• Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.145-168
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• 2014

Given the distance from Mt. Baekdu, volcanic ash will have the direct impact on South Korea in case Mt. Baekdu erupts. Ash fall deposits or particulate matters(PM10) in the air will cause damages in various sectors. In particular, the PM10 impact on the manufacturing sector when the ash disperses in Korea is needed to be assessed since South Korea's manufacturing sector accounts for more than 30% of GDP. Meanwhile the economic impacts of PM10, including Asian dust, have been researched in Korea as the events become frequent, and losses in the manufacturing have been also reported. This study is to identify vulnerable sectors to volcanic ash in the korean industry, and to assess economic losses in case of a Mt. Baekdu eruption scenario, based on the historical loss experience with particulate matters. Study results show that airline, precision such as electronics and semiconductors, distribution, shipbuilding, car, leisure, glass, dairy farming are vulnerable to volcanic ash, or PM10. The economic losses in both car and shipbuilding industry is estimated to 46.49 billion Korean won due to shutdown for 6 hours in case of a Mt. Baekdu eruption scenario.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.9
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• pp.1311-1322
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• 2016

Since the scale and disaster characteristics of volcanic eruptions are determined by their geological features, it is important not only to grasp the current states of the volcanoes in neighboring countries around the Korean Peninsula, but also to analyze the tectonic settings, tectonic regions, geological features, volcanic types, and past eruptional histories of these volcanoes. We created a database of 285 volcanoes around the Korean Peninsula, and then identified a high-risk groups of 29 volcanoes that are highly likely to affect the region, based on conditions such as volcanic activity, the type of rocks at risk of eruption, the distance from Seoul, and high VEI (volcanic explosivity index). In addition, we identified the 10 volcanoes that should be given the highest priority. We selected them through an analysis of data available in literature, such as volcanic ash dispersion results from previous Japanese eruptions, the definition of a large-scale volcano used by Japan's Cabinet Office, and examination of cumulative magma layer volumes from Japan's quaternary volcanoes.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.136-146
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• 2017

We selected 6 plots ($100m^2$) located 2.2-3.8 km from Minamidake Crater on the north flank of Sakurajima Volcano. We conducted a field study to investigate the effects of volcanic activity on vegetation succession and surface erosion rate. The results showed that trees growing in plots further from the crater had a greater diameter at breast height (DBH), total height, and age. In addition, these plots had a greater number of woody plants and species, as well as a greater total cross-sectional area at breast height. The Fisher-Williams index of diversity (${\alpha}$) and the proportion of evergreen broad-leaved trees were higher in plots located further from the crater. Vegetation succession in these plots was not at the level of a climax forest. From 1972 to 2015, the timing for active volcano, the depth of volcanic ash layer, the dry density, and the pH of ground surface were lower for plots located further from the crater. Furthermore, the average annual sheet erosion from 1972 to 2015 was also lower for plots located further away from the crater. Overall, plots further away from the crater have a better environment for vegetation growth and a lower dry density of the volcanic ash surface layer. It is thought that lower dry density results in increased soil permeability, which impedes surface flow. In order to prevent debris-flow disasters, caused by mud and rock flow resulting from impaired soil penetrability, it is essential to promote soil development and restore penetrability by artificial vegetation restoration.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 1999.11a
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• pp.148-153
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• 1999

Baikdu-san was a very active volcano during the Cenozoic era and is believed to be formed in late Cenozoic era. Recently it was also reported that there was a major eruption in or around 1002 A.D. and there are evidences which indicate that it is still an active volcano and a potential volcanic hazard. Remote sensing techniques have been widely used to monitor various natural hazards, including volcanic hazards. However, during an active volcanic eruption, volcanic ash can basically cover the sky and often blocks the solar radiation preventing any use of optical sensors. Synthetic aperture radar(SAR) is an ideal tool to monitor the volcanic activities and lava flows, because the wavelength of the microwave signal is considerably longer that the average volcanic ash particle size. In this study we have utilized several sets of SAR data to evaluate the utility of the space-borne SAR system. The data sets include JERS-1(L-band) SAR, and RADARSAT(C-band) data which included both standard mode and the ScanSAR mode data sets. We also utilized several sets of auxiliary data such as local geological maps and JERS-1 OPS data. The routine preprocessing and image processing steps were applied to these data sets before any attempts of classifying and mapping surface geological features. Although we computed sigma nought ($\sigma$$^{0}$) values far the standard mode RADARSAT data, the utility of sigma nought image was minimal in this study. Application of various types of classification algorithms to identify and map several stages of volcanic flows was not very successful. Although this research is still in progress, the following preliminary conclusions could be made: (1) sigma nought (RADARSAT standard mode data) and DN (JERS-1 SAR and RADARSAT ScanSAR data) have limited usefulness for distinguishing early basalt lava flows from late trachyte flows or later trachyte flows from the old basement granitic rocks around Baikdu-san volcano, (2) surface geological structure features such as several faults and volcanic lava flow channels can easily be identified and mapped, and (3) routine application of unsupervised classification methods cannot be used for mapping any types of surface lava flow patterns.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2002.09a
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• pp.191-194
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• 2002

Humic acid, fulvic acid and humin present in volcanic ash soil were isolated by IHSS standard procedure and their characteristics were analyzed as a basic study to evaluate the effect of humic substances on the behaviour of pollutants in contaminated surface soil. The volcanic ash soil contained 42.1 % of total organic matter based on the oven-dried soil, and humin, humic and fulvic acids corresponded to 67.5 %, 15.2 %, 7.6 % of TOM respectively. Structural informations of the humic fractions were obtained from their elemental analysis and IR, CPMAS C-13 NMR spectral analysis and the differences among them are discussed with their C/H, O/C ratios and distributions of carbon types in the molecules.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.397-400
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• 2003

In this study, humic and fulvic acids in soils at the vicinity of domestic atomic power plants(NPPs), located in Yungkwang(YK), Uljin(UJ), Kori(KR), Koseong(KS), Wolseong(WS) area, and in volcanic ash soils of the Cheju island(Mt. Hanla(HL), Manjanggul(MJ)) were isolated, and characterized using chemical(elemental analysis, proton exchange capacity, molecular size distribution) and spectroscopic(UV/Vis., IR, FL, $^{13}$ C NMR spectra) methods. The results were compared with one another and compiled for their DB establishments. The humic substances distribution (humic acid, fulvic acid, Humin) in the soils were also determined by IHSS standard method. Main purpose of this study was to provide a basic data needed to evaluate the effect of humic substances on the migrational behaviour of radioactive elements in contaminated surface soil.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.512-517
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• 1995

Effects of nitrogen top-dressing method on quality of barley were evaluted over amount of 2 and 4 kg per 10a on volcanic ash soil in Japan under regrowth stage, productive tiller stage and heading stage. 55% milling time was longer by the amount of top- dressing, but that was not influenced by the times of top-dressing. And glassiness, whiteness, hardness and 8 minute- millng rate were not influenced by times and amounts of top-dressing. Crude protein rate of grain was increased by amount of nitrogen top-dressing, but that did not correlated with time of nitrogen top-dressing. Crude protein rate of grain was positively correlated with 55% milling time. But that did not correlated with whiteness of 8 minute-milled grain. 8 minute-milling rate was negatively correlated with whiteness of 8 minute-milled grain. There was no visible difference of protein matrix with scanning electron microscope in different nitrogen levels.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.181-190
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of swine liquid manure(SLM) and phosphorus fertilizer from September, 1998 to July, 1999 on the soil fertility on Italian ryegrass field, Cheju volcanic ash soil. pH(lst investigated), Mg (2nd investigated) and Cu content (2nd investigated) on soil grown by Italian ryegrass were significantly increased by an increase of fertilizer P(P

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.53 no.12
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• pp.3952-3965
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• 2021

In this study, volcanic ash was used as raw material to prepare waste forms with different silicon/aluminum (Si/Al) molar ratios to immobilize sodium-salt waste (SSW) containing simulated ¹³⁷Cs. Effects of Si/Al molar ratios (3:1 and 2:1) and sodium salts on sintering behavior of waste forms and immobilization mechanism of Cs⁺ were investigated. Results indicated that the main mineral phase of sintered waste-form matrixes was albite, and the formation of major phases was found to depend on Si/Al molar ratios. Si/Al molar ratio of 2 was favorable for the formation of pollucite, and the formation and crystallization of mineral phases were also decided based on physicochemical characteristics of sodium salts. Furthermore, product consistency test results indicated that the immobilization of Cs⁺ was related to Si/Al molar ratio, types of sodium salts, and glassy phase. Waste forms with Si/Al molar ratio of 2 exhibited better ability to immobilize Cs⁺, whereas the influence of sodium salts and glassy phases on the immobilization of SSW showed more complicated relationship. In waste forms with Si/Al molar ratio of 2, Cs⁺ leaching concentrations of samples containing Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O and NaOH were low. Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O easily transformed into liquid phase during sintering to consequently achieve low temperature liquid-phase sintering, which is beneficial to avoid the volatilization of Cs⁺ at high temperature. Results clearly reveal that waste forms with Si/Al molar ratio of 2 and containing Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O show excellent immobilization of Cs⁺.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.335-348
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• 1988

The author aimed to describe the volcano-stratigraphy and petrology of the volcanic mass in the Koheung peninsula, South Cheolla province. The volcanic mass is composed of the volcanics and intrusives of late Cretaceous which extruded the Pre-cambrian metamorphic(Jirisan gneiss complex) and the early Cretaceous sedimentary(Duwon Formation) basement. The volcanic pile consists of, in ascending order, Bibongsan andesite, Koheung tuff and breccia, and Palyeongsan welded tuff, and are intruded by ring intrusives( intrusive breccia, andesite porphyry, intrusive rhyolite and fine-grained quartz-diorite) and central pluton(diorite, quartz monzodiorite, biotite granite and micrographic granite). Bibongsan andesite mainly consists of andesite tuff and lava. Koheung tuff consists of alternation of fine tuff, coarse tuff and lapilli tuff, and Palyeongsan welded tuff which overlies Koheung tuff, comprises K-feldspar and quartz phenocrysts, elongated brown fiamme, lithic fragments in matrix of devitrified brown glass shards, and mainly consists of rhyodacite to rhyolite vitric ash-flow tuff. The results of petrochemical studies of the igneous rocks suggest that the rocks were a serial differentiational products of fractional crystallization of calc-alkaline magma series. This study reveals that the volcanic mass in this area is inferred to the remnant of the resurgent cauldron, measuring 30 by 25 km in diameter. The cauldron block was lowered at least 1,000 m by ring fault displacement.