• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.56-63
• /
• 2010

Purpose : DIR image is relatively free from susceptibility artifacts therefore, DIR image can make it possible to reliably measure cortical thickness/volume. One drawback of the DIR acquisition is the long scan time to acquire the fully sampled 3D data set. To solve this problem, we applied a parallel imaging method (GRAPPA) and verify the reliability of using the volumetric study. Materials and methods : Six healthy volunteers (3 males and 3 females; age $25.33{\pm}2.25$ years) underwent MRI using the 3D DIR sequence at a 3.0T Siemens Tim Trio MRI scanner. GRAPPA simulation was performed from the fully sampled data set for reduction factor 2. Data reconstruction was performed using MATLAB R2009b. Freesurfer v.4.3.0 was used to evaluate the cortical thickness of the entire brain, and to extract white matter information from the DIR image, Analyze 9.0 was used. The global cortical thickness estimated from the reconstructed image was compared with reference image by using a T-test in SPSS. Results : Although reduced SNR and blurring are observed from the reconstructed image, in terms of segmentation the effect was not so significant. The volumetric result was validated that there were no significant differences in many cortical regions. Conclusion : This study was performed with DIR image for a volumetric MRI study. To solve the long scan time of 3D DIR imaging, we applied GRAPPA algorithm. According to the results, fast imaging can be done with reduction factor 2 with little loss of image quality at 3.0T.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.46 no.1
• /
• pp.47-58
• /
• 2013

Recently, an increase in the occurrence of sudden local flooding of great volume and short duration due to global climate changes has occasioned the significant danger and loss of life and property in Korea as well as most parts of the world. Such a local flood that usually occurs as the result of intense rainfall over small regions rises quite quickly with little or no advance warning time to prevent flood damage. To prevent the local flood damage, it is important to quickly predict the flood severity for flood events exceeding a threshold discharge that may cause the flood damage for inland areas. The aim of this study is to develop the NFI (New Flood Index) measuring the severity of floods in small ungauged catchments for use in local flood predictions by the regression analysis between the NFI and rainfall patterns. Flood runoff hydrographs are generated from a rainfall-runoff model using the annual maximum rainfall series of long-term observations for the two study catchments. The flood events above a threshold assumed as the 2-year return period discharge are targeted to estimate the NFI obtained by the geometric mean of the three relative severity factors, such as the flood magnitude ratio, the rising curve gradient, and the flooding duration time. The regression results show that the 3-hour maximum rainfall depths have the highest relationships with the NFI. It is expected that the best-fit regression equation between the NFI and rainfall characteristics can provide the basic database of the preliminary information for predicting the local flood severity in small ungauged catchments.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.76-94
• /
• 2003

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate Acute$\cdot$Subacute Toxicity and Anti-cancer Effect of K-Herbal-acupuncture in mice and rats. Methods : Balb/c mice were injected intraperitoneally with K-herbal-acupuncture for $LD_{50}$ and acute toxicity test. Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally with K-herbal-acupuncture for subacute toxicity test. K-Herbal-acupuncture was injected on abdomen of mice with S-180 cancer cell line. Result : 1. $LD_{50}$ of K-Herbal-acupuncture was limited $4{\times}10^{-3}$ml/kg~$2{\times}10^{-3}$ml/kg by the test. 2. In acute toxicity test, all of mice were down to the moving reflex, but the weight of mice was increased in treatment group, compared with the normal group. (P<0.05) 3. In acute toxicity test of serum biochemical values of mice, glucose was increased in treatment II group, total cholesterol was increased both treatments.(P<0.05) 4. In subacute toxicity test, the clinical signs of toxication was down to the moving reflex, but it is not severe like acute toxicity test, and observed weight loss at the treatments. 5. In subacute toxicity test, liver weight was decreased compared with the normal group. (P<0.05) 6. In subacute toxicity test of complete blood count test (CBC) of rat, HCT was decreased in treatments, compared with the normal group.(P<0.05) 7. In subacute toxicity test of serum biochemical values of rat, uric acid and triglyceride were decreased, and glucose was increased in treatment groups compared with the control group. (P<0.05) 8. Median survival time was increased about $45\%$ in treatment groups compared with the control group.(P<0.05) 9. Natural killer cell activity was increased in B16F10 lung cancer model, but it was not in sarcoma-180 abdomen cancer. 10. In interleukin-2 productivity test, treatment groups didn't show significant change in lung cancer and abdomen cancer, compared with the normal group.(P<0.005) 11. In making an examination of metastatic cancer with the naked eye, melanoma metastasized in the Lung of C57BL/6 mice. The treated group showed more Melanoma than the control in the numbers and volume. Conclusion : According to the result, K-herbal-acupuncture need further study to know the function and effect in cancer.

• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
• /
• 2002.07a
• /
• pp.25-37
• /
• 2002

The most important industrial application of gamma radiation in characterizing green compacts is the determination of the density. Examples are given where this method is applied in manufacturing technical components in powder metallurgy. The requirements imposed by modern quality management systems and operation by the workforce in industrial production are described. The accuracy of measurement achieved with this method is demonstrated and a comparison is given with other test methods to measure the density. The advantages and limitations of gamma ray densitometry are outlined. The gamma ray densitometer measures the attenuation of gamma radiation penetrating the test parts (Fig. 1). As the capability of compacts to absorb this type of radiation depends on their density, the attenuation of gamma radiation can serve as a measure of the density. The volume of the part being tested is defined by the size of the aperture screeniing out the radiation. It is a channel with the cross section of the aperture whose length is the height of the test part. The intensity of the radiation identified by the detector is the quantity used to determine the material density. Gamma ray densitometry can equally be performed on green compacts as well as on sintered components. Neither special preparation of test parts nor skilled personnel is required to perform the measurement; neither liquids nor other harmful substances are involved. When parts are exhibiting local density variations, which is normally the case in powder compaction, sectional densities can be determined in different parts of the sample without cutting it into pieces. The test is non-destructive, i.e. the parts can still be used after the measurement and do not have to be scrapped. The measurement is controlled by a special PC based software. All results are available for further processing by in-house quality documentation and supervision of measurements. Tool setting for multi-level components can be much improved by using this test method. When a densitometer is installed on the press shop floor, it can be operated by the tool setter himself. Then he can return to the press and immediately implement the corrections. Transfer of sample parts to the lab for density testing can be eliminated and results for the correction of tool settings are more readily available. This helps to reduce the time required for tool setting and clearly improves the productivity of powder presses. The range of materials where this method can be successfully applied covers almost the entire periodic system of the elements. It reaches from the light elements such as graphite via light metals (AI, Mg, Li, Ti) and their alloys, ceramics ($AI_20_3$, SiC, Si_3N_4, $Zr0_2$, ...), magnetic materials (hard and soft ferrites, AlNiCo, Nd-Fe-B, ...), metals including iron and alloy steels, Cu, Ni and Co based alloys to refractory and heavy metals (W, Mo, ...) as well as hardmetals. The gamma radiation required for the measurement is generated by radioactive sources which are produced by nuclear technology. These nuclear materials are safely encapsulated in stainless steel capsules so that no radioactive material can escape from the protective shielding container. The gamma ray densitometer is subject to the strict regulations for the use of radioactive materials. The radiation shield is so effective that there is no elevation of the natural radiation level outside the instrument. Personal dosimetry by the operating personnel is not required. Even in case of malfunction, loss of power and incorrect operation, the escape of gamma radiation from the instrument is positively prevented.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.533-544
• /
• 2015

Unlike the concrete structure built on land, that exposed to the marine environment is greatly degraded in durability due to the exposure to not only the physical action caused by sea wind, tide, and wave, but also the harsh conditions, including the chemical erosion and freeze-thaw which result from $SO_4{^{2-}}$, $Cl^-$ and $Mg^{2+}$ ions in seawater. In the process of the large scaled construction of submerged concrete structures, of course environmental hazardous substance, such as alkaline (pH) and heavy metals, may be leached. Thus, this issue needs to be adequately reviewed and studied. Therefore, this study attempted to develop a CSA (Calcium Sulfo Aluminate) activator using electric arc furnace reducing slags, as well as the eco-friendly concrete for artificial reefs using electric arc furnace oxidizing slag as aggregate for concrete. The strength properties of the eco-friendly concrete exposed to the marine environment were lower than those of the normal concrete by curing 28 days. This suggest that additional studies are needed to improve the early strength of the eco-friendly concrete. With respect to seawater resistance of the eco-friendly concrete, the average strength loss against 1 year of curing days reached 8-9%. the eco-friendly concrete using high volume of ground granulated blast furnace slags and high specific gravity of electronic arc furnace oxidizing slag demonstrated the sufficient usability as a freeze-thaw resistant material. With respect to heavy metal leaching properties of the eco-friendly concrete, heavy metal substances were immobilized by chemical bonding in the curing process through the hydration of concrete. Thus, heavy metal substances were neither identified at or below environmental hazard criteria nor detected, suggesting that the eco-friendly concrete is safe in terms of leaching of hazardous substances.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.19 no.11
• /
• pp.262-269
• /
• 2019

References at the end of an academic paper are information that helps authors keep their research ethics, readers refer to related prior studies. Also references are useful information for linking citations and citations between articles. As bibliography metrics develops, bibliographic data is used as an important data for assessing the academic influence of countries, institutions and individual researchers. However, it is not easy to identify and link the reference data due to the diversity of the bibliographic citation formats, the loss of information due to the abbreviation of journal names and author names, and typos by authors. This study investigated the method of improving the bibliographic data mapping rate by analyzing the unmapped cases. As a result, it was found that the main cause of the article-reference mapping failure was the similarity of abbreviated journal names. Research team suggested that continuous management of journal title authority data and improving the DOI registration rate as ways to improve the identification and mapping rate. This study is differentiated from other studies in used database. Bibliography mapping was attempted for domestic and foreign integrated journal database that is mainly subscribed, used, published and cited in Korea. Through reference construction volume and mapping rate improvement, it can be used as citation analysis and service database reflecting domestic situation that is different from overseas citation index database.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.228-233
• /
• 2010

About 55% of total energy is consumed in the industrial division. The industrial heat pump application will show magnificent energy saving effect as well as higher cost efficiency because of larger energy consuming volume of each facility and longer operation hour and higher stability against seasonal temperature change. Over 90% of dryer for industrial usage has hot wind heat source and hot wind dryer is the representative type covering 68.7% while its 30 ~ 50% lower heat efficiency causes lots of energy loss by exhaust air. Re-usage of exhaust air can improve energy efficiency of dryer because 68% heat energy or 78% of hot air lose in exhaust air. Therefore, high temperature heat pump dryer can be the best alternative. Comparing to the existing dryer with 30% ~ 50% energy efficiency, newly developing high temperature heat pump dryer will enhance energy efficiency up to 60% ~ 80% efficiency. In this paper, heat pump system for high temperature was designed, constructed and tested. The results have shown that system COPh is estimated as 3.3.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.85-102
• /
• 1973

In the event a population of animals is exposed to ionizing radiation, proper disposition of animals will minimize loss to the farmer and protect the public from unwholesome meat and dairy products. Clinical response is an important factor in considering salvage of animals for food following exposure to ionizing radiation whether the dose is lethal or not. It is the purpose of this report to present the discussions of blood picture and growth of y ung growing rabbits exposed to cobalt-60 gamma-irradiation. The experimental animals were Hyrnalayan rabbits of 65 days old. The body weight for all animals of the time of irradiation was approximately 450g. The 96 rabbits used in the experiment were allotted t groups of eight. Rabbits in one group served as controls and the others were exposed to single doses of 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700 Roentgens (R). The exposure does rate averaged 15 R per minute. Central blood was obtained by heart puncture. Erythrocyte and leukocyte enumerations and, determinations of hemoglobin in blood and hematocrit value were made in the usual manner. Erythrocyte counts, concentrations of hemoglobin in blood, and hematocrit readings dropped to the lowest value between 1 and 4 weeks postirradiation, returning towards the control values. But recovery was not complete at the time of the last determination on 6 weeks postirradiation. There was a progressive decrease with increasing radiation does in the above values. Mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were not affected by the irradiation. After irradiation of each does the numbers of total leukocyte and the absolute numbers of various types of white cell began to decrease rapidly, and reached a minimum after 2 weeks, returning towards normal levels. But recovery was not complete at the time of the last determination on 6 weeks postirradiation. The reductions in total leukocyte and differential counts as the radiation does increases were apparent. Relative neutrophilia was observed in each irradiated group because of more expense of lymphocytes after irradiation. Growth rate of the rabbits was not affected by 100 R of whloe-body irradiation, while rabbits irradiated with 200, 300, 400 and 500 R showed marked depression of growth rate. As the radiation does increases, a depression of growth rate was apparent. The rabbits exposed to 600 and 700 R ceased from growing and recovery was not recognized during the experimental period.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.41 no.3
• /
• pp.265-271
• /
• 2009

The quality attributes of bread made with milk protein (casein, C; whey protein, W) and polysaccharide (sodium alginate, A; ${\kappa}$-carrageenan, K) mixtures were investigated to study the method to suppressing quality deterioration during storage. Bread prepared with the CA mixture had a higher specific loaf volume compared to the control. And bread made with the WA mixture had reduced moisture loss during storage compared to the control. The hardness of control and breads containing protein-polysaccharide mixtures increased during storage, but hardness increased more in the control than the treatments. In terms of crumb color, the breads containing protein-polysaccharide mixtures had higher $L^{\ast}$ values, but lower $a^{\ast}$ and $b^{\ast}$ values than the control. Finally, there were no significant differences in sensory quality among the control and treatment breads. Overall, data indicate that the addition of CA and WA improved the baking quality of bread and retarded staling.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.36 no.6
• /
• pp.924-929
• /
• 2004

Quality characteristics of functional bread added with different concentrations of potato juice and processed by basic formulation were investigated. Specific volume and baking loss of bread added with 20% potato juice (potato juice : water = 20 : 80) were the highest. Moisture and crude protein contents increased with increasing content of potato juice, while crude lipid content decreased. Lightness (L value) and yellowness (b value) of bread decreased with increasing content of potato juice, while redness (a value) increased. Texture measurement showed springiness, cohesiveness, and brittleness increased with increase of potato juice content. Highest sensory scores for color (p < 0.001), flavor, and taste (p < 0.05) were obtained from bread added with 20% potato juice, while appearance (p < 0.01) and texture (p < 0.01) of control bread were highest. Glycoalkaloid contentsof bread added with 50 and 100% potato juice were 2.85 and 5.79 mg%, respectively.