• 한국분말재료학회지
• /
• 제12권5호
• /
• pp.325-331
• /
• 2005

Implant prototypes with various porosities were fabricated by electro-discharge-sintering of atomized spherical Ti-6Al-4V powders. Single pulse of 0.75 to 2.0 kJ/0.7 g-powder, using 150, 300, and $450{\mu}F$ capacitors was applied to produce a fully porous and porous surfaced implant compact. The solid core formed in the center of the compact after discharge was composed of acicular ${\alpha}+{\beta}$ grains and porous layer consisted of particles connected in three dimensions by necks. The solid core and neck sizes increased with an increase in input energy and capacitance. On the other hand, pore volume decreased with increased capacitance and input energy due to the formation of solid core. Capacitance and input energy are the only controllable discharge parameters even though the heat generated during a discharge is the unique parameter that determines the porosity of compact. It is known that electro-discharge-sintering of spherical Ti-6Al-4V powders can efficiently produce fully-porous and porous surfaced Ti-6Al-4V implants with various porosities in a short time less then 400 isec by manipulating the discharging condition such as input energy and capacitance including powder size.

• 한국재료학회지
• /
• 제30권7호
• /
• pp.350-358
• /
• 2020

A variety of composite powders having different aluminum and carbon contents are prepared using various organic solvents having different amounts of carbon atoms in unit volume as ball milling agents for titanium and aluminum ball milling. The effects of substrate temperature and post-heat treatment on the texture and hardness of the coating are investigated by spraying with this reduced pressure plasma spray. The aluminum part of the composite powder evaporates during spraying, so that the film aluminum content is 30.9 mass%~37.4 mass% and the carbon content is 0.64 mass%~1.69 mass%. The main constituent phase of the coating formed on the water-cooled substrate is a non-planar α₂ phase, obtained by supersaturated carbon regardless of the alloy composition. When these films are heat-treated at 1123 K, the main constituent phase becomes γ phase, and fine Ti₂AlC precipitates to increase the film hardness. However, when heat treatment is performed at a higher temperature, the hardness is lowered. The main constitutional phase of the coating formed on the preheated substrate is an equilibrium gamma phase, and fine Ti₂AlC precipitates. The hardness of this coating is much higher than the hardness of the coating in the sprayed state formed on the water-cooled substrate. When hot pressing is applied to the coating, the porosity decreases but hardness also decreases because Ti₂AlC grows. The amount of Ti₂AlC in the hot-pressed film is 4.9 vol% to 15.3 vol%, depending on the carbon content of the film.

• 폴리머
• /
• 제32권6호
• /
• pp.603-609
• /
• 2008

본 연구에서는 MMA(methyl methacrylate)와 BA(buthyl acrylate)를 단량체로 이용한 폴리머 시멘트 모르타르의 단량체 비에 따른 성질을 파악하고 시멘트 혼화용 폴리머로 활용하기 위한 기초적 자료를 얻고자 하였다. 본 연구결과 MMA/BA를 이용한 폴리머 시멘트 모르타르의 전 세공용적은 MMA/BA의 단량체 비가 증가할수록 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 강도특성에서는 전체적으로 MMA/BA의 단량체 비가 70 : 30, 그리고 80 : 20일 때, 폴리머 시멘트 비가 15%일 때 가장 우수한 증진효과를 나타냈다. 폴리머 시멘트 모르타르의 내구성을 측정하는 흡수율, 염화물 이온 침투 저항성, 중성화 저항성에서는 단량체 비에 따른 개선보다는 폴리머 시멘트 비에 따른 개선효과가 더 큰 것으로 나타났다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.151-159
• /
• 2018

Annually, the global production of construction aggregates reaches over 40 billion tons, making aggregates the largest mining sector by volume and value. Currently, the aggregate industry is shifting from sand to hard rock as a result of legislation limiting the extraction of natural sands and gravels. A major implication of this change in the aggregate industry is the need for understanding rock fragmentation and energy absorption to produce more cost-effective aggregates. In this paper, we focused on incorporating dynamic rock and soil mechanics to understand the effects of loading rate and water saturation on the rock fragmentation and energy absorption of three different sandstones (Red, Berea and Buff) with different pore sizes. Rock core samples were prepared in accordance to the ASTM standards for compressive strength testing. Saturated and dry samples were subsequently prepared and fragmented via fast and dynamic compressive strength tests. The particle size distributions of the resulting fragments were subsequently analyzed using mechanical gradation tests. Our results indicate that the rock fragment size generally decreased with increasing loading rate and water content. In addition, the fragment sizes in the larger pore size sample (Buff sandstone) were relatively smaller those in the smaller pore size sample (Red sandstone). Notably, energy absorption decreased with increased loading rate, water content and rock pore size. These results support the conclusion that rock fragment size is positively correlated with the energy absorption of rocks. In addition, the rock fragment size increases as the energy absorption increases. Thus, our data provide insightful information for improving cost-effective aggregate production methods.

• 지질공학
• /
• 제32권3호
• /
• pp.339-350
• /
• 2022

경주시 골굴사 신생대 응회암에서는 다양한 형태의 타포니가 다수 발달한다. 응회암은 풍화변질되어 있는데, 석영, 장석류, 운모, 버미큘라이트, 녹니석, 스멕타이트와 제올라이트 광물인 아날사이트 등으로 구성된다. 타포니는 초기 단계에서는 각력이 제거된 동공이나, 응회암 결정 입자의 풍화변질에 의해 형성된 미세 동공에서부터 시작하여 점차 확대된다. 타포니는 사면의 반대방향으로 약하게 경사지면서 발달한다. 타포니의 상관계수는 폭-높이 0.839, 폭-깊이 0.900, 높이-깊이 0.856인데 서로 밀접한 관련성이 있다. 타포니 벽체가 제거되면 반달형이나 신장된 타포니로 되는데, 작은 동공들이 횡적으로 병합되면서 확대된다. 커다란 타포니 동공들은 암반 사면에 비하여 내부가 비어있기 때문에 암반의 강도가 더 낮다. 따라서 타포니 사면의 강도, 동공의 비율, 체적, 합병 양상에 대한 지속적인 모니터링이 요구된다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제53권5호
• /
• pp.1676-1685
• /
• 2021

We develop a new high-fidelity multiphysics model to simulate boron chemistry in the porous Chalk River Unidentified Deposit (CRUD) deposits. Heat transfer, capillary flow, solute transport, and chemical reactions are fully coupled. The evaporation of coolant in the deposits is included in governing equations modified by the volume-averaged assumption of wick boiling. The axial offset anomaly (AOA) of the Seabrook nuclear power plant is simulated. The new model reasonably predicts the distributions of temperature, pressure, velocity, volumetric boiling heat density, and chemical concentrations. In the thicker CRUD regions, 60% of the total heat is removed by evaporative heat transfer, causing boron species accumulation. The new model successfully shows the quantitative effect of coolant evaporation on the local distributions of boron. The total amount of boron in the CRUD layer increases by a factor of 1.21 when an evaporation-driven increase of soluble and precipitated boron concentrations is reflected. In addition, the concentrations of B(OH)₃ and LiBO₂ are estimated according to various conditions such as different CRUD thickness and porosity. At the end of the cycle in the AOA case, the total mass of boron incorporated in CRUD deposits of a reference single fuel rod is estimated to be about 0.5 mg.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제85권5호
• /
• pp.593-605
• /
• 2023

This work presents a comparison between analytical and finite element analysis for bending of porous sandwich functionally graded material (FGM) plates. The plate is rectangular and simply supported under static sinusoidal loading. Material properties of FGM are assumed to vary continuously across the face sheets thickness according to a power-law function in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents while the core is homogeneous. Four types of porosity are considered. A refined higher-order shear with normal deformation theory is used. The number of unknowns in this theory is five, as against six or more in other shear and normal deformation theories. This theory assumes the nonlinear variation of transverse shear stresses and satisfies its nullity in the top and bottom surfaces of the plate without the use of a shear correction factor. The governing equations of equilibrium are derived from the virtual work principle. The Navier approach is used to solve equilibrium equations. The constitutive law of the porous FGM sandwich plate is implemented for a 3D finite element through a subroutine in FORTRAN (UMAT) in Abaqus software. Results show good agreement between the finite element model and the analytical method for some results, but the analytical method keeps giving symmetric results even with the thickness stretching effect and load applied to the top surface of the sandwich.

• Composites Research
• /
• 제20권4호
• /
• pp.9-17
• /
• 2007

분말야금법 및 고온진공가압기술, 열간등가압성형기술을 이용하여 알루미늄 금속기 복합재료를 제작하였으며 이들과 관련한 미시역학 기반 강화공정 모델을 개발하였다. 고온, 가압 성형공정은 기지재료의 비탄성거동과 성형체 내부의 기공 제거를 통한 충진을 수반하게 되며 이러한 공정은 압력, 온도 및 강화재의 체적분률 등과 같은 공정변수의 영향을 받게 된다. 따라서 개발된 강화공정 모델을 유한요소해석 프로그램에 적용함으로써 고온진공가압과 열간등가압 동안 기공의 상대밀도 변화에 따른 충진거동을 예측하였고 다양한 공정조건 하에서 실험결과와 잘 일치함을 확인하였다. 완성된 알루미늄 금속기 복합재료의 건전성 평가와 관련하여 인장시험을 수행하였으며 초기 잔존하는 기공의 영향에 따른 제반 기계적 특성을 고찰할 수 있었다.

• Composites Research
• /
• 제37권1호
• /
• pp.40-45
• /
• 2024

본 연구에서는 고분자 전해질막 연료전지용 가스확산층의 투과도를 예측하기 위해 삼차원 합성곱 신경망 모델을 사용하는 방법론을 소개한다. 먼저, 기계학습 모델을 학습시키기 위해 X-선 단층 촬영을 통해 얻은 실제 가스확산층 이미지에서 형태학적 특성을 추출해 가스확산층의 대표 체적 요소로 이루어진 인공 데이터셋을 생성한다. 이러한 형태학적 특성은 다공성, 섬유 배향, 직경의 통계적 분포가 포함된다. 구축한 인공 데이터셋 대표 체적 요소들의 투과도를 평가하기 위해 격자 볼츠만 방법이 사용되었으며 각각의 대표 체적 요소들의 투과도를 도출하였다. 이러한 인공 데이터셋을 통해 삼차원 합성곱 신경망 모델을 학습시켰으며 인공 데이터셋을 학습한 삼차원 합성곱 신경망 모델이 실제 가스확산층의 대표 체적 요소 투과도 또한 잘 예측하는 것을 확인하였다.

• 공업화학
• /
• 제35권4호
• /
• pp.352-359
• /
• 2024

Environmental pollution from heavy metal ions (HMIs) is a global concern. Recently, biosorption methods using cellulose sorbents have gained popularity. The objective of this study was to assess the removal efficiency of Cu(II), Pb(II), and Hg(II) ions at low concentration levels (100-700 ppb) from aqueous solutions using three different cellulose fiber-based filter media. Sample A was pure cellulose fiber, Sample B was 10% activated carbon-cellulose fiber, and Sample C was cellulose fiber-glass fiber-30% activated carbon-20% amorphous titanium silicate (ATS). The samples were characterized by several physicochemical techniques. The porosity measurements using N₂ sorption isotherms revealed that Samples A and B are nonporous or macroporous materials, whereas the addition of 50% filler materials into the cellulose resulted in a microporous material. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area and pore volume of Sample C were found to be 320.34 m²/g and 0.162 cm³/g, respectively. The single ion batch adsorption experiments reveal that at 700 ppb initial metal ion concentration, Sample A had removal efficiencies of 7.5, 11.5, and 13.7% for Cu(II), Pb(II), and Hg(II) ions, respectively. Sample B effectively eliminated 99.6% of Cu(II) ions compared to Pb(II) (14.2%) and Hg(II) (31.9%) ions. Cu(II) (99.37%) and Pb(II) (96.3%) ions are more efficiently removed by Sample C than Hg(II) (68.2%) ions. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) wild survey spectrum revealed the presence of Cu(II), Pb(II), and Hg(II) ions in HMI-adsorbed filter media. The high-resolution C1s spectra of Samples A and B reveal the presence of -C-OH and -COOH groups on their surface, which are essential for HMIs adsorption via complexation reactions. Additionally, the ATS in Sample C facilitates the adsorption of Pb(II) and Hg(II) ions through ion exchange.