• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• 제16권sup1호
• /
• pp.57-69
• /
• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Vitamin D is produced in the skin during sun exposure and is also ingested from foods. The role of vitamin D needs to be considered in the prevention and management of various diseases. Moreover, since the majority of Koreans spend their days indoors, becoming susceptible to the risk of vitamin D deficiency. The current study aims to prepare a basis for determining dietary reference intake of vitamin D in Korea, by reviewing the evidence against various diseases and risks. MATERIALS/METHODS: Literature published in Korea and other countries between 2014 and 2018 was prioritized based on their study design and other criteria, and evaluated using the RoB 2.0 assessment form and United States Department of Agriculture Nutrition Evidence Library Conclusion Statement Evaluation Criteria. RESULTS: Of the 1,709 studies, 128 studies were included in the final systematic analysis after screening. To set the dietary reference intakes of vitamin D based on the selected articles, blood 25(OH)D levels and indicators of bone health were used collectively. Blood vitamin D levels and ultraviolet (UV) exposure time derived from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed to establish the dietary reference intakes of vitamin D for each stage of the life cycle. The adequate intake levels of vitamin D, according to age and gender, were determined to be in the range of 5-15 ㎍/day, and the tolerable upper intake level was established at 25-100 ㎍/day. CONCLUSIONS: The most important variable for vitamin D nutrition is lifestyle. A balanced diet comprising foods with high contents of vitamin D is important, as is vitamin D synthesis after UV exposure. The adequate intake level of vitamin D mentioned in the 2015 Dietary Reference Intakes for Korean (KDRI) remained unchanged in the 2020 KDRI for the management of vitamin D nutrition in Koreans.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• 제6권
• /
• pp.15-24
• /
• 1965

건착망(巾着網)에 의(依)해, 어획(漁獲)된 한국산(韓國産) 고등어(중형(中型)) 제장기(諸臟器)의 vitamin A 농도(濃度) 및 분포(分布)의 시기(時期)적(的)변화(變化)와 내장유성상(內臟油性狀)을 어기중(漁期中) 실험(實驗)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 생식선발달(生殖腺發達) 최성기(最盛期)라고 생각되는, 6월초순(月初旬)에 간장중량(肝臟重量)도 급격히 증가(增加)하여, 최고(最高)에 달(達)했는데 이는 영양(榮養) 및 생리적(生理的)인 현상(現象)으로서, 산란기(産卵期)의 체내(體內) 에너지 평형상태(平衡狀態)를 바로잡기 원해 간장실질(肝臟實質)이 급히 증량(增量)되는 것이라고 생각된다. 2. 간유(肝油)의 vitamin A 농도(濃度)는, 자웅(雌雄) 모두 7월중순경(月中旬頃)에 최고(最高)였다. 함유율(含油率)과 Vitamin A농도(濃度) 사이에는 대체(大體)로 반대(反對)되는 경향(傾向)을 찾아볼 수 있었다. 3. 유문수유(幽門垂油)의 vitamin A 농도(濃度)는 7월하순(月下旬)에 최고(最高)였고, 함유율(含油率)과는 거이 반대(反對)되는 경향(傾向)이 있었다. 5월(月) 초순(初旬)${\sim}$6월중순(月中旬)에는 간유(肝油)의 vitamin A 농도(濃度)보다 훨씬 높았다. 4. 장유(腸油)의 vitamin A 농도(濃度)는 5월초순(月初旬)에 최고(最高)였고, 생식선유(生殖腺油)의 vitamin A 농도(濃度)는 극히 낮았으며 육(肉), 피(皮) 안유(眼油)의 vitamin A 농도(濃度)는 흔적에 불과(不過)하였다. 5. 전장기(全臟器) vitamin A 양(量)의 제장기별(諸臟器別) 분포율(分布率) 변화(變化) 범위(範圍) 및 평균분포율(平均分布率)은 간장(肝臟) : $7{\sim}92%$(평균(平均) 60.8%) 유문수(幽門垂) : $6{\sim}51%$(평균(平均) 29.4%), 장(腸) : $1{\sim}16%$(평균(平均) 5.7%), 위(胃) 및 위내용물(胃內容物) : $0{\sim}10%$(평균(平均) 2.2%), 생식선(生殖腺) : $0{\sim}12%$(평균(平均) 1.9%)이고, 간장(肝臟)과 유문수(幽門垂)의 vitamin A 분포율(分布率)은 서로 상반(相反)되는 경향(傾向)이 있었다. 6. 내장유특가(內臟油特價)의 시기적변화(時期的變化) 및 특가간(特價間)의 상관관계(相關關係)는 찾아볼 수 없고, 다만 vitamin A 농도(濃度)가 특(特)히 높을 때 굴절율(屈折率), 불감화물량 및 iodine value가 최고(最高)였다. 7. 고등어 vitamin 유(油) 채취시기(採取時期)는 5월초순(月初旬)${\sim}$10월(月) 중순(中旬)이라 볼 수 있고, 간장(肝臟), 유문수장(幽門垂腸) 이외(以外)의 제장기(諸臟器)는 vitamin 유(油) 자원(資源)으로서 이용가치(利用價値)가 없다. 한편 전내장유(全內臟油)도 vitamin 유(油)로서 이용가치(利用價値)가 있다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• 제4권3호
• /
• pp.229-234
• /
• 2010

Recently, we found and analyzed vitamin $B_{12}$ in some Korean traditional plant foods which had not reported, yet. This study was to investigate vitamin $B_{12}$ intake and its dietary sources and the vitamin $B_{12}$ status in the very old elderly Koreans. We measured serum vitamin $B_{12}$ level and estimated the amounts of vitamin $B_{12}$ intake from different dietary sources in female elderly Koreans aged 85 and over who had consumed a relatively low animal traditional diet for the whole life. The average age of the subjects (n = 127) was 98.0 years (85-108 years). The assessment on energy and nutrient intake involved a one-day 24-hour recall, and serum vitamin $B_{12}$ concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay. Overall diet pattern was not different between the 85-99 yr-old group and centenarians, except centenarians were taking more dairy product. The average ratio of plant food to animal food consumption was 87.5:12.5 in weight. The average vitamin $B_{12}$ intake of our subjects was 3.2 ${\mu}g$, and 52.7% of subjects consumed under estimated average requirement, 2.0 ${\mu}g$/day. On dietary source, 67.3% of dietary vitamin $B_{12}$ was from meat, eggs and fishes and 30.6% was from plant foods, such as soybean-fermented foods, seaweeds, and kimchi. The average serum vitamin $B_{12}$ concentration was 450.5 pg/mL, and low serum vitamin $B_{12}$ (< 200 pg/mL) was found in 9.6% of subjects. Dietary vitamin $B_{12}$ intake was significantly lower in subjects with low serum vitamin $B_{12}$ (0.79 ${\mu}g$/day) than those with normal serum vitamin $B_{12}$ (3.47 ${\mu}g$/day). There were no significant difference in vitamin $B_{12}$ intake and its dietary sources and serum vitamin $B_{12}$ level between the 85-99 yr- old group and centenarians. In conclusion, several plant-origin foods including seaweed, soybean-fermented foods, and kimchi, may contribute significantly to good vitamin $B_{12}$ status in very old elderly Koreans.

• 대한화장품학회지
• /
• 제30권2호
• /
• pp.167-172
• /
• 2004

피부 활성 물질로 넓이 알려져 있는 vitamin C (L-Ascorbic acid)는 콜라겐 생합성 촉진과 강한 항산화 작용으로 피부 항노화 및 주름 개선 효과 있을 뿐만 아니라 멜라닌 세포 활성 억제, 자외선 차단, 상처치유 등의 효능을 갖고 있다. 그러나 물성 면에서 피부 자극과 수분 및 공기, 빛에 불안정하여 쉽게 산화된다는 단점을 갖고 있다 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해 많은 연구가 진행되어 왔고, 그 결과 다양한 vitamin C 유도체가 개발되었다. 그러나 아직까지도 vitamin C의 불안정한 물성을 해결하면서 그 자체의 효능을 피부에 적용시키기에는 미흡한 점이 많다는 평을 받고 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 vitamin C의 불안정한 물성을 개선시키고 그 효능을 피부에 적용시킬 수 있는 vitamin C 유도체를 개발하기 위해, 피부 친화성이 우수한 스핑고지질류 중 하나인 phytosphingosine을 이용하여 산염기 반응에 의한 vitamin C의 OH기와 phytosphingosine의 -NH$_2$이온 결합시킨 새로운 vitamin C 유도체인 phytosphingosine ascorbate (SP-VC)를 합성하였다. 이렇게 합성된 phytosphingosine ascorbate (SP-VE)는 원소 분석(C58.3 : H9.3 : N2.8 : 029.5) 및 mass spectrosocopy (Maldi TOF-MS), UV/vis spectra (268.5nm), $^1$H NMR, FT-IR, 열분석 (m.p=154$^{\circ}C$), HPLC 등을 통하여 구조 및 물성을 확인하였다 또한 효능면에서는 우선적으로 phytosphingosine ascorbate(SP-VC)의 항균 및 항산화 효과를 확인하였다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 vitamin C와 phytosphingosine의 효능을 동시에 갖으며 불안정한 물성과 자극을 개선시킬 것이라 예상되는 새로운 소재를 합성하였다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
• /
• 제13권5호
• /
• pp.589-595
• /
• 2006

본 연구에서는 배추를 품종별, 부위별, 저장기간 동안의 vitamin U, amino acid 및 유리당 함량을 분석하고 변화경향을 조사하여 보았다. Vitamin U의 함량은 배추의 품종과 부위에 따라 차이를 나타내는 것으로 조사되었다. 동풍 배추(Winter Pride)의 겉잎(outward leaf)에서 12.70 mg/100 g, 55일 배추(55 Days)의 속잎(core leaf)에서 18.60 mg/100 g으로 vitamin U의 함량이 가장 높은 것으로 나타나 품종별 함량차이가 있음을 확인할 수 있었으며, 부위별 함량을 측정하여 본 결과 두 품종 모두 배추의 leaf부위가 midrib 부위에 비하여 1.7-9.0배 이상 높은 것으로 조사되었다. $4^{\circ}C$ 저장 동안의 vitamin U 함량은 두 품종 모두 다소 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 저장 동안의 vitamin U의 전구체인 methionine 함량을 조사하여 본 결과 아주 낮거나 존재하지 않는 것으로 조사되었는데 이는 배추가 성숙하는 동안 methionine이 vitamin U 전구물질로 사용된 것으로 추정되어진다. 그러나, $4^{\circ}C$ 저장 동안의 vitamin U과 methionine의 함량에 대한 뚜렷한 상관관계는 보이지 않았으며 유리 amino acid와 유리당 함량과의 관계에 대한 더 많은 연구가 수행되어야 할 것으로 사료되어진다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제32권6호
• /
• pp.726-731
• /
• 1999

Many studies show that the bone loss in postmenopausal women is closely related with status of vitamin K. The purpose of this study is to observe the effects of the vitamin K supplements on the carboxylation of serum osteocalcin in postmenopausal women. Twenty-four healthy postmenopausal women were recruited for the double-blind controlled study. Before and after daily administration of 1.0mg of phylloquinone for one month, the levels of serum vitamin K, osteocalcin, undercarboxylated osteocalcin were measured. Daily intake of vitamin K was also calculated. After the 4-weeks of supplements of 1.0mg/day of vitamin K, there were no significant differences for the levels of serum vitamin K, osteocalcin, and ucOC between the experimental and placebo groups. In this study, it was not found that the supplements of vitamin K to the postmenopausal women had any positive effects on.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제27권10호
• /
• pp.1018-1024
• /
• 1994

The longitudinal change of vitamin E($\alpha$-Tocopherol) content and secretion in transitional milk of 32 Korean lactating women and vitamin E intake of infants was studied 7, 10 and 15 days postpartum, Vitamin E content of the milk decreased at 7, 10 and 15 days postpartum with the respective amount of 784, 633 and 539$\mu\textrm{g}$/100ml. The average vitaimin E secretion in the milk of mothers appeared 350$\mu\textrm{g}$/days. The average vitamin E intake in the milk was 3033 and 2424$\mu\textrm{g}$/day in boys and girls respectively and was 174.7% for infants of the recommended lower limit for vitamin E in infant formular of 0.5mg/100㎉. Vitamin E intake per body weight of infants in the milk were 929.731 and 676$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg/day respectively.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제31권9호
• /
• pp.1440-1445
• /
• 1998

In order to investigate the vitamin I intake of exclusively breast-fed infants, we examined 33 lactating women and their infants at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 months of lactation. Vitamin E contents of human milk were determined by HPLC analysis. Vitamin E contents of the milk showed 539, 520, 464, 422, 409 and 351$\mu\textrm{g}$/100m1 during the lactation respectively. Vitamin E contents of the human milk were not affected by energy, lipid and protein consumption of lactating women. Vitamin E intake of breast-fed infants averaged 3375 and 269$\mu\textrm{g}$/day in boys and girls during the first 5 months of lactation. Vitamin E intake per body weight of breast-fed infants appeared 725, 752, 600, 461, 420 and 334$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg/day respectively. We conclude that breast-fed infants most likely receives adequate vitamin E from the human milk compared with recommended dietary allowances for Korean infants. (Korean J Nutrition 31(9) : 1440-1445, 1998)

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2001년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
• /
• pp.53-56
• /
• 2001

The degradation of tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) by vitamin B$_{12}$, an electron mediator was examined when zero valent metals (ZVMs) were used as built electron donors. Dechlorination of PCE and TCE by iron and zinc in the presence of vitamin B$_{12}$ showed that the zinc and vitamin B$_{12}$ combination greatly enhances the reaction rates for both PCE and TCE, but iron and vitamin B$_{12}$ result in an increase in reactivity only for PCE degradation, not for TCE degradation in comparing with meta]s only. This result indicates vitamin B$_{12}$(I) Is active towards both PCE and TCE degradation while vitamin B$_{12}$(II) is active towards both PCE. Calculated activation energies for the dechlorination of PCE in the presence of Vitamin B$_{12}$ showed that vitamin B$_{12}$ lowered the activation energy about 40-60 kJ/㏖ for the both metals.the both metals.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• 제17권1호
• /
• pp.11-16
• /
• 1994

Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II)(cisplatin) is one of the most effective antitumor agents currently available for cancer therapy. However, its clinical use has been limited by its severe side effects, especially nephrotoxicity. To evaluate the effect or radical scavengers on cisplatin nephrotoxicity in rats, cisplatin and Vitamin C were given intraperitoneally. Remarkable protective effects of Vitamin C against nephrotoxicity of cisplatin were observed when Vitamin C was administered to rats 1hr before cisplatin injection. hepatotoxicity induced by combination treament of cisplatin and Vitamin C was evaluated by measuring serum glutamic pyruvate transmainase(sGPT) and serum glutamic oxalate transminase(sGOT). Combination treatment did not affect the levels of sGPT and sGOT, and any combination treatment did not induce metallothionein biosynthesis in kidny, Vitamin C which has radical scavenging effect induce metallothionein biosynthesis in kidney. Vitamin C which has radical scavenging effect directly reduced nephrotoxicity of cisplatin in vivo. Thus, it seems that free radical is the cause of cisplatin nepthrotoxicity. Also, combination treatment did not reduce anticancer activity of cisplatin. The present results indicate that Vitamin C, when it is given with cisplatin, may provide protection against cisplatin nephrotoxicity without reducing anticancer activity.