• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제23권1호통권97호
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• pp.99-106
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• 2007

This study investigated the effect of UV-B irradiation on the quality of Pleurotus ostreatus. The changes of vitamin $D_2$ contents, color value and flavor pattern in mushrooms were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), chromameter and gas chromatography - surface acoustic wave (GC-SAW) electronic nose. By exposure to UV-B irradiation (0 kj/m$^2$, 10 kj/m$^2$, 20 kj/m$^2$), vitamin $D_2$ content increased from 0 (control) to 48.50 g/g (DM: dry matter, 10 kj/m$^2$) and 61.58 g/g (DM, 20 kj/m$^2$). Although there was no significant difference in L, a, b values among the three groups, flavor changes were detected by GC-SAW electronic nose. The number of peaks increased from 10 in the control group (0 kj/m$^2$), to 14 and 15 for the 10 kj/m$^2$ and 20 kj/m$^2$ groups, respectively. Nevertheless, the changes of flavor pattern were not detrimental to the mushroom quality. These results suggested that UV-B irradiation is an effective method to increase the vitamin $D_2$ content without degrading the quality.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제55권4호
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• pp.321-333
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• 2022

Objectives: Extensive evidence links low vitamin D status and comorbidities with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes, but the results of published studies are contradictory. Therefore, we investigated the association of lower levels of vitamin D and comorbidities with the risk of COVID-19 infection. Methods: We searched MEDLINE (via PubMed), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov for articles published until August 20, 2021. Sixteen eligible studies were identified (386 631 patients, of whom 181 114 were male). We included observational cohort and case-control studies that evaluated serum levels of vitamin D in COVID-19-positive and COVID-19-negative patients. Mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Results: Significantly lower vitamin D levels were found in COVID-19-positive patients (MD, -1.70; 95% CI, -2.74 to -0.66; p=0.001), but with variation by study design (case-control: -4.04; 95% CI, -5.98 to -2.10; p<0.001; cohort: -0.39; 95% CI, -1.62 to 0.84; p=0.538). This relationship was more prominent in female patients (MD, -2.18; 95% CI, -4.08 to -0.28; p=0.024) than in male patients (MD, -1.74; 95% CI, -3.79 to 0.31; p=0.096). Male patients showed higher odds of having low vitamin D levels (odds ratio [OR], 2.09; 95% CI, 1.38 to 3.17; p<0.001) than female patients (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.74 to 1.86; p=0.477). Comorbidities showed inconsistent, but generally nonsignificant, associations with COVID-19 infection. Conclusions: Low serum vitamin-D levels were significantly associated with the risk of COVID-19 infection. This relationship was stronger in female than in male COVID-19 patients. Limited evidence was found for the relationships between comorbidities and COVID-19 infection, warranting large population-based studies to clarify these associations.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.196-201
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• 2011

BACKGROUND: Bioavailability enhancement by solubilization of lipophilic drugs in nano-emulsion has been reported and it may be useful in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products. This study was performed to compare in vivo bioavailability of nano-emulsion formulation with that of the general product as control. METHODS AND RESULTS: The pharmacokinetics assessment of Vitamin A, D and E complex of nanoemulsion formulation (LaVita), in comparison to the general product, was performed in the male rat plasma by a single oral dose at 20 mL/kg body weight (n=3/group). For nano-emulsion formulation (LaVita), $C_{max}$ of vitamin A and E in plasma were much higher and the area under the curve (AUC) of vitamin A, D and E were 14-63% higher, and the half-life of vitamin E was 2-fold longer than the general product. According to statistical analysis, each $C_{max}$ of vitamin A, D & E was significantly higher (p<0.01, 0.05 and 0.01, respectively) than that of general product. Half-life of vitamin A was significantly higher (p<0.01) and AUC of vitamin A and D were also significantly higher than the general product. CONCLUSION(s): Considering significant increment of $C_{max}$ and AUC, LaVita made of nano-emulsion could be more effective the absorption rate and extent for bioavailability of vitamin A, D & E than those of general product.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.397-402
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• 2014

Microglia are activated by inflammatory and pathophysiological stimuli in neurodegenerative diseases, and activated microglia induce neuronal damage by releasing cytotoxic factors like nitric oxide (NO). Activated microglia synthesize a significant amount of vitamin $D_3$ in the rat brain, and vitamin $D_3$ has an inhibitory effect on activated microglia. To investigate the possible role of vitamin $D_3$ as a negative regulator of activated microglia, we examined the effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin $D_3$ on NO production of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglia. Treatment with LPS increased the production of NO in primary cultured and BV2 microglial cells. Treatment with 25-hydroxyvitamin $D_3$ inhibited the generation of NO in LPS-activated primary microglia and BV2 cells. In addition to NO production, expression of 1-${\alpha}$-hydroxylase and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) was also upregulated in LPS-stimulated primary and BV2 microglia. When BV2 cells were transfected with 1-${\alpha}$-hydroxylase siRNA or VDR siRNA, the inhibitory effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin $D_3$ on activated BV2 cells was suppressed. 25-Hydroxyvitamin $D_3$ also inhibited the increased phosphorylation of p38 seen in LPS-activated BV2 cells, and this inhibition was blocked by VDR siRNA. The present study shows that 25-hydroxyvitamin $D_3$ inhibits NO production in LPS-activated microglia through the mediation of LPS-induced 1-${\alpha}$-hydroxylase. This study also shows that the inhibitory effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin $D_3$ on NO production might be exerted by inhibiting LPS-induced phosphorylation of p38 through the mediation of VDR signaling. These results suggest that vitamin $D_3$ might have an important role in the negative regulation of microglial activation.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.383-397
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• 1999

치아 이동시 골개조에 관여하는 골모세포의 활성을 알아보기 위해 골조직 대사 물질인 vitamin $D_3$를 1, 10, 100nM/ml 농도로, dexamethasone을 10, 100nM/ml, $1{\mu}M/ml$ 농도로 단독 또는 복합 투여하여 세포 활성 및 염기성인산분해효소의 활성도를 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. dexamethasone을 단독 투여한 경우 배양 1일째에 $1{\mu}M/ml$ 농도에서만 대조군에 비해 유의한 세포 활성 증가를 보였으며 이후에는 전반적으로 유의한 감소를 보였다. 반면에 염기성 인산분해효소의 활성도는 $1{\mu}M/ml$의 dexamethasone일 때 가장 높았으며 배양 기간이 길어질수록 유의한 증가를 보였다. 2 vitamin $D_3$ 첨가시 배양 1일째에는 세포 활성이 증가하였으나 배양 2일째에는100nM/ml에서 대조군과 비교해 크게 감소하여 농도의 증가에 따라 세포 활성이 크게 감소하는 경향을 보였으며 배양 3일째에는 다소 활성이 회복되었다. 염기성 인산분해효소의 활성도는 10nM/ml과 100nM/m1의 vitamin $D_3$에서 배양 2일째와 3일째에 대조군에 비해 유의하게 높았는데 100nM/ml에서 배양 3일째에 가장 높았다. 3. dexamethasone과 vitamin $D_3$를 복합 투여 한 경우 배 양 2일째에는 모든 vitamin $D_3$ 농도에서 세포 활성 이 감소하였으나 3일째에는 세포 활성이 회복되어 대조군이나 dexamethasone단독 투여 시에 비해 유의한 활성 증가를 보이는 경우가 있었다. 염기성 인산분해효소의 활성은 배양 1일째에 감소를 보였으나 배양 2일째에 10nM/ml나 100nM/ml의 dexamethasone에 100nM/ml의 vitamin $D_3$복합 투여의 경우 유의한 증가를 보였고 배양 3일째에 다시 감소를 보였다. 적절한 농도의 dexamethasone과vitamin $D_3$의 복합 사용으로 골모세포의 활성 및 염기성 인산분해효소를 증가시키거나 조절하는 상승 효과를 얻을 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.28-35
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• 2016

한국 성인 여성들을 대상으로 비타민 D 영양상태에 대한 기초자료를 얻고자 혈청 $25(OH)D_3$ 수준, 신체계측 및 체조성 분석, 일조시간 활동량, 혈중 지질 농도 및 아디포카인 농도를 측정하여, 혈중 $25(OH)D_3$ 수준과 비만지표와의 관계를 분석하였다. 156명의 연구 대상자 중 혈중 $25(OH)D_3$ 농도가 12 ng/ml 미만은 77% (121명)로 결핍상태에 해당하였고, 12~19.9 ng/ml는 19.2% (30명)으로 불충분상태에 해당하였으며 충분상태에 해당하는 20 ng/ml 이상은 3.2% (5명)으로 나타났다. 혈중 $25(OH)D_3$ 농도는 체중, 체질량지수, 체지방량, 허리엉덩이 비율과 유의한 양의 상관관계가 있어 비만지표와 양의 상관성을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 우리나라 성인 여성의 비타민 D 영양상태가 취약한 상태이고, 비만과의 관련 가능성이 있음을 나타내며, 이에 비타민 D 결핍예방을 위한 방안 강구가 필요함을 시사한다.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.111-117
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• 2005

It has been more than three decades since the first assay assessing circulating 25 (OH)D in human subjects was performed That publication as well as several that followed it defined 'normal' nutritional vitamin D status in human populations. Recently, the wisdom by which 'normal' circulating 25 (OH)D levels in human subjects were assigned in the past has come under question. It appears that sampling human subjects, who appear to be free from disease, and assessing 'normal' circulating 25 (OH)D levels by plotting a Gaussian distribution is grossly inaccurate. There are many reasons why this method is inaccurate, including race, lifestyle habits, sunscreen usage, age, latitude, and inappropriately low dietary recommendations for vitamin D. For instance, a 400 IU/day. AI for vitamin D is insignificant when one considers that a 10-15 minute whole body exposure to peak summer sun will generate and release up to 20,000 IU vitamin $D_3$ into the circulation. Recent studies, which orally administered up to 10,000 IU/day vitamin $D_3$ to human subjects for several months, have successfully elevated circulating 25 (OH)D levels to those observed in individuals from sun-rich environments. Further, we are now able to accurately assess sufficient circulating 25 (OH)D levels utilizing specific biomarkers instead of guessing what an adequate level is. These biomarkers include intact parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium absorption, bone mineral density (BMD), insulin resistance and pancreatic beta cell function. Using the data from these biomarkers, vitamin D deficiency should be defined as circulating levels of 25 (OH)D$\leq$30 ng/mL. In certain cases, such as pregnancy and lactation, significantly higher circulating 25 (OH)D levels would almost certainly be beneficial to both the mother and recipient fetus/infant.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.571-577
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• 2012

This study was carried out to develop an analytical method for the determination of vitamin D in infant formula. Vitamin D was determined by column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with a reversed phase column and UV detector after saponification and extraction of the formula with an organic solvent. A preseparation column ($C_8$), focusing column ($C_{18}$), analytical column ($C_{18}$) and UV-Vis detector (254 nm) were used. The limits of detection (LOD) and the limits of quantification (LOQ) for vitamin D were estimated to be $1.51{\mu}g/kg$ and $4.95{\mu}g/kg$, respectively. The linearity, recovery, precision and accuracy of the analytical method for vitamin D were evaluated through the application of a SRM (Standard Reference Material) 1846 (National Institute of Standard & Technology, USA). The linearity of this method was calculated with a value of the coefficient of determination ($r^2$) ${\geq}0.9999$. The recovery of vitamin D was $85.20{\pm}3.00%$. The intra-assay precision for vitamin D was between $1.68{\pm}0.03%$ and $5.75{\pm}0.33%$, and the inter-assay precision for vitamin D ranged from $1.73{\pm}0.03%$ to $2.96{\pm}0.09%$. The intra-assay accuracy for vitamin D was between $100.03{\pm}2.77%$ and $102.01{\pm}0.59%$, and the inter-assay accuracy for vitamin D ranged from $99.00{\pm}1.53%$ to $102.01{\pm}3.04%$. The proposed method is optimal for the separation and quantification of vitamin D from infant formula.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.563-567
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• 2006

Two experiments were conducted to compare the effect of various vitamins on performance and digestibility in growing pigs. In experiment 1, a total of 54 pigs ($L{\times}Y{\times}D$, $42.73{\pm}2.40kg$) were assigned to three treatments in a randomized complete block design with three replicates (6 pigs/pen) for 40 days. The three dietary treatments were: 100% fat-soluble vitamins (FSV) and water-soluble vitamins (WSV); 150% FSV and 100% WSV of NRC (1998); and 100% FSV and 150% WSV of NRC (1998). In experiment 2, a total of 180 pigs ($L{\times}Y{\times}D$, $28.20{\pm}3.05 kg$) were assigned to four treatments in a completely randomized design with three replicates for four weeks (15 pigs/pen). The four dietary treatments were, 150% vitamin A and 100% other vitamins, 150% vitamin D and 100% other vitamins, 150% vitamin E and 100% other vitamins, and 150% vitamin K and 100% other vitamins. In experiment 1, there were significant differences in growth performance and digestibility of nutrients among the treatments. The ADG, ADFI and FCR of pigs fed 150% FSV diet were better (p<0.05) than those fed the control diet. However, there were no differences (p>0.05) in ADG, ADFI and FCR between pigs fed the control and 150% WSV diets. Digestibilities of dry matter, gross energy and calcium were improved in 150% FSV treatment group compared with control (p<0.05). However, the improvement was similar when compared with 150% WSV except for Ca. In experiment 2, there were no differences (p>0.05) in ADG, ADFI and FCR and nutrient digestibility between the fat-soluble vitamin treatments when fed at the 150% level. In conclusion, growing pigs were more responsive to additional fat-soluble vitamin supplements over the requirements suggested by NRC (1998) than to water-soluble vitamin supplements as measured by growth performance and digestibility of nutrients.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.109-121
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• 2023

본 연구에서 식품 중 비타민 D 주요 급원으로 선정한 버섯류(3종), 어패류(10종), 알류(1종), 육류(7종), 두류(1종), 유류(4종), 가공식품(3종), 유지류(1종)로, 총 30종에 대표 조리법을 포함한 148건에 대해 LC-MS/MS를 이용하여 분석하였다. 우리 국민 평균 총식이섭취량의 90% 이상을 포괄하는 대상 식품을 선별 후 식생활에서 활용되는 조리법 선정을 통해 조제된 실제 섭취 상황에 가까운 한국형 총식이조사를 기반한 '대표 식품×대표 조리법'으로서 새송이버섯(굽기), 가다랭이(그대로) 등 53종으로 6개의 지역별 시료를 불검출의 경우 1건만 분석하였고, 검출된 경우 6건 전부 분석하여 총 148건에 대해 비타민 D 함량 및 섭취량을 추정하였다. 분석은 유효성검증 및 국제 분석 관리프로그램인 FAPAS를 참여하여 숙련도 테스트 결과, Z-score 2 이하의 만족하는 결과를 얻어 신뢰도를 검증하였다. 본 연구에서 분석한 '대표 식품×대표 조리법'의 비타민 D 결과는 어류에서는 멸치(볶기)에서 124.0 ㎍/kg의 농도로 가장 높게 검출되었고, 두 번째로 고등어(굽기)에서 120.2 ㎍/kg의 농도로 검출이 되었다. 달걀의 경우 달걀(끓이기)은 검출되지 않았고, 달걀(부치기)에서 최고 33.1 ㎍/kg의 농도로 검출이 되었다. 육류에서는 닭고기와 쇠고기는 전부 검출되지 않았고, 돼지고기의 경우 굽기에서 12.2 ㎍/kg으로 검출되었다. 유제품의 경우 요구르트(액상)에서 136.9 ㎍/kg, 가공식품 중 시리얼의 경우, 155.1 ㎍/kg의 농도로 비타민 D가 검출이 되었는데, 이는 비타민 D 강화 제품으로 보인다. 생표고버섯을 햇빛에 12시간 노출 시에 비타민 D 함량이 303.4 ㎍/kg으로 높았으며, 건조형태에 따라 갓이 위로 향할 때보다, 주름부분을 위로 향하였을 때 비타민 D₂의 함량이 높음을 확인하였다. 비타민 D 함량 분석 결과를 토대로 섭취량을 추정한 결과, 우리 국민의 1인 1일 평균 비타민 D 섭취량은 0.99 ㎍/day이었으며, 비타민 D 섭취량에 기여한 중요 3가지 식품은 요구르트, 액상(31.3%), 달걀(28.1%), 시리얼(11.4%) 순이었다. 보건복지부와 한국영양학회에서 제공하는 한국인 영양소 섭취기준(2020년) 중 비타민 D의 1일 충분 섭취량(영양소의 필요량을 추정하기 위한 과학적 근거가 부족할 경우, 대상 인구집단의 건강을 유지하는 데 충분한 양을 설정한 수치)은 영유아 5 ㎍/day, 남녀 6세부터 75세 이상 5-15 ㎍/day로 본 연구에서 추정한 1인 1일 평균섭취량과 비교하였을 때, 우리 국민의 비타민 D 섭취가 부족하다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 비타민 D 부족을 개선하기 위해 생활양식이나 식습관을 통해 비타민 D를 증가시킬 수 있는 식품을 섭취하고, 부족한 부분은 보충제를 통한 비타민 D 섭취가 필요할 것으로 보인다. 버섯의 경우 햇빛 또는 자외선에 노출시키면 비타민 D 섭취량을 높일 수 있다. 식습관을 통해 비타민 D 부족을 개선할 수 있는 다양한 연구가 필요하다고 생각된다.