• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 1995

Anlgesic agents against visceral pain typically rely on a noxious chemical irritation of the peritoneum, e. g., acetic acid and phenylquinone writhing test. While useful, this type of assay depends upon an acute inflammation and the release of local alogens. Further, ethical and scientific constraints prevent repeated assessments in a single animal, thereby compounding the difficulty of assessing tolerance development to analgesic agents. To overcome these constraints, Colburn et al. developed a model for mechanical visceral pain model (VPM) based on a repeatable and reversible duodenal distention in the rat. A chronic indwelling intraduodenal balloon catheter is well tolerated and upon inflation produces a writhing response graded in proportion to distention. This response is inhibited by morphine in a dose dependent manner. We found that a model for visceral pain was thought to be a great value.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.84-89
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• 2011

The present study was undertaken to determine whether combined treatment with prokinetic trimebutine and mosapride has a synergic effect on gastrointestinal motility and visceral pain associated with gastrointestinal dysfunction. To develop effective gastroprokinetic agents with greater potencies than trimebutine or mosapride for the treatment of gastrointestinal tract disease, a mixture of trimebutine and mosapride was designed and prepared. In the present study, treatment with trimebutine alone showed a dose-dependent effect on propelling movements of normal small and large intestine in mice, whereas mosapride effected only small intestine motility. Co-administration of trimebutine with mosapride, a well-established prokinetic drug, produced a synergistic influence on normal small intestine motility, but demonstrated an unclear effect on large intestine motility, with a slight tendency to reduce the propelling time. In a stress model, the small and large intestine motilities were significantly decreased. The reduction of intestine motility was restored to a normal level and the restoring effect was more pronounced in the combined treatment with trimebutine plus mosapride than treatment with trimebutine or mosapride alone. Furthermore, treatment with trimebutine plus mosapride significantly decreased acute visceral pain which was not controlled by trimebutine or mosapride alone. These data suggest that combination therapy with trimebutine plus mosapride has a synergic effect on small and large intestine motility and visceral pain control in gastrointestinal disorders.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.32-40
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• 2008

Background: Angelica dahurica has been used in various clinical cases. Its taste is hot and its property is warm, dry and nonpoisonous. Its efficacy is to remove wind-damp, cure swelling and edema, exhaust pus, stop itching, rhinitis and leukorrhea. Object: To test through experiment Angelica dahurica's analgesic and anti-inflammatory efficacy. Method: Inject acetic acid as a pain-inducing substance to the mice and measure visceral pain bywrithing reflex. Inject carrageenan that is an edema-inducing substance to the rat's paw and measure volume of edema. Take thermal pain to mice with plantar test and measure paw withdrawal latency. Normal group is non Angelica dahurica-treated group and treated group is Angelica dahurica-treated group. Results: In acetic acid-induced visceral model, treatment with Angelica dahurica suppressed writhing reflex significantlyand dose-dependently. In carrageenan-induced paw edema model, treatment with Angelica dahurica suppressed carrageenan-induced paw edema. In plantar test model, no significant effect on the withdrawal latency of thermal stimulation-induced nociception was observed. Conclusion: Angelica dahurica has analgesic and anti-inflammatory efficacy.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.706-716
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• 2021

Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), the most common functional gastrointestinal disorder, is characterized by chronic abdominal pain and bowel habit changes. Although diverse complicated etiologies are involved in its pathogenesis, a dysregulated gut-brain axis may be an important factor. Red ginseng (RG), a traditional herbal medicine, is proven to have anti-inflammatory effects and improve brain function; however, these effects have not been investigated in IBS. Methods: Three-day intracolonic zymosan injections were used to induce post-infectious human IBS-like symptoms in mice. The animals were randomized to receive either phosphate-buffered saline (CG) or RG (30/100/300 mg/kg) for 10 days. Amitriptyline and sulfasalazine were used as positive controls. Macroscopic scoring was performed on day 4. Visceral pain and anxiety-like behaviors were assessed by colorectal distension and elevated plus maze and open field tests, respectively, on day 10. Next-generation sequencing of gut microbiota was performed, and biomarkers involved in gut-brain axis responses were analyzed. Results: Compared to CG, RG significantly decreased the macroscopic score, frequency of visceral pain, and anxiety-like behavior in the IBS mice. These effects were comparable to those after sulfasalazine and amitriptyline treatments. Moreover, RG significantly increased the proliferation of beneficial microbes, including Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus reuteri, and Parabacteroides goldsteinii. RG significantly suppressed expression of IL-1β and c-fos in the gut and prefrontal cortex, respectively. Further, it restored the plasma levels of corticosterone to within the normal range, accompanied by an increase in adrenocorticotropic hormone. Conclusion: RG may be a potential therapeutic option for the management of human IBS.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2003

The resonance behaviour needs be understood to identify the mechanisms responsible for the dynamic characteristics of human body, to allow for the non-linearity when predicting the influence of seating dynamics, and to predict the adverse effects caused by various magnitudes of vibration. However, there are currently no known studies on the effect of vibration magnitude on the transmissibility to thoracic or lumbar spine of the seated person, despite low back pain(LBP) being the most common ailment associated with whole-body vibration. The objective of this paper is to develop a proper mathematical human model for LBP and musculoskeletal injury of the crew in a maritime vehicle. In this study, 7 degree-of-freedom including 2 non-rigid mass representing wobbling visceral and intestine mass, is proposed. Also, when compared with previously published experimental results, the model response was found to be well-matching. When exposed to various of vertical vibration, the human model shows appreciable non-linearity in its biodynamic responses. The relationships of resonance for LBP and musculoskeletal injury during whole-body vibration are also explained.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.57-67
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• 2003

The resonance behaviour needs be understood to identify the mechanisms responsible for the dynamic characteristics of human body, to allow for the non-linearity when predicting the influence of seating dynamics. and to predict the adverse effects caused by various magnitudes of vibration. However, there are currently no known studies on the effect of vibration magnitude on the transmissibility to thoracic or lumbar spine of the seated person. despite low back pain(LBP) being the most common ailment associated with whole-body vibration. The objective of this paper is to develop a proper mathematical human model for LBP and musculoskeletal injury of the crew in a maritime vehicle. In this study, 7 degree-of-freedom including 2 non-rigid mass representing wobbling visceral and intestine mass, is proposed. Also. when compared with previously published experimental results, the model response was found to be well-matching. When exposed to various of vertical vibration, the human model shows appreciable non-linearity in its biodynamic responses. The relationships of resonance for LBP and musculoskeletal injury during whole-body vibration are also explained.

• Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.512-527
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• 2018

This review provides a comprehensive overview of brain imaging studies of the brain-gut interaction in functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). Functional neuroimaging studies during gut stimulation have shown enhanced brain responses in regions related to sensory processing of the homeostatic condition of the gut (homeostatic afferent) and responses to salience stimuli (salience network), as well as increased and decreased brain activity in the emotional response areas and reduced activation in areas associated with the top-down modulation of visceral afferent signals. Altered central regulation of the endocrine and autonomic nervous responses, the key mediators of the brain-gut axis, has been demonstrated. Studies using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging reported abnormal local and global connectivity in the areas related to pain processing and the default mode network (a physiological baseline of brain activity at rest associated with self-awareness and memory) in FGIDs. Structural imaging with brain morphometry and diffusion imaging demonstrated altered gray- and white-matter structures in areas that also showed changes in functional imaging studies, although this requires replication. Molecular imaging by magnetic resonance spectroscopy and positron emission tomography in FGIDs remains relatively sparse. Progress using analytical methods such as machine learning algorithms may shift neuroimaging studies from brain mapping to predicting clinical outcomes. Because several factors contribute to the pathophysiology of FGIDs and because its population is quite heterogeneous, a new model is needed in future studies to assess the importance of the factors and brain functions that are responsible for an optimal homeostatic state.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.229-233
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• 2015

The anti-nociceptive effect of an ethanol extract and its various solvent fractions from Curcuma longa Linne ethanol extract was studied using the writhing test in mice. Different fractions by various solvent extraction from Curcuma longa Linne ethanol extract were administered orally 1 hr or time-course (0.5, 1, 2 and 5 hr) before intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid. After treatment with 30% ethanol extract and n-butanol fraction, CB-1, at a dose of 250 mg/kg, the significant writhing responses were 87.5 ± 13.4 (inhibition rate 31%, p<0.01) and 75.1 ± 11.1 (inhibition rate 41%, p<0.01) lower than the control group. At the dose of CB-1 50 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg, CB-1 showed a similar activity comparing to diclofenac of 10 mg/kg. A time-course experiment was performed, which involved oral administration of CB-1 (250 mg/kg) at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 hr before acetic acid intraperitoneal injection. The most effective time of CB-1 was 30 min before treatment and persisting until 2 hr. This study showed that Curcuma longa Linne has anti-nociceptive properties comparable with those of diclofenac, which suggests promise for the treatment of intractable visceral pain in humans. Major components of the active fraction are identified as curcumin, cyclocurcumin and demethoxycurcumin.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.579-586
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• 2013

Purpose: This article provides an update and overview of a nursing research program focused on understanding the pathophysiology and management of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Methods: This review includes English language papers from the United States, Europe, and Asia (e.g., South Korea) from 1999 to 2013. We addressed IBS as a health problem, emerging etiologies, diagnostic and treatment approaches and the importance of a biopsychosocial model. Results: IBS is a chronic, functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of abdominal pain and alterations in bowel habit (diarrhea, constipation, mixed). It is a condition for which adults, particularly women ages 20-45, seek health care services in both the United States and South Korea. Clinically, nurses play key roles in symptom prevention and management including designing and implementing approaches to enhance the patients' self-management strategies. Multiple mechanisms are believed to participate in the development and maintenance of IBS symptoms including autonomic nervous system dysregulation, intestinal inflammation, intestinal dysbiosis, dietary intolerances, alterations in emotion regulation, heightened visceral pain sensitivity, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal dysregulation, and dysmotility. Because IBS tends to occur in families, genetic factors may also contribute to the pathophysiology. Patients with IBS often report a number of co-morbid disorders and/or symptoms including poor sleep. Conclusion: The key to planning effective management strategies is to understand the heterogeneity of this disorder. Interventions for IBS include non-pharmacological strategies such as cognitive behavior therapy, relaxation strategies, and exclusion diets.