose and ethanol was observed when powder was prepared after pretreatment. So 0.75% NaOH pretreatment in a natural state is supposed to be suitable for enzymatic saccharification and fermentation for bioethanol production.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.203-209
• /
• 1999

LaAlO3d single phase used as the butter layer on Si wafer for YBa2Cu3O7-$\delta$ superconductor application were prepared by solid state reaction method and by self-sustaining combustion process. The microstructure and crystallity of synthesiszed LaAlO3 powder studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffractometer(XRD), specific surface area and sintering characteristics fo powder were investigated by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method and dilatometer respectively. In solid state reaction method, it is difficult to obtain LaAlO3 single phase up to 150$0^{\circ}C$ period. However, in self-sustaining combustion process, it is to easy to do it only $650^{\circ}C$. Based on the results of analysis of dilatometer it is easier to obtain high sintering density (98.87%) in self-sustaining combustion process than in the solid state reaction method. This reason is that the average particle size prepared by self-sustaining combustion process is nano crystal size and has high specific surface are value(56.54 $m^2$/g) compared with that by solid state reaction method. Also, LaAlO3 layer on the Si wafer has been achieved by screen printing and sintering method. Even though the sintering temperature is 130$0^{\circ}C$, the phenomena of silicon out diffusion in LaAlO3/Si interphase are not observed.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.507-518
• /
• 1982

Biogeochemistry of a 34-year-old red pine plantation on a Typic Udipsamment was investigated in the central sand plains of Wisconsin Biomass and net primary production were $106Mg\;ha^{-1}$ and $11.0Mg\;ha^{-1}y^{-1}$ respectively. Concentrations of elements in the vegetation were greatest in the 2- to 3-year-old needles, followed by current needles, current twigs, bole bark, live branches, dead branches, bolewood production, and bolewood. For a given tree component (excluding the current twigs), elemental concentrations were greatest in the upper one- third and least in the lower one- third of the tree. Total elements in the vegetation are ranked: N($222kg\;ha^{-1}$), Ca(217), K (85), Mg(38), S(31), and p. The soil contained from 60 to 89% of the readily available P, K, Ca, Mg, and S in the ecosystem. Whereas precipitation was the major source of N and S, weathering supplied the bulk of the Ca, Mg, P, and K. Output of a given element by leaching was less than $7kg\;ha^{-1}y^{-1}$ except for S which was $12kg\;ha^{-1}y^{-1}$ Whereas throughfall returned the greatest amounts of N, K, and S to the forest floor, litterfall accounted for the greatest returns of Ca, Mg, and P. Because of foliar leaching, net loading of all elements studied in the throughfall exceeded that of the precipitation. Ammonium in net precipitation was reduced by a factor of three within the upper 7.5cm due to uptake by fine roots.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2009.05a
• /
• pp.57-65
• /
• 2009

Selection of good mineralized area is a combination of the integration of all the available geo-scientific (i.e., geological, geochemical, and geophysical) information, extrapolation of likely features from known mineralized terrenes and the ability to be predictive. The time-space relationships of the hydrothermal deposits in the East Asia are closely related to the changing plate motions. Also, two distinctive hydrothermal systems during Mesozoic occurred in Korea: the Jurassic/Early Cretaceous deep-level ones during the Daebo orogeny and the Late Cretaceous/Tertiary shallow geothermal ones during the Bulguksa event. Both the Mesozoic geothermal system and the mineralization document a close spatial and temporal relationship with syn- to post-tectonic magmatism. The Jurassic mineral deposits were formed at the relatively high temperature and deep-crustal level from the mineralizing fluids characterized by the relatively homogeneous and similar ranges of ${\delta}^{18}O$ values, suggesting that ore-forming fluids were principally derived from spatially associated Jurassic granitoid and related pegmatite. Most of the Jurassic auriferous deposits (ca. 165-145 Ma) show fluid characteristics typical of an orogenic-type gold deposits, and were probably generated in a compressional to transpressional regime caused by an orthogonal to oblique convergence of the Izanagi Plate into the East Asian continental margin. On the other hand, Late Cretaceous ferroalloy, base-metal and precious-metal deposits in the Taebaeksan, Okcheon and Gyeongsang basins occurred as vein, replacement, breccia-pipe, porphyry-style and skarn deposits. Diverse mineralization styles represent a spatial and temporal distinction between the proximal environment of sub-volcanic activity and the distal to transitional condition derived from volcanic environments. However, Cu (-Au) or Fe-Mo-W deposits are proximal to a magmatic source, whereas polymetallic or precious-metal deposits are more distal to transitional. Strike-slip faults and caldera-related fractures together with sub-volcanic activity are associated with major faults reactivated by a northward (oblique) to northwestward (orthogonal) convergence, and have played an important role in the formation of the Cretaceous Au-Ag lode deposits (ca. 110-45 Ma) under a continental arc setting. The temporal and spatial distinctions between the two typical Mesozoic deposit styles in Korea reflect a different thermal episodes (i.e., late orogenic and post-orogenic) and ore-forming fluids related to different depths of emplacement of magma (i.e., plutonic and sub-volcanic) due to regional changes in tectonic settings.