• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.103-110
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• 2011

Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease patients' speech is hypokinetic dysarthria and their speech is possibly the consequence of impaired respiratory support. The purpose of this study was focused on the respiratory characteristics of speech breathing in de novo IPD who were not given prior vocal or anti-Parkinson treatment. A total of 40 subjects participated in the study: 20 de novo IPD patients between the ages of 50 and 80, and 20 normal subjects with similar age, height, and weight matches. Forced Expiratory Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 sec (FEV1) and $FEV_1$ as a percentage of FVC (FEV1/FVC) was measured with a PC-based spirometer (Cosmed). In addition, Maximum Phonation Time (MPT), Mean Airflow Rate (MFR), Subglottal Pressure (Psub) and the number of syllables produced per breath were measured with a Phonatory Aerodynamic System (Kay PENTAX). All subjects were asked to read a standardized Korean paragraph and the following measurements were obtained from the task. Results indicated no statistically significant differences in respiratory function (FEV1/FVC%) and aerodynamic function between the two groups, but the number of syllables per breath was significantly lower in the IPD patient group than in the normal group and it could be predicted by FVC and MFR. Therefore, the study shows that the MFR from the lungs during speech in de novo IPD patients is used inefficiently.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.69 no.2
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• pp.108-114
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• 2010

Background: The aim was to estimate the differences between pulmonary disability grades according to the spirometry reference equations (the Korean equation and the Morris equation). Methods: Spirometry was performed on 16,916 male and 1,353 female special examination for pneumoconiosis, in the period of 2007~2009. Changes in predictive values for forced expiratory volume in one second ($FEV_1$), forced vital capacity (FVC) and $FEV_1$/FVC and in disability grade were evaluated using both equations. Results: Mean FVCs for men and women were 4,218.7 mL and 2,801.5 mL in predictive values after the application of the Korean equation, and 3,763.9 mL and 2,395.6 mL after the Morris equation, respectively. Compared with the Morris equation, the Korean equation showed 10.8% and 14.5% of excesses for men and women (p<0.001). Mean $FEV_1s$ for men and women were 3,102.5 mL and 2,107.1 mL in the Korean equation, and 2,667.8 mL and 1,699.6 mL in the Morris equation, respectively. Compared with the Morris equation, the Korean equation showed 14.0% and 19.3% of excesses for men and women (p<0.001). Men and women who showed the changes of disability grades using the Korean equation in place of the Morris equation were 23.9% (4,052/16,916) and 22.9% (311/1,353) on FVC, and 23.1% (3,913/16,916) and 10.7% (145/1,353) on $FEV_1$. Conclusion: Applying different reference equations for spirometry has resulted in changes for disability grades in special examination for pneumoconiosis.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.26-33
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• 2011

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of respiratory muscle training (RMT) with abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) on pulmonary function. Twenty-two subjects with restrictive breathing participated in this study. All the subjects were randomly assigned to three groups (7 subjects in RMT group, 7 subjects in RMT with ADIM group, 8 subjects in control group). The first group performed the RMT by using incentive respiratory spirometer (IRS). The second group performed the RMT by using IRS and the ADIM by using a Stabilizer. The exercises were conducted over four days. The pulmonary function was evaluated using the spirometer to measure the force exploratory volume in 1 second ($FEV_1$) and forced vital capacity (FVC). Measurements were conducted on the first day and the last day. A paired-t test was used for pre-post changes and the change rates in FVC and $FEV_1$ among each group were investigated by a one-way ANOVA. The findings of the the study were as follows: 1) There were significant differences of FVC and $FEV_1$ between pre and post in the two training groups (p<.05) 2) There was no significant difference of the change ratio the FVC and $FEV_1$ between the RMT group and RMT with ADIM group. Therefore, it is concluded that respiratory muscle and ADIM training, combined with two methods of treatment would suggest positive evidence for improving pulmonary function.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.101-127
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• 1986

Transportation provides an infrastructure vital to economic growth, and it is an integral part of production . As a port is the interface between the maritime transport and domestic transport sectors, it certainly plays a key role in any economic development. Therefore, it is doubtless that inadequacy of a nation's port will depress the level of throughput, to the level where it fails to meet the target set by the national economic planning schemes. Korea is surrounded by the seas and the economic structure of Korea consists of processing trades, so that it cannot be overstated that substantial economy in maritime transport coasts can be achieved through the improvement of the port transport system. This paper treats the transportation process in Pusan Port by Queueing Simulation method, and the reasonable size of Pusan Port is suggested from the point of view of efficiency maximization. The results of the analysis are summarized as follows; 1) the utility rate is 47.91 percents in general piers, 85-52 percents in container piers, and waiting time 5.2hrs, in general piers, 0.8 hrs, in container piers, and the probability of maximum queue length 12 ships in general piers, 2 ships in container piers, and the probability of waiting is 44 percents in general piers, 8 percents in container pier. 2) in general piers, the improvement of app. 30 percents in port capacity is desirable for operating effectively concerning the current arrival rate. By introducing the traffic control ion container piers, there is no apparent necessity of port investment, but I is expected to reduce invisible congestion occurred along the waiting line. 3) On Pusan Port, the optimal utility rate and the optimal arrival rate for reducing waiting time are 3.5 to 4.0(hrs./ship) in general piers, 5.1 to 6.0(hrs./ship) in container piers.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.1-7
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• 2012

Purpose : The purpose of present study was to investigate pulmonary function among smokers and non-smokers, and effect on respiratory muscle training in smoker. Methods : Twenty participants were allocated into smokers group(n = 10) and non-smokers group(n = 10). Pulmonary function was measured by spirometry(Pony FX, COSMED Inc., Italy). The smoker group was compared pulmonary function before and after respiratory muscle training. Results : The results were as follows; There was significant difference on PEF, FEV1/FVC%, FEF25~75%, MEF75% and MEF50% among smoker and non-smokers(p<.05). But, there was not significantly difference after intervention in smokers. Conclusion : The present study found that smoker decreased pulmonary function than non-smokers.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.1428-1438
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• 2016

In the present work, Arthrobacter sp. 25, a lead-tolerant bacterium, was assayed to remove lead(II) from aqueous solution. The biosorption process was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) based on the Box-Behnken design. The relationships between dependent and independent variables were quantitatively determined by second-order polynomial equation and 3D response surface plots. The biosorption mechanism was explored by characterization of the biosorbent before and after biosorption using atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that the maximum adsorption capacity of 9.6 mg/g was obtained at the initial lead ion concentration of 108.79 mg/l, pH value of 5.75, and biosorbent dosage of 9.9 g/l (fresh weight), which was close to the theoretically expected value of 9.88 mg/g. Arthrobacter sp. 25 is an ellipsoidal-shaped bacterium covered with extracellular polymeric substances. The biosorption mechanism involved physical adsorption and microprecipitation as well as ion exchange, and functional groups such as phosphoryl, hydroxyl, amino, amide, carbonyl, and phosphate groups played vital roles in adsorption. The results indicate that Arthrobacter sp. 25 may be potentially used as a biosorbent for low-concentration lead(II) removal from wastewater.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.631-639
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• 2013

The removal of phosphate from surface water is becoming increasingly vital to prevent problems such as eutrophication, particularly near urban areas. Recent requirements to reduce high concentrations of phosphate rely on physicochemical methods and adsorbents that must be effective even under strict conditions. The phosphate removal efficiencies of two adsorbents, Fe-Mn-Si oxide and Fe-Mn oxide, were investigated and the data used to compare kinetics and isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacities of the two adsorbents were 47.8 and 35.5 mg-$PO{_4}^{3-}/g$, respectively. Adsorptions in both cases were highly pH dependent; i.e., when the pH increased from 3 to 9, the average adsorption capacities of the two adsorbents decreased approximately 32.7 % and 20.3 %, respectively. The Freundlich isotherm model fitted the adsorption of Fe-Mn-Si oxide more closely than did the Langmuir model. Additionally, anionic solutions decreased adsorption because of competition with the anions in the adsorbing phosphate. Although affected by the presence of competing anions or a humic substance, Fe-Mn-Si oxide has better adsorption capacity than Fe-Mn oxide.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.366-373
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• 2016

Background: The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that in patients with chronic complex sternum dehiscence, the use of muscle flap repair minimizes the occurrence of paradoxical motion of the chest wall (CWPM) when compared to sternal rewiring, eventually leading to better respiratory function and clinical outcomes during follow-up. Methods: In a propensity score matching analysis, out of 94 patients who underwent sternal reconstruction, 20 patients were selected: 10 patients underwent sternal reconstruction with bilateral pectoralis muscle flaps (group 1) and 10 underwent sternal rewiring (group 2). Eligibility criteria included the presence of hemisternum diastases associated with multiple (${\geq}$3) bone fractures and radiologic evidence of synchronous chest wall motion (CWSM). We compared radiologically assessed (volumetric computed tomography) ventilatory mechanic indices such as single lung and global vital capacity (VC), diaphragm excursion, synchronous and paradoxical chest wall motion. Results: Follow-up was 100% complete (mean $85{\pm}24months$). CWPM was inversely correlated with single lung VC (Spearman R=-0.72, p=0.0003), global VC (R=-0.51, p=0.02) and diaphragm excursion (R=-0.80, p=0.0003), whereas it proved directly correlated with dyspnea grade (Spearman R=0.51, p=0.02) and pain (R=0.59, p=0.005). Mean CWPM and single lung VC were both better in group 1, whereas there was no difference in CWSM, diaphragm excursion and global VC. Conclusion: Our study suggests that in patients with complex chronic sternal dehiscence, pectoralis muscle flap reconstruction guarantees lower CWPM and greater single-lung VC when compared with sternal rewiring and it is associated with better clinical outcomes with less pain and dyspnea.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.448-456
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to determine changes in their cardiorespiratory function and body composition in female workers after aerobic exercise and circuit weight training. The subjects of this study were 16 female workers in B city and was divided into exercise and control groups which were composed of 8 people respectively. The members of exercise group had aerobic exercise and circuit weight training an hour a day, 5 days per week, for 8 weeks while controled group did not. Both groups were pretested and posttested, and the results of this study on cardiorespriatory function and body composition are as follows. Exercise group showed significant decrease in heart rate at rest(p<.001). Exercise group showed significant increase in the oxygen uptake at rest, in the maximum oxygen uptake and in the vital capacity(p<.001). Exercise group showed significant decrease in the %fat and fat(p<.001). Exercise group showed significant increase in the %LBM and LBM(p<.001).

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.149-151
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• 2015

United Nations (UN) adopted 17 global sustainable development agenda to the year 2030 in the 68th general assembly on september, 2015. The global agendas and goals are important for 3 reasons: (1) to adopt the international standard for determining the health status; (2) to identify areas in need of attention; and (3) to advance international cooperation regarding health issues. In the area of infectious diseases, our goals include the eradication of human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome, tuberculosis, and malaria as well as a substantial reduction of hepatitis by the year 2030. In the area of non-communicable diseases, our goal is to reduce premature mortality (${\leq}70years$) at least 30% by the year 2030. Preventive activities such as smoking cessation, alcohol abstinence, nutritional measures, and physical activities, should also be promoted intensively nationwide. It is also necessary to establish stringent policies for control hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and hypercholesterolemia. Additionally, environmental health, injury by traffic accident, mental health, and drug and alcohol abuse are important health policies. Furthermore, in the area of international health and cooperation, maternal and child health remain important areas of support for underdeveloped countries. Education and training towards the empowerment of health professionals in underdeveloped countries is also an important issue. The global agenda prioritize resources(manpower and budget) allocation of international organizations such as UN, World Health Organization, United Nations Development Programme, and World Bank. The global agenda also sets the contribution levels of Official Developmental Assistance donor countries. Health professionals such as professors and researchers will have to turn their attention to areas of vital international importance, and play an important role in implementation strategies and futhermore guiding global agenda.