• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제15권10호
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• pp.357-366
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• 2017

본 연구는 한국 여성의 비타민 D 결핍에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하여 한국 여성의 비타민 D 관리를 위한 기초자료를 제시하고자 시도되었다. 본 연구는 제5기 국민건강영양조사 자료를 활용하였으며 만 19세 이상 여성을 대상으로 인구사회학적 특성, 건강관련 특성, 혈중 비타민 D를 파악하였다. 자료 분석은 IBM SPSS 18.0 프로그램을 이용하여 복합표본 설계를 적용하였다. 연구 결과 한국 여성의 비타민 D 결핍률은 81.4%였으며 비타민 D 결핍군과 정상군은 연령, 결혼 여부, 거주 지역, 주거유형, 소득수준, 교육수준에 따라 유의한 차이가 있었다. 비타민 D 결핍 영향요인을 분석한 결과 비타민 D 결핍 위험은 65세 이상 집단보다 19~39세 집단이 2.5배 높았으며 기혼에 비해 미혼인 경우 2배 높았다. 걷기를 실천하지 않는 경우 1.5배, 스트레스를 많이 느끼는 경우 1.5배 비타민 D 결핍 위험이 높았다. 본 연구의 결과에 따라 연령대별 비타민 D 결핍 위험 요인을 밝히기 위한 추후 연구가 필요하며 비타민 D 결핍 예방을 위해 여성의 스트레스 완화와 신체활동 증진이 필요하겠다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제43권10호
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• pp.1467-1476
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 비타민 D와 정신질환, 특히 전 세계적으로 높은 유병률 추이를 보이고 있는 우울증과의 연관성을 살펴보기 위해 비타민 D의 종류, 급원 식품, 비타민 D 영양상태 현황 및 이에 영향을 미치는 요인, 비타민 D와 우울증과의 연관성에 대한 국내외 문헌을 체계적으로 고찰하여 요약하였다. 그 결과 첫째, 비타민 D는 자연계에 주로 비타민 $D_2$(ergocalciferol)와 $D_3$(cholecalciferol) 두 가지 형태로 존재하며 주로 대구간유, 고등어, 정어리와 같은 지방이 많은 생선, 난황, 표고버섯 등이 주요 급원 식품이다. 둘째, 국내 외 다양한 인구 집단을 대상으로 비타민 D 수준을 고찰한 결과 비타민 D 결핍은 매우 높은 수준을 보이고 있다. 특히 한국인의 청소년을 대상으로 한 연구 결과 혈청 25(OH)D 20 ng/mL 미만인 남녀는 각각 89%, 99%로 매우 낮은 비타민 D 수준을 보였다. 셋째, 체내 비타민 D의 수준에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 요인으로는 인종, 거주 지역, 위도, 의복차림, 계절적 차이, 직업, 자외선 노출 정도, 보충제 복용 여부 등이 보고되었으며, 일반적으로 연령의 증가(한국인 및 일본인의 경우 반대 방향), 자외선 차단제의 사용, 어두운 피부색, 흡수 불량 및 비만은 비타민 D의 합성, 흡수 및 이용률에 영향을 주어 비타민 D 부족증의 원인이 될 수 있다고 보고되었다. 넷째, 최근 비타민 D 수준과 우울증과의 연관성을 분석한 국외 역학연구들은 꾸준히 보고되고 있으며 이에 대한 횡단 연구와 코호트 연구 결과는 불일치한 양상을 보이고 있다. 또한 최근 비타민 D 보충과의 관계를 규명하기 위해 임상시험연구도 일부 진행되었으나 이 또한 불일치한 결과를 보였지만 보충제로 얻는 비타민 D는 식이로부터 얻는 비타민 D와 다르다는 가능성을 제시하고 있다. 더 나아가 횡단 연구 및 코호트 연구를 메타 분석한 연구 결과 우울증에 대한 비타민 D의 이로운 효과에 대하여 비교적 일치하는 연구 결과를 제시하고 있다. 그러나 대부분의 연구 결과는 국외에서 진행된 연구이며 한국인을 대상으로 분석된 연구는 매우 제한적이다. 따라서 한국인을 대상으로 한 후속 연구가 요구된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권17호
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• pp.7337-7341
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• 2014

Background: The physiological role of vitamin D extends beyond bone health and calcium-phosphate homeostasis to effects on cancer risk, mainly for colorectal cancer. Vitamin D may have an anticancer effect in colorectal cancer mediated by binding of the active form $1,25(OH)_2D$ to the vitamin D receptor (VDR). The Taq1 VDR gene polymorphism, a C-to-T base substitution (rs731236) in exon 9 may influence its expression and function. The aim of this study wass to determine the 25(OH)D vitamin D level and to investigate the association between circulating vitamin D level and Taq1VDR gene polymorphism among Jordanian colorectal cancer patients. Materials and Methods: This case control study enrolled ninety-three patients and one hundred and two healthy Jordanian volunteers from AL-Basheer Hospital/Amman (2012-2013). Ethical approval and signed consent forms were obtained from all participants before sample collection. 25(OH)D levels were determined by competitive immunoassay Elecsys (Roche Diagnostic, France). DNA was extracted (Promega, USA) and amplified by PCR followed by VDR Taq1 restriction enzyme digestion. The genotype distribution was evaluated by paired t-test and chi-square. Comparison between vitamin D levels among CRC and control were assessed by odds ratio with 95% confidence interval. Results: The vitamin D serum level was significantly lower among colorectal cancer patients (8.34 ng/ml) compared to the healthy control group (21.02ng/ml). Patients deficient in vitamin D (less than 10.0 ng/ml) had increased colorectal cancer risk 19.2 fold compared to control. Only 2.2% of CRC patients had optimal vitamin D compared to 23.5% among healthy control. TT, Tt and tt Taq1 genotype frequencies among CRC cases was 35.5%, 50.5% and 14% compared to 43.1%, 41.2% and 15.7% among healthy control; respectively. CRC patients had lower mean vitamin D level among TT ($8.91{\pm}4.31$) and Tt ($9.15{\pm}5.25$) genotypes compared to control ($21.3{\pm}8.31$) and ($19.3{\pm}7.68$); respectively. Conclusions: There is significant association between low 25(OH)D serum level and colorectal cancer risk. The VDRTaq1 polymorphism was associated with increased colorectal cancer risk among patient with VDRTaq1 TT and Tt genotypes. Understanding the functional mechanism of VDRTaq1 TT and Tt may provide a strategy for colorectal cancer prevention and treatment.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.80-85
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• 2014

Objective: To investigate: the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Korean women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and the relationship between vitamin D status and clinical or metabolic features in this group. Methods: We recruited 38 women with PCOS using the Rotterdam criteria. A total of 109 premenopausal control women were matched with patients based on age and body mass index. Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D concentrations less than 20 ng/mL were classified as frank vitamin D deficiency. Since vitamin D may play a significant role in metabolic disturbances in women with PCOS, correlations between clinical or metabolic parameters and vitamin D status were analyzed separately in patients and controls. Results: Women with PCOS showed no differences in the level of 25-hydroxy vitamin D ($19.6{\pm}6.6ng/mL$ in patients vs. $20.1{\pm}7.4ng/mL$ in controls, respectively, p=0.696) or prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (57.9% in patients vs. 56.5% in controls, respectively, p=0.880). In addition, we did not find any correlations between serum vitamin D level and clinical or metabolic profiles in either PCOS patients or controls. Conclusion: Our study found no differences in the absolute level of serum vitamin D between PCOS patients and matched controls. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was equally common among both patients and controls. Additionally, we did not find any correlations between serum vitamin D level and clinical or metabolic profiles, suggesting that the role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of PCOS is not yet clear.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.627-640
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• 1998

골 성장 및 개조에 관여하는 전신적 조절인자인 $1,25-(OH)_2D_3$와 국소적 조절인자인 $TGF-{\beta}$가 사람의 치주인대세포 기능에 미치는 영향을 관찰하고자 그 인자들을 단독 혹은 복합적으로 치주인대세포에 가하여 그 활성 변화를 측정하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 10ng/m1 농도의 vitamin $D_3$를 치주인대세포에 가한 후 배양 1, 2, 3일째의 활성은 대조군과 차이가 없었으나, 50ng/ml 농도로 가한 후 배양 3째일에는 대조군에 비해 유의하게 증가하였으며, 100ng/m1 농도에서는 배양 1, 2, 3일째에 유의하게 증가하였다. 2. 0.1ng/ml 농도의 $TGF-{\beta}$를 치주인대세포에 가한 후 배양 1, 2, 3일째의 활성은 대조군과 유의한 차이가 없었으나, 1ng/ml나 5ng/ml농도의 $TGF-{\beta}$를 가한 경우 배양 3일째에 유의하게 증가되었으며 10ng/ml농도의 경우에는 배양 2, 3일째에 유의하게 증가하였다. 3. 1ng/ml 농도의 $TGF-{\beta}$와 다양한 농도의 vitamin $D_3$를 혼합투여한 경우, 100ng/m1 농도의 vitamin $D_3$로 배양 3일째에 유의한 활성 증가를 볼 수 있었다. 4. 5ng/ml 농도의 $TGF-{\beta}$와 다양한 농도의 vitamin $D_3$를 혼합투여한 경우, 10, 50, 100ng/m1의 vitamin $D_3$에서 공히 배양 2일째부터 유의한 활성 증가를 보였으나 10ng/ml에서는 배양 3일째에 그 활성이 유지되지 못하였다. 5. 10ng/ml농도의 $TGF-{\beta}$와 다양한 농도의 vitamin $D_3$를 혼합투여한 경우, 50ng/ml의 vitamin $D_3$에서는 배양 2일째부터 100ng/m1의 vitamin $D_3$에서는 1일째부터 유의한 활성 증가를 보였다.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.111-117
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• 2005

It has been more than three decades since the first assay assessing circulating 25 (OH)D in human subjects was performed That publication as well as several that followed it defined 'normal' nutritional vitamin D status in human populations. Recently, the wisdom by which 'normal' circulating 25 (OH)D levels in human subjects were assigned in the past has come under question. It appears that sampling human subjects, who appear to be free from disease, and assessing 'normal' circulating 25 (OH)D levels by plotting a Gaussian distribution is grossly inaccurate. There are many reasons why this method is inaccurate, including race, lifestyle habits, sunscreen usage, age, latitude, and inappropriately low dietary recommendations for vitamin D. For instance, a 400 IU/day. AI for vitamin D is insignificant when one considers that a 10-15 minute whole body exposure to peak summer sun will generate and release up to 20,000 IU vitamin $D_3$ into the circulation. Recent studies, which orally administered up to 10,000 IU/day vitamin $D_3$ to human subjects for several months, have successfully elevated circulating 25 (OH)D levels to those observed in individuals from sun-rich environments. Further, we are now able to accurately assess sufficient circulating 25 (OH)D levels utilizing specific biomarkers instead of guessing what an adequate level is. These biomarkers include intact parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium absorption, bone mineral density (BMD), insulin resistance and pancreatic beta cell function. Using the data from these biomarkers, vitamin D deficiency should be defined as circulating levels of 25 (OH)D$\leq$30 ng/mL. In certain cases, such as pregnancy and lactation, significantly higher circulating 25 (OH)D levels would almost certainly be beneficial to both the mother and recipient fetus/infant.

• 한국영양학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국영양학회 2004년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.22-33
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• 2004

It has been more than three decades since the first assay assessing circulating 25(OH)D in human subjects was performed. That publication as well as several that followed it defined 'normal' nutritional vitamin D status in human populations. Recently, the wisdom by which 'normal' circulating 25(OH)D levels in human subjects were assigned in the past has come under question. It appears that sampling human subjects, who appear to be free from disease, and assessing 'normal' circulating 25(OH)D levels by plotting a Gaussian distribution is grossly inaccurate. There are many reasons why this method is inaccurate, including race, lifestyle habits, sunscreen usage, age, latitude, and inappropriately low dietary recommendations for vitamin D. For instance, a 400IU/day. AI for vitamin D is insignificant when one considers that a 10-15 minute whole body exposure to peak summer sun will generate and release up to 20,000 IU vitamin $D_3$ into the circulation. Recent studies, which orally administered up to 10,000 IU/day vitamin $D_3$ to human subjects for several months, have successfully elevated circulating 25(OH)D levels to those observed in individuals from sun-rich environments. Further, we are now able to accurately assess sufficient circulating 25(OH)D levels utilizing specific biomarkers instead of guessing what an adequate level is. These biomarkers include intact parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium absorption, bone mineral density (BMD), insulin resistance and pancreatic beta cell function. Using the data from these biomarkers, vitamin D deficiency should be defined as circulating levels of $25(OH)D{\leq}30ng/mL$. In certain cases, such as pregnancy and lactation, significantly higher circulating 25(OH)D levels would almost certainly be beneficial to both the mother and recipient fetus/infant.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.125-131
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• 2019

Objective: To investigate serum 25-hydroxyl vitamin D (25(OH)D) and vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP) concentrations in women with endometriosis according to the severity of disease. Methods: Women with mild endometriosis (n = 9) and advanced endometriosis (n = 7), as well as healthy controls (n = 16), were enrolled in this observational study. Serum total 25(OH)D concentrations were analyzed using the Elecsys vitamin D total kit with the Cobas e602 module. Concentrations of bioavailable and free 25(OH)D were calculated. Concentrations of VDBP were measured using the Human Vitamin D BP Quantikine ELISA kit. Variables were tested for normality and homoscedasticity using the Shapiro-Wilk test and Leven F test, respectively. Correlation analysis was used to identify the variables related to total 25(OH)D and VDBP levels. To assess the effects of total 25(OH)D and VDBP levels in the three groups, multivariate generalized additive modeling (GAM) was performed. Results: Gravidity and parity were significantly different across the three groups. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and CA-125 levels increased as a function of endometriosis severity, respectively (p= 0.051, p= 0.004). The correlation analysis showed that total 25(OH)D levels were positively correlated with gravidity (r = 0.59, p< 0.001) and parity (r = 0.51, p< 0.003). Multivariate GAM showed no significant relationship of total 25(OH)D levels with EMT severity after adjusting for gravidity and ESR. However, the coefficient of total 25(OH)D levels with gravidity was significant (1.87; 95% confidence interval, 0.12-3.63; p= 0.040). Conclusion: These results indicate that vitamin D and VDBP levels were not associated with the severity of endometriosis.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.157-165
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine differences in the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency between male and female Korean adolescents and to investigate gender-specific factors associated with vitamin D deficiency. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study included 975 adolescents aged 12-18 years who participated in the fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010~2011). Multiple logistic regression using complex sample analysis was performed to examine gender-specific factors associated with vitamin D deficiency with adjustments for covariates. Results: Among the participants, 82.9% had vitamin D deficiency. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was higher among female adolescents (88.4%) than their male counterparts (78.4%). A rural place of residence (OR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.19~0.87; p=.021) and daily milk intake (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.07~0.75; p=.015) were significant factors significantly associated with vitamin D deficiency in males, while body mass index (OR, 8.40; 95% CI, 1.05~67.04, p=.045) and having breakfast (OR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.10~0.49; p<.001) showed significant relationships in females. Conclusion: The results of this study provide preliminary evidence for developing effective strategies to prevent vitamin D deficiency in Korean adolescents. The different factors influencing vitamin D deficiency in males and females should be considered when providing interventions.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.71-79
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• 2019

Purpose : Several studies suggest that smoking and vitamin D level is a risk factor of metabolic syndrome. The objective of this study is to evaluate the association between smoking status, vitamin D levels and the Korean adult male and female metabolic syndrome. Methods : We assessed 3796 participants aged 19 years and older from the Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2013, 2014. Smoking statuses were collected from self-reported questionnaires. Subjects were divided into three categories: non-smokers, former smokers, and current smokers. Vitamin D was tested by Radioimmunoassay method and the value of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, which is an index of vitamin D status in the body, was used. The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome was made using criteria modified NCEP-ATP III. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate odds ratios between smoking status, vitamin D levels, and metabolic syndrome. Results : The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 23.0 % in men and 15.4 % in women. After adjusting for smoking, the odds ratio for men's metabolic syndrome in current smokers was 1.77 (95 % CI, 1.30~2.41), while for former smokers OR was 1.63 (95 % CI, 1.15~2.31) compared with nonsmokers. After adjustment vitamin D, the odds ratio for women's metabolic syndrome in vitamin D deficiency was 1.44 (95 % CI, 1.11~1.87) compared with normal. Conclusion : Smoking status was associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome in Korean adult males and decreased vitamin D level was associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome in Korean adult females.