• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.537-542
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• 2010

The goal of this study was to investigate how spectrographic features of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in rats vary among individuals and behaviors. Eighteen pairs of rats were allocated to individual pair cages. Each pair's behaviors and vocalizations were recorded during the 900s a known cage-mate was returning to the cage. The effects of individuals, behaviors, and the interaction between individuals and behaviors ($individuals{\times}behaviors$) were tested on the duration and peak frequencies. There was difference in the duration and peak frequency: i) among individuals (p<0.0001 and p<0.0001, respectively); ii) among behaviors (p = 0.0667 and p<0.0001, respectively); iii) among individuals${\times}$behaviors (p<0.0001 and p<0.0001, respectively). The frequency of ultrasonic vocalizations changed with a frequency ranging from 40 to 71 kHz which were emitted by individuals, whereas the frequency of ultrasonic vocalizations changed with a frequency ranging from 60 to 70 kHz which were emitted by behaviors. The peak frequency of call on 'contact' behavior was lower than that of call on other behaviors, but call duration of call on 'contact' was longer than on other behaviors. Especially, 40 kHz calls were found on 'contact' and 'other' behaviors. We suggest that ultrasonic vocalizations need to be subdivided and the effects of individuals and behaviors must be considered to assess emotional state of rats because these may influence the features of ultrasonic vocalizations.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.27-36
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to investigate the features of Korean infants' vocalizations according to the stages models. A total 88 infants, whose ages range from 1 to 18 months, participated in this study. This age is a critical period for vocal development. However, the study of infants' vocalizations has typically focused on children over the age of two. Because of restrictions related to the study of younger infants, from birth to the age of two, it is usually difficult to investigate what are the major features of their vocal development. Therefore, this study provides documentation and analysis of the features of infant vocalization and their vocal development stages. The results shows that the stages model of Oller & Lynch (1992) might be adapted for Korean infants' vocal development. Furthermore, the features of the infants' vocalization are not linearly appeared one stage to the next stage, but are overlapped (Koopmans-van Beinum & van der Stelt, 1986; Nathani et al., 2006; Oller, 1980; Stark, 1980; Vihman, 1996).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 2010

This study was conducted to clarify the characteristics of Holstein dairy cow's vocalization in postpartum related with calf isolation. Vocalizations of 16 individuals of cows were recorded 6 hours per day (1:00am~4:00am and 1:00pm~4:00pm) using digital recorder and microphone during October 2008 and May 2009. Vocalizations were divided into 4 types. Characteristics of frequency, intensity and duration were analyzed by GLM (general linear model) and Duncan's multi-test. There were significant differences in frequency and intensity based on analyses of spectrogram and spectrum among 4 types of vocalizations. Frequencies of vocalizations were dramatically decreased on 2nd and 3rd day. Vocalization would be important factor affecting the motheryoung bond in Holstein dairy cattle.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.133-140
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to divide vocalizations of sows into general(GVs) and estrus-related vocalizations( EVs) and to find out their phonetic characteristics. Ten sows(Landrace) were recorded using digital video recorders twice daily(06: 00 - 08 : 00h and 17: 00 - 19 : 00h) during the anestrus and estrus periods. The GVs and EVs were divided based on the shapes of spectrum and spectrogram. The GVs and EVs were identified as 5 and 3 types, respectively. Pitch, formant I, formant 2, and formant 3 between GVs and EVs were not significantly different(P> 0.05), whereas intensity(P < 0.001), duration(P < 0.05), and formant 4(P < 0.01) were significantly different. Three parameter groups(Group I : Formant vector alone, Group II: Formant veetor+ parameters from time signal, Group III: Formant vector+parameters from time signal-parameters eliminated by stepwise discriminant analysis backward) were compared by discriminant function analysis. The classification system adopted in the Group II represented the higher discrimination rate than those in other groups(Group I : 76.1 0/0, Group II : 88.1 0/0, Group Ill: 87.3 %). These results suggest that EVs are present and intensity, formant 2, and formant 4 are available parameters for discrimination of EVs in sows.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.18.1-18.17
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• 2020

Cat vocalizes to communicate with another and express their internal states. The vocal repertoire of the cat is wide and up to 21 different vocalizations have been described in the literatures. But it is more than probable that the repertoire contains more types of vocalizations. An ethogram was created in this paper describing the actual known vocalisations of the domestic cat based on an auditory classification. However, the audiogram allows also a visual classification which can increase the accuracy of vocalization differentiation. The classification can be risky as it is sometimes unclear if different types of vocalizations are produced in different environments or if a unique type of vocalization is used with variation in the acoustic parameters. As an example, isolation calls produced by kittens differ depending on the context. The environment has an important impact on the vocal behaviour and thus feral cats and pet cats vocalize differently. Pet cats are thus able to create an efficient communication with humans thanks to the flexibility of vocalisation behaviours. This review allowed us to create a simple model of the cat vocal repertory.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.697-702
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to divide vocalizations of laying hens (Hy-Line Brown) into general vocalizations (GVs), heat stress-related vocalization (HSV), and cold stress-related vocalizations (CSVs) and to determine if they are classified by the discriminant function analysis method. Thirty laying hens, 65-wk-old, were recorded using digital video recorders 2 times from 10:00 to 14:00 h in each thermal environment (thermoneutral: $22.0{\pm}1.8^{\circ}C$, too hot: $32.0{\pm}2.0^{\circ}C$, too cold: $8.0{\pm}1.9^{\circ}C)$ after a 7 day acclimation period. When the laying hens were not recorded, they were kept in thermoneutral conditions. The GVs, HSV, and CSVs were divided based on the shapes of spectrums and spectrograms. The GVs, HSV, and CSVs were identified as 5, 1, and 3 types, respectively. Pitch, intensity, duration, formant 1, formant 2, formant 3, and formant 4 among the thermal environment-related vocalizations were significantly different (P<0.001). The discrimination rate determined by discriminant function analysis was 86.2%. These results suggest that HSV and CSVs are present and may be used as an indicator of the thermal environment.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.23-27
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• 2002

This study was performed to compare the individual characteristics of the vocalization and behavior in the adult female German Shepherd in military service. In this study, a stranger and an other strange dog approached their kennel. Their body postures included ears forward and up, slowly wagged tails, lips raised, mouth open and teeth exposed. It was Interesting that their vocalizations were only the bark without any combination of other vocalizations. There were significant differences between duration of call(DC), pitch(P), Fl formant, F2 formant, F3 formant and F4 formant(p<0.05) except interval between call(IBC) and intensity(I) among their barks. It was suggested that the differences between same breed dogs'barks could be recognized and the data of spectrogram, especially formant contour, could be used to discriminate the sender characteristics. The body postures could also be used to understand their mind.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.63-73
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• 2015

This study investigated longitudinally early vocalization and phonological developments of typically developing children. Ten typically developing children participated in the study from 9 months to 18 months of age. Spontaneous utterance samples were collected at 9, 12, 15, 18 months of age and phonetically transcribed and analyzed. Utterance samples were classified into 5 levels using Stark Assessment of Early Vocal Development-Revised(SAEVD-R). The data analysis focused on 4 and 5 levels of vocalizations classified by SAEVD-R and word productions. The percentage of each vocalization level, vocalization length, syllable structures, and consonant inventory were obtained. The results showed that the percentages of level 4 and 5 vocalizations and word significantly increased with age and the production of syllable structures containing consonants significantly increased around 12 and 15 months of age. On average, the children produced 4 types of syllable structure and 5.4 consonants at 9 months and they produced 5 types of syllable structure and 9.8 consonants at 18 months. The phonological development patterns in this study were consistent with those analyzed from children's meaningful utterances in previous studies. The results support the perspective on the continuity between babbling and early speech. This study has clinical implications in early identification and speech-language intervention for young children with speech delays or at risk.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.16-23
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• 2024

Pigs express their reactions to their environment and health status through a variety of sounds, such as grunting, coughing, and screaming. Given the significance of pig vocalizations, their study has recently become a vital source of data for livestock industry workers. To facilitate this, we propose a lightweight deep learning model based on MobileNet that analyzes pig vocal patterns to distinguish pig voices from farm noise and differentiate between vocal sounds and coughing. This model was able to accurately identify pig vocalizations amidst a variety of background noises and cough sounds within the pigsty. Test results demonstrated that this model achieved a high accuracy of 98.2%. Based on these results, future research is expected to address issues such as analyzing pig emotions and identifying stress levels.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.858-864
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• 2015

Developmental changes in the vocal signals of serotine bats (Eptesicus serotinus) during their infancy were examined in this study. The analysis was conducted on 4 infant serotine bats from 1 to 40 days after their birth. Pulse duration (PD), pulse interval (PI), peak frequency (PF), maximum frequency ($F_{MAX}$), minimum frequency ($F_{MIN}$), and bandwidth (BW) were measured. As the bats grew, their vocalizations became increasingly consistent and similar to those of adults. For infant bats, PD and PI decreased as they grew older, whereas PF, $F_{MAX}$, $F_{MIN}$, and BW increased. The greatest change in vocalizations was observed between the $10^{th}$ and $20^{th}$ days after birth. Also, PF, $F_{MAX}$, $F_{MIN}$ and BW, which describe sound frequency, increased dramatically during the period between the $10^{th}$ and the $20^{th}$ days. In contrast, the greatest change in PD occurred between the $30^{th}$ and $40^{th}$ days after birth. The results collected in this study suggest that frequency increased as the contraction ability of the muscles developed by around 20 days of age. Muscle relaxation ability, which is related to PD, was found to develop significantly at 30 to 40 days of age. According to the results of this study, although 40 day-old infant bats are not yet able to fly, their vocal signals were similar to those of adults. This indicates that vocal development and flying activity develop separately in young bats.