• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 1985

To examine the effects of air pollution on Pinus thunbergii growing around Yocheon Industrial Complex, evaluation of visible injury based on Injury Index and chemical analysis of water-soluble sulfur and fluorine contents in needles were carried out on 30 sampling sites. Histological responses of needles were also investigated on the necrotic needle tissues. Not only Injury Index but water-soluble sulfur and fluorine contents were higher at all sites than those at control site, and showed significant correlationship among them. Especially, they were rather higher in the vicinity of air pollutants sources. Water-soluble sulfur contents were positively correlated with average atomospheric $SO_3$ concentrations. Microscopic examination of necrotic needle tissues showed that mesophyll cells were collapsed with hypertrophy and collapse of transfusion cells.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.479-487
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• 1996

This study was conducted to investigate the phytoprotective effects of uniconazole on $SO_2$ injury in P. occidentalis. The detoxification role of free radical scavengers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) was also examined under the conditions of combined treatment with uniconazole and diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC). Uniconazole drenching significantly reduced the occurrence of visible injuries. Though shoot length, leaf area, and T/R rate were greatly decreased by uniconazole application, the tolerance to $SO_2$ was enhanced through increased chlorophyll content and activities of SOD and POD. Spray of DDTC decreased the activity of SOD and POD resulting in the increase of visible injury. Plant tolerance to $SO_2$ induced by uniconazole application was reduced by the additional application of DDTC. These results indicate that plant tolerance to $SO_2$ induced by uniconazole is associated with the reduction of vegetative growth as well as the increase in free radical scavengers such as SOD and POD.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.119-124
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• 1979

In order to examine $SO_2$ injury to apple shoots, cutting shoots of five cultivars were exposed to 3 ppm $SO_2$ in vase life conditions. 1. The most sensitive cultivar to $SO_2$ was 'Rall's Genet', and 'Starking' was most tolerant among cultivars tested. 2. Ethylene production of shoots showed peak after 8 hours exposure, when visible injury was not appeared, and was decreased with increase in exposure time. 'Rall's Genet' showed slower decrease in ethylene production than other cultivars. 3. Chlorophyll a, b and a/b ratio were decreased in all cultivars after 40-hr exposures to 3 ppm $SO_2$ and greatly decreased in 'Rall's Genet' compared to other cultivars.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.217-227
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) exercises on the neck disability index and deep neck flexor endurance of acute whiplash injury patients and to provide basic data for PNF exercises for musculoskeletal system disorder patients. Methods: Twenty acute whiplash injury patients were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n=10) and were treated with PNF exercises whereas a control group (n=10) underwent general exercises. Each session lasted 15 minutes and was performed five times a week for two weeks. The degree of pain was assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and the degree of neck disability was measured by the neck disability index (NDI). Craniocervical flexor endurance (CCFE) tests were conducted to measure deep neck flexor endurance. Results: In terms of the intragroup changes in VAS, NDI, and CCFE, there were significant decreases in both the experimental and the control groups. After intervention, there were significant differences between the experimental group and the control group in terms of intergroup changes in VAS, NDI and CCFE. Conclusion: Although the exercises that are generally applied to acute whiplash injury patients are effective on the whole, PNF exercises are considered to be beneficial, given the improvements in the neck disability index and deep neck flexor endurance.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.132-140
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• 2008

Two different sensitivity classes of black cherry (Prunus serotina) under the natural growing environmental conditions were assessed adjacent to Air Monitoring Station located at Horton research center in Giles County, Virginia, USA. Ambient ozone concentrations, leaf gas exchange, and visible foliar injury were measured on-site during the growing seasons of 2000, 2001, and 2002. Ambient ozone exposures were sufficient to induce typical foliar visible injury corresponding with the reduction in photosynthetic activities only in sensitive black cherry. There were positive correlations between increasing cumulative ozone concentration and percent reduction in maximum net photosynthetic rates ($Pn_{MAX}$) under saturating light conditions and in quantum yield for carbon reduction (${\Phi}CO_2$) of sensitive black cherry compared to tolerant black cherry. There was a negative correlation between chlorophyll content and percent leaf injury in sensitive black cherry. Furthermore, $Pn_{MAX}$ was inversely related to percent leaf injury.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.333-341
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• 2010

The objective of our study was to investigate the major reasons for the different growth and visible injury on the needles of black pine growing in Ulsan and Yeocheon industrial complex areas, South Korea. After 12 years of growth, we collected climatic and air pollutant data, and analyzed soil properties and the physiological characteristics of black pine needles. Annual and minimum temperatures in Ulsan were higher than those in Yeocheon from 1996 to 2008. Ozone ($O_3$) was the pollutant in greatest concentration in Yeocheon, and whereas the $SO_2$ concentration in most areas decreased gradually during the whole period of growth, $SO_2$ concentration in Yeocheon has increased continuously since 1999, where it was the highest out of four areas since 2005. Total nitrogen and cation exchange capacity in Yeocheon soil were significantly lower than those of Ulsan. The average growth of black pine in Yeocheon was significantly smaller than that in Ulsan, and the growth of damaged trees represented a significant difference between the two sites. Photosynthetic pigment and malondialdehyde content and antioxidative enzyme activity in the current needles of black pine in Yeocheon were not significantly different between damaged and healthy trees, but in 1-year-old needles, there were significant differences between damaged and healthy trees. In conclusion, needle damage in Yeocheon black pine can be considered the result of long-term exposure to oxidative stress by such as $O_3$ or $SO_2$, rather than a difference in climatic condition or soil properties, and the additional expense of photosynthate needed to overcome damage or alleviate oxidative stress may cause growth retardation.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.14-18
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• 1997

The objective of this research was to increase phytoprotective effects by combined treatment of uniconazole and free radical scavengers such as ascorbic acid or sodium benzoate on $SO_2$ injury in P. occidentalis. The plant injury, chlorophyll content and enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and peroxidase(POD) affected by combined treatment were also investigated. The phytoprotective role of uniconazole was nullified by spray of Diethyldithiocarbamate(DDTC) resulting in the decrease of SOD and POD activities. Free radical scavengers, sodium benzoate and ascorbic acid, did not affect SOD and POD activity, but significantly inhibited the development of visible injury, degradation of chlorophyll, and SOD and POD activity in leaves exposed to $SO_2$. The spray of ascorbic acid decreased plant susceptibility to $SO_2$ induced by DDTC application. These results indicate that uniconazole application increase SOD activity that play a role of antioxidant in plant body, but sodium benzoate and ascorbic acid do not affect enzyme activities of SOD or POD.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.453-460
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• 1982

In order to investigate the effect of $AgNO_3$ pretreatment on reducing $SO_2$ injury in leaves of Forsythia koreana, changes of pH, chlorophyll content, peroxidase activity, sulfur content, and stomatal behaviour in leaves were examined. 1. $AgNO_3$ sprayed at 200 ppm or above increased black spot development in lower epidermis of leaves. But pretreatment with 100 ppm $AgNO_3$ significantly reduced de foliation and visible injury rate of leaves exposed to $SO_2$. 2. $AgNO_3$ pretreatment prevented lowering pH and decreasing chlorophyll content induced by $SO_2$ injury in leaves. But both $AgNO_3$ pretreatment and $SO_2$ exposure increased peroxidase activity in leaves. 3. $AgNO_3$ pretreatment did not affect reducing $SO_2$ absorption and stomatal opening in leaves exposed to $SO_2$.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.96-102
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• 2011

The objective of study was carried out to find a proper entrance date for breaking dormancy depending on cutting and entrance date into greenhouse investigating plant growth and flowering characteristics of chrysanthemum 'Baekma'. Days to visible bud formation and days to flowering were increased as cutting date was delayed. The flowering rate of cutting on September 18 was 100% while cutting on October 30 did not induce flower bud formation. Flower characteristics were surveyed after 'Baekma' and 'Jinba' rooted cuttings were planted on September 10. Branching formation rate of 'Baekma' was gradually increased as entrance date was delayed while that of 'Jinba' was about 70-80% regardless of entrance date. Lethality of 'Baekma' moving into greenhouse on December 20 was 1.5% by cold injury. 'Jinba' started to die on November 10 by cold injury and lethality of 'Jinba' moving into greenhouse on December 20 was 21.7%. Thus, lethality of 'Jinba' was about 5-14 times higher than that of 'Baekma'. Days to visible bud formation and days to flowering were decreased as entrance date was delayed in chrysanthemum 'Baekma'. Days to visible bud formation of entrance date on November 10 and December 10 were 67.9 and 50.3, respectively. On the other hand, that of 'Jinba' was increased until entrance date on December 10 and decreased on December 20. Based on these results, it was suggested that dormancy of 'Baekma' was started at late September and completed at late October.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.127-131
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• 1998

Ethane was measured to know whether active oxyzens may induce phytoxicity in stressedcucumber plant.The time course of the increase in ethane evolution was the same as that of the increase of visible injury in all treatments except $SO_2$ treatment.This result showed that air pollutants-induced plant damages were closely related to ethane evolution.And evolution of ethane was more increased in combined stress than singly one,suggesting that phytotoxicity was more severe in complex sterss.Also, evolution of ethane was enhanced in the light condition and scavengers of active oxygen were inhibited,showing that plant damage that plant damage were cause by active oxygens.