• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.279-288
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• 2011

Objectives : Our purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between abdominal adipose tissue and oriental obesity pattern identification. Methods : This study was performed in 78 healthy obese(BMI(body mass index)${\geq}25kg/m^2$) women in Seoul. Subjects underwent abdominal CT(computed tomography) scanning and were asked to complete the oriental obesity pattern identification questionnaire. Subjects were given written consent and this study was performed under permission of institutional review board of Kyung-hee East-west Neo medical center. Results : 1. VFA(visceral fat area) and VSR(visceral/subcutaneous adipose tissue ratio) were significantly correlated with stagnation of the liver qi(肝鬱, gan-yu)(p<0.05). But, other patterns were not significantly correlated with oriental obesity pattern identification(p>0.05). 2. We evaluated a difference of oriental obesity pattern identification score in visceral obesity group(n=34) versus non-visceral obesity group(n=44). Scores of all patterns except food accumulation(食積, shi-ji) were significantly higher in the visceral obesity group than in the non-visceral obesity group(p<0.05). Especially, there was a further significant difference in stagnation of the liver qi(肝鬱, gan-yu)(p<0.01). Conclusions : Generally, the stagnation of the liver qi(肝鬱, gan-yu) has a close relation with stress and depression. This study suggests that stress and depression might be correlated with visceral fat, and the use of oriental obesity pattern identification would be helpful for planning a treatment schedule of visceral obesity in the clinic.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.189-201
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• 2008

Objectives : This study was performed to find out the relationships between abdominal fat and eating attitude in obese climacteric women. Methods : 42 obese climacteric women were recruited in August 2007. Anthropometry has been done and abdominal fat distribution had been assessed by CT scan at the level of L4-5 and eating attitude was measured using Korean Eating Attitude Test-26. Results : There were significant correlations between body mass index, percent of body fat and eating attitude. Total abdominal fat and visceral fat also increased with KEAT-26. Conclusions : There were relationships among eating attitude total fat, abdominal fat and visceral fat in obese climacteric women.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.685-693
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• 2020

This study was performed to compare the differences between total fat area, subcutaneous fat area and visceral fat area according to L1-S1 inter vertebral disc level in asymptomatic Korean patients with non-contrast abdominal CT scan. The location of the maximum fat ratio of the total fat area is the total fat area measured in male L2-3, L3-4, L4-5, female L4-5, and L5-S1. The location showing the maximum fat ratio of the subcutaneous fat area is the subcutaneous fat area measured in male L4-5, and the woman is the subcutaneous fat area measured in L4-5 and L5-S1. The location of the maximum fat ratio of visceral fat area was the visceral fat area measured in L1-2 and L2-3 males, and there was no difference in visceral fat area according to the measured position in females. Although abdominal fat measurement is common at the L4-5 inter vertebral disc level, fat distribution varies widely depending on nationality, race, and gender. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze through the research data which location to choose according to the research purpose, and to mention why the location is appropriate.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.8-14
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate how much effect to accuracy when measuring abdominal fat by Computed Tomography (CT) under different respiration movements. The study volunteer composed of 66 normal adults ($50.4{\pm}11.2$ years, 33 males, 33 females). We measured their obesity by using Broca index, body mass index (BMI) and CT and have investigated the correlation. The CT scanning for the obesity measurement have done in two ways, one was done in stopping breath after exhaling and the other was holding a breath after inhaling. The results showed no statistically significant difference among the three measuring techniques. And, the error in two ways of inhaling and exhaling was showed 24.2% of volunteers. The two ways of respiration movements made different result in visceral fat area (P = 0.044), subcutaneous fat area (P = 0.636) and abdominal obesity value (P = 0.012). This study demonstrates that the two ways of respiration movements when scanning CT makes change in accuracy in visceral fat area, and in abdominal obesity quantitative measure. Therefore, our study suggests that CT should take twice in two ways while a patient stops breath after exhaling and holds a breath after inhaling when measuring abdominal obesity using CT equipments.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.20-32
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• 2012

Object The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of far-infrared (FIR) therapy on weight loss. Method Thirty five participants (BMI ${\geq}25kg/m^2$) were recruited. Body weight, Waist circumference (WC), Bio Impedance Analysis (BIA), abdominal fat Computer Tomography (CT) scanning were evaluated. Results of 25 women were analyzed. Result After 6 weeks of FIR therapy, there was significant efficacy on obese women in body weight, WC, Body fat mass (BFM), and Visceral fat area (VFA). But there was no efficacy in Total fat area (TFA), and Subcutaneous fat area (SFA). Conclusion This study suggests that FIR therapy might be an effective way to promote weight and abdominal visceral fat loss in Korean obese women.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.213-218
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• 2018

Background: Body fats, especially both of abdominal fat pad mass and skeletal muscle fat content, are inversely related to insulin action. Therefore, methods for decreasing visceral fat mass and muscle triglyceride content may be helpful for the prevention of insulin resistance. Methods: Thalidomide, used for its anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory properties, was administered to rats for 4 weeks. A 10% solution of thalidomide in dimethyl sulfoxide was injected daily into the peritoneal cavity as much as 100 mg/kg of body weight. Results: The total visceral fat pad mass in the thalidomide-treated group was 11% lower than in the control group. The size of adipocytes of the epididymal fat pad mass in the thalidomide-treated group was smaller than in the control group. The intraperitoneal thalidomide treatment increased triglyceride concentrations by 16% in the red muscle, but not in the white muscle. Conclusion: The results suggested that intraperitoneal thalidomide treatment inhibited abdominal fat accumulation, and that the free fatty acids in the blood were preferentially accumulated in the red muscle rather than in the white muscle.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.4025-4030
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• 2016

Background: Correlation between colorectal cancer (CRC) and abdominal obesity has been established, but there is a paucity of data on non-obese CRC patients. The aim of this study was to establish the characteristics of CRCs that occur in such patients. Materials and Methods: Consecutive CRC patients without cachexia were included. Unintended body weight loss, T4- or M1-staged CRCs, extensive lymph node involvement, or synchronous malignancy were classified as cachectic conditions. Abdominal fat volumes were measured using a multidetector CT unit with a software (Rapidia, INFINITT, Seoul, Korea). Results: Of the newly-diagnosed CRC patients, 258 non-cachectic and 88 cachectic patients were analyzed. The cancer size (p<0.001) and T stage (p<0.001) were inversely correlated with body mass index (BMI), visceral fat and subcutaneous fat volumes. Cancer size was the only independent factor related to BMI (p=0.016), visceral fat volume (p=0.002), and subcutaneous fat volume (p=0.027). In non-cachectic patients, a significant inverse correlation was found only between the cancer size and visceral fat volume (p=0.017). Conclusions: Non-obese CRC patients tend to have larger CRC lesions than their obese counterparts even under non-cachectic conditions. Such an inverse correlation between cancer size and visceral fat volume suggests that considerable CRCs are not correlated with abdominal obesity.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.189-198
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• 2024

Objectives: The sodium index is an index that converts the estimated sodium intake calculated using a verified and reliable sodium estimation formula. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the sodium index and obesity indicators and the potential impact of excessive sodium consumption on obesity. Methods: Obesity indicators, such as body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and visceral fat levels, were analyzed in 120 university students (60 men and 60 women). The sodium index was calculated by indexing the estimated sodium intake according to age, sex, BMI, salt-eating habits, and salt-eating behaviors. The relationship between sodium index and obesity indicators was analyzed using multiple logistic regression. Results: The estimated sodium intake was 3,907.1 mg, with 76.7% of the participants categorized under the "careful" level of sodium index and 10.8% under the "moderate" level. As the sodium index increased, the BMI, body fat percentage, WHR, and visceral fat levels significantly increased. All obesity indicators significantly increased in patients with a "severe" sodium index than in those with a "moderate" sodium index. In addition, a strong positive correlation was identified between obesity indicators and sodium index. When the "severe" sodium index was compared with the "moderate" sodium index, the risk of obesity based on body fat percentage increased by 2.181 times (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.526-3.118), while the risk of obesity based on visceral fat level increased by 4.073 times (95% CI, 2.097-7.911). Conclusions: Our findings suggest a correlation between excessive sodium intake and obesity. Moreover, the sodium index can be used to determine sodium intake.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.7
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• pp.634-664
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• 2008

This study investigated the effects of the nutrition education on body weight, visceral fat and diet quality in the postmenopausal women. The subjects (n = 101) were randomly divided into two groups: Nutrition education + Exercise (NEE) group (n = 51) and Exercise only (EO) group (n = 50). Nutrition education was consisted of counseling in portion control, food selection for low carbohydrate, high fiber food items and for the improvement in micronutrient intakes and diet quality. After 6 months, the reduction in the body weight and visceral fat area was significantly greater in the NEE than in the EO group. The NEE subjects were further divided into two groups according to the amount of visceral fat area reduction; high visceral fat area loss (HVL) group with a visceral fat area reduction 2.35% or greater and low visceral fat area loss (LVL) group with a reduction less than 2.35%. In the HVL group, the reduction in body weight, BMI, percent body fat, waist to hip ratio and visceral fat area was significantly greater than that in the LVL group. We observed a significant increase in the serum HDL-cholesterol level and a decrease in systolic blood pressure, fasting blood sucrose, total and LDL-cholesterol levels in the HVL group compared to the LVL group. The energyadjusted protein, fiber, calcium, vitamin $B_6$, vitamin C, vitamin E intakes were significantly increased in the HVL compared to LVL group. The index of nutritional quality (INQ) and mean adequacy ratio (MAR) were also increased in the HVL group compared to the LVL group. These results show that our nutrition education program was an effective intervention measure for the reduction of body weight and visceral fat, blood pressure, glucose and lipid levels in the blood and also for the improvement of nutrient intake and diet quality in postmenopausal women who are overweight.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.116-123
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of modified fasting therapy on the changes of body compositions. Methods: We analyzed the medical records of 33 patients, who carried out modified fasting therapy at Dunsan Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University from January 1st, 2011 to December 30th, 2015. They went through reducing food intakes period (7 days), fasting period (14 days) and refeeding period (14 days). Body compositions (weight, body mass index, skeletal muscle mass, percent body fat, basal metabolic rate, waist-hip ratio, visceral fat area) were reviewed at each state. And then the data was analyzed. Results: The body composition values (weight, body mass index [BMI], skeletal muscle mass, percent body fat, basal metabolic rate, waist-hip ratio, visceral fat area) decreased during the fasting therapy period, as a whole. The weight, BMI, percent body fat and visceral fat area decreased during the reducing food intakes period, the fasting period and the refeeding period. The skeletal muscle mass and basal metabolic rate significantly decreased during the reducing food intakes period and the fasting period, and insignificantly increased during the refeeding period. Conclusions: Results from this investigation showed that modified fasting therapy using fermented herbal medicine have positive effects on changes of body compositions.