• 철학연구
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• 제146권
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• pp.115-135
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• 2018

이 논문은 과학기술이 인간 삶의 편리함과 윤택함에 기여하기 보다는 오히려 인간을 억압하고 착취하는 수단으로 전락하는 문제를 다룬다. 이와 관련하여 필자는 노동가치론과 '기술가치론'의 상이한 주장들을 검토하면서 노동과 기술의 문제에 대해 고찰해보고자 한다. 또한 필자는 기술의 '자본주의적' 사용에 대한 마르크스의 비판적 관점을 적극 참고하면서, 특히 마르크스의 상대적 잉여가치 및 특별잉여가치 개념, 자본의 유기적 구성의 고도화에 관한 분석에 주목할 것이다. 그의 견해는 오늘날 기술의 발전이 노동자에 대한 통제 및 업무강도 강화, 고용불안 심화로 초래되는 문제를 설명하는 데 있어서 여전히 유효함을 확인받고 있다. 필자는 자본주도형 기술 개발의 한계를 성찰하는 것이 기술 그 자체의 본래적 이점을 제대로 활용하기 위해서 매우 중요한 일이라고 보며, 기술이 우리 생활에 '실질적인' 풍요로움과 안락함을 가져오도록 하는 데 중요한 몇 가지 사항들을 짚어보고자 한다. 이와 관련하여 핵심적인 것은 노동자를 착취하는 수단이 되지 않고 노동자의 이해관계와 대치되지 않는 기술의 사용가능성일 것이다. 이런 이유에서 필자는 기술의 자본주의적 사용 문제를 근본적으로 해결하는 것은 아니지만 그것의 극단적인 추구와는 다른 방향성을 나타내는 독일의 Industrie 4.0의 전개과정을 주목해볼 필요가 있다고 본다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2016

최근 정원과 정원설계에 대한 사회적 관심이 급증하고 있다. 하지만 '정원'이라는 용어의 사용범위가 엄청나게 넓고 복잡하며, 그에 따른 정원에 관한 개념 정립에 대한 연구는 거의 이루어지지 않고 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 광범위한 문헌연구와 빅데이터 분석을 통해 정원의 시대적 의미를 파악하고, 그 변화 패턴을 설명하고자 하였다. 과거 정원은 내 집 마당과 뜰과 같이 사적인 영역부터 집 밖의 들까지 광범위하였지만, 경제개발 이후 주거환경이 변하여 주로 사적인 영역에 정원이 조성되면서 범위가 축소되었다. 또, 자연과 사람의 상호작용을 위한 공간으로서 역할을 하는, 정원과 성격이 비슷한 도시공원의 도입으로 인해 정원과 공원의 경계가 모호해지고, 정원의 개념에 혼란이 시작되었다. 결국 정원은 인간을 대상으로 하고, 정원의 정의는 자연과학, 사회학 및 문화학 등 여러 분야의 총합으로 다양하게 이해될 수밖에 없다. 정원의 시대적 정의에 대해 논의하는 것은 정원의 개념적 범위를 파악하여 정원과 관련된 연구에 시사점을 줄 수 있으며, 이 연구에 사용된 빅데이터를 활용한 연구는 다른 유사한 연구, 특히 조경분야의 의미론 연구의 방법으로 기여할 수 있다.

• 철학연구
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• 제147권
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• pp.239-260
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• 2018

기술의 시대에 새롭게 등장한 비인간존재인 인공지능로봇(A.I)은 인간에게 위협적인 존재인가 아니면 인간과의 상호협력 또는 앙상블을 이루는 존재인가? 인간이 과학기술의 힘을 빌어 자연을 지배하고자 하는 욕망은 인간이 자신을 소멸시킬 수 있다는 두려움으로 나타나고 있다. 본 연구는 이러한 물음과 두려움의 근저에 있는 데카르트적 인식론의 문제를 확인하고 시몽동과 라투르의 존재론 및 기술철학을 활용하여 메를로-퐁티의 몸살존재론을 토대로 이 물음들에 답하려는 시도이다. 데카르트 철학이 도출한 코기토는 인간-이성을 주체로 하여 '주관과 객관이라는 이분법적 인식론의 구조'의 토대가 되었다. 인간이 중심인 세계에서 인간 아닌 모든 존재들은 인간을 위한 도구이거나 통제의 대상이었다. 근대인의 문제는 인간을 비롯한 자연을 통제하는 방식에 자연과학적 방법에서 도움을 얻을 뿐 아니라, 과학적 방법만이 세계를 이해하는 유일한 방법이라고 생각한다는데 있다. 이를 비판하면서 메를로-퐁티는 몸이 인간과 비인간존재들을 매개한다는 것을 보여주며, 살존재론으로 그것이 가능한 존재론적 토대를 마련한다. 메를로-퐁티의 현상학적 방법론과 존재론은 기술철학자이자 현상학의 영향 아래에 있는 시몽동에 의해 새롭게 전개된다. 시몽동에 의해 인간과 비인간존재의 관계는 인간과 기술적 대상의 앙상블 또는 인간과 기술적 대상과의 상호협력적 공진화로 나타난다. 특히 라투르는 시몽동에서 한발 더 나아가 근대의 핵심 개념인 주체를 부정하고 세계에 거주하는 모든 몸들을 행위자네크워크이론으로 규정한다. 메를로-퐁티의 현상학적 관점은 기술시대의 철학적 논의에 새로운 가능적 근거가 될 수 있다. 우리는 근대적 두려움이 현상학적 태도로 전환함으로써 그 문제 자체가 해소될 수 있음을 확인할 것이다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제17권8호
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• pp.121-129
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• 2017

생명공학의 발달로 인해 복제 인간을 만들기 위해 인간의 유전자를 복제한다는 가상의 시나리오는 더 이상 낯설지 않다. <네버렛미고>의 등장인물들은 100세 수명기획에 의해 실험실에서 만들어진 복제 인간들이다. 이들은 해일샴이라는 학교에서 공동생활을 하면서 은밀하게 사육되는데, 이 프로젝트의 목적은 불치병에 걸린 진짜 인간 환자들에게 건강한 장기를 제공하기 위한 것이다. 주인공 캐시, 토미, 그리고 루스는 사춘기 시절 이곳에서 육체와 의식의 성장을 경험하며 자신들이 복제 인간이라는 정체성의 비밀도 알게 된다. 성인이 되어 이들은 두 번째 거주지 코티지로 이동하여 장기기증을 시작할 준비를 한다. 두 번째 단계 또한 좀 더 진짜 성인 인간의 장기와 유사한 장기를 만들어 제공하기 위한 프로그램의 일환이다. 인간들이 꾸민 모든 계획을 다 알고 있지만, 이들은 그것에 대해 저항하지 않고 자신들이 처한 상황을 숙명적으로 수용한다. 그러나 이들의 무저항은 삶에 대한 포기 선언이 아니라 자신들의 장기 기증을 통해 생명의 연장이라는 또 다른 미래를 위한 자기희생적 생명 연장이다. 영화는 복제된 인간들의 우애와 희생적 태도를 강조해서 보여줌으로써 난치병의 치료를 위한 생명공학과 생명윤리라는 상이한 견해에 대해 철학적 사유가 뒷받침된 생명윤리적 관점에서 복제 인간에 대한 논의를 이어갈 필요가 있음을 보여준다.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.143-162
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• 1998

This is a study for the construction of nursing care based upon the Korean attitude toward medicine. Factors which were investigated include the source of nursing care, the reason for choosing care, the type of heath care chosen, the accessability of caregivers, and the desired location of death. The population examined in this study consisted of 517 adults distributed in six large cities and 191 adults from five rural communities. Data was analyzed using frequency, percent, Cronbach alpha, $X^2$ - test, t - test, F - test and scheffe post hoc contrast with an SAS program. The results of this study are summarized as follows: 1. Among sources of nursing care used, first rank rated-pharmacy(54.4), private hospital(18.2), general hospital(8.4), folk remedies in house (5.0), chinese hospital(2.8), prayer(2.8) and others(8.4), and the reasons for choosing nursing care rated 'the easiest method' (63.6), 'the best method'(15.7), 'reliable'(10.8) and 'lower cost burden'(4.6) in order of preference. 2. The type of nursing care chosen rated western medicine(6.80), chinese medicine(6.15), folk remedies(5.46), faith remedies(3.51) and divination remedies (1.41). There were significant differences in the effect recognition degree to various kinds of medicine. 3. The difference of the type of nursing care chosen according to general characteristics showed that urban residents were higher than rural community residents(t=2.15, p=0.0320) in western medicine, and urban residents, women, and singles were higher than rural community residents(t=2.04, p=0.0414), men (t= -2.89, p=0.0039), and married(t=2.50, p= 0.0126) on folk remedies. With repect to age and education those 21-30, under 20 and 31-40, graduated from college and graduate school were higher than above 51, above 61 (F = 7.76, p = 0.0001), graduated from elementary school(F=4.39, p=0.0006) on folk remedies. In other categories, rural community residents, women, younger people. Christians were higher than urban residents ( t = -2.73, p=0.0305), men(t= -4.15, p=0.0001), older people (F=2.48, p=0.0307), Catholic, Buddhist, or atheist (F= 70.18, p=0.0001) on faith remedies. Those graduated from high school and Buddhist were higher than unschooled, graduated from middle school(F=3.18, p= 0.0075), atheist, Catholic or Christian(F=18.32, p=0.0001) on divination redemies. There were significant differences concerning age and education level. 4. The accessibility of caregivers rated 'caregivers should be nearby if the patients need them' (50.0), 'caregivers must be there all day (24 hours)' (39.6), 'caregivers must be there at night only'(5.0), 'caregivers must be there during the day only'(2.6), 'caregivers always should visit during visiting hours' 0.4), 'caregivers don't need to be there at all' (1.2). The frist rank of suitable caregivers were rated as spouse(66.6), mother(24.2), daughter (3.6), daughter-in-law(1.9), and the reasons of thinking thus were rated as 'the most comfortable' (81.5), 'people should correctly with regards to family they'(7.1), 'the easiest' (5.4), 'take good care of the patient' (5.1) and 'lower cost burden' (0.4). 5. The desired location of death rated as the following: his/her house (91. 6) to the hospital(8. 4). A person going to encounter death in the hospital wanted his house(78.5) over the hospital(21.5), and a person dieing in the hospital prefered his house(52.9) over the hospital(47.1) as a funeral ceremony place. The following suggestions are made based on the above results. 1. A sampling method that enhances the re presentativeness should be used in regional and/or national related research and replicated to confirm the result of this study. 2. This study should be used to understand the Korean view of medical centers and to meet the expectations of patients in Korean nursing. 3. Research on the Korean traditional view of humans and expectations of the sick, health and illness, and health behavior, the perception of dying, the decision to heal, and the view of general medicine should continue to be conducted continuosly so that Korean nursing theory can be advanced on these concepts.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.101-107
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• 2017

In this paper, We propose the aesthetic exploration of horseback riding is considered to be the process of pursuing physical, mental, emotional, and social beauty. Despite the search effect of aesthetics in various aspects, the study of equestrian aesthetics in the field of physical education in Korea is very insufficient. Equestrian aesthetics is being studied in the field of special physical education and is being studied in the fields of rehabilitation and therapeutic horseback riding. Horse riding is a type of exercise. However, studies that track and observe various changes are inadequate. The purpose of this study is to explore the theory of equestrian aesthetics and to explore the possibility of approaching aesthetic theory from the top of horseback riding and to extend the area of equestrian game aesthetically. Until now, horse riding has been thought to be an aristocratic sport. Today, however, everyone can participate. Horseback riding is a sport for raising livelihoods, and it is a special sport that animals and humans enjoy in harmony. Equestrianism is a method of aesthetics from below, a philosophical method of aesthetics from the top, and a scientific method of empirical or positivistic direction. This study examines equestrian aesthetics from aesthetic point of view through the whole process of horse riding. The purpose of this study is to explore the aesthetics of horse riding through an aesthetic approach from the top, and to study the nature of aesthetics, a philosophical debate on beauty, Art can be divided into two categories: empiricism and positivism. For the sake of simplicity, the former is called the philosophical method, the latter is called the scientific method, and the latter is called the aesthetic from the bottom. Generally, in art, artistic, artistic works, perfumers, if you are grasped in the triangular shape, equestrian aesthetics can be described as triplets such as horse riding, passengers, and spectators. It was not easy to give satisfactory results in suggesting a new theory or a clear discussion due to lack of precedent research.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 1995

Free vascularized composite tissue transfer is more frequently underwent for reconstruction of complicated tissue defects with the recent advance of microsurgery. But postoperative result was not satifactory because of donor site morbidity, flap bulkiness and cosmetic problem. So would no longer be a problem if we can obtain the exact donor tissue required for the recipient site as allotransplantation and designing the flap. Allotransplantation has been resolved with the recent development of immunosuppressive agents, while reconstruction has made great progress with the refinement of microsurgical techniques in the last 20 years. The final sucess or failure of the operative procedure in transplantation is so utterly dependent no the availability of strategies that can control the immune system effectively, selectively, safely to allow allotransplantation of a nonvital body part. 1 used 2 strains of rats, BUF and LEW, for the limb allotransplantation as a composite tissue transfer. The primary goal of this program is to improve results in clinical transplantation by accelerating the transformation of new immunological knowledge into useful medicine. Two of the most promising new immunosuppressive compounds are FK-t06(FK) and rapamycin(RPM). Both drugs are antibiotic macrolide fungal fermentation products that presumably suppress the immune system in ways similar to cyclosporin(CyA). This study shows that two new immunosuppressive drugs compare the immunosuppressive activity and effectiveness of FK-506 and RPM for prevention of the limb allograft rejection in the rat. Additional experiments investigate the dose, route of administration and histologic findings. These data demonstrates that rapamycin is far more potent and effective than FK-506 when both compounds are administered by the intraperitoneal route, as well as prolonged graft survival significantly in a dose-route dependent manner. These results lead to the view that vascularized allograft composite tissue transfer can become a reality with the expectation of possible future application in reconstructive surgery of humans.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.125-145
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• 2021

Objectives : To examine the meaning of 'geuk(極)' and 'geuk(克)' of Cheon-gi and Insa respectively, for better translation of the contents and to understand the structure of the Donguisusebowon cosmology. Methods : The meanings of the characters '極' and '克' based on examples in the Daxue were examined together with content-related books such as the Shujing and the Shijing. Related concepts such as Taiji and Huangji were investigated as well. Results & Conclusions : Through investigation of the character usages and contexts in the Daxue, the archetypes of the two characters '極' and '克' were discovered. Based on these findings, the characteristics of Cheon-gi and Insa were thoroughly studied, which enabled better understanding of the structure of the world view that has been created by their integration. 'Geuk(極)' refers to Cheon-gi as the open world wherein all beings of different horizons are connected through a common principle. 'Geuk(克)' refers to Insa as an individual world that could be fully established by manifestation of one's moral abilities that lie within everybody. The two worlds integrate with each other, becoming two poles of the world humans belong to, while the human heart, in correspondence to these two worlds, create two poles within themselves, of which one pursues the public world while the other rejects the personal.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.45-61
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• 2005

Stance is defined as any state in which the total mass of the body is supported by the feet. In order to maintain stance, the sum of gravito-inertial forces acting on the body must be registered by equal and opposite forces at the region of contact between the organism and the support surface. Balance is controlled by applying forces to the surface of support so as to maintain the body's center of mass vertically above the feet. for a muIti-segment organism, there can be a variety of ways in which balance can be controlled, since movements of different body segments can have similar effects on the control of balance. In general, the organism tends to have a body configuration that is aligned with gravito-inertial force when there are no external forces acting on it. If any segments of the body are not aligned with gravito-inertial force vector, a torque on that segment would tend to move the body's center of mass. The maintenance of postural stability is accomplished in humans by a complex neural control system. This requires organizing integrating and acting upon visual, vestibular, and somatosensory input, providing orientation information to the postural control system. The information necessary to control and coordinate movement is provided by the visual sense of eye position with respect to the surrounding surface layout, the vestibular sense of head orientation in the gravito-inertial space, and the somatic sense of body segment position relative to one another and to the support surface. In this study, perception and action capability was examined from various points of view. The underlying assumption of the study was that the change of postural configuration could be effected by organism, environment and task goal.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제57권6호
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• pp.647-656
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• 2019

Isthmiophora hortensis (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) is a dominant echinostome in animal reservoir hosts and humans in the Republic of Korea (Korea). We intended to investigate the infection status with this echinostome species in the several species of wild animals and describe the morphological characteristics in the faunistic view point. A total of 175 animal carcasses belonging to 3 families, i.e., Canidae, Felidae and Mustelidae, were collected from the southern regions of Korea from March 2010 to July 2017. Isthmiophora spp. worms were recovered from the small intestines of each animal under a stereomicroscope after washing of intestinal contents. Isthmiophora hortensis was recovered from 4 species of wild carnivores, i.e., Nyctereutes procyonoides (3/107: 2.8%), Mustela sibirica (11/31: 35.5%), Meles lucurus (2/3: 33.3%) and Martes flavigula (1/2: 50%). The other 3 carnivores comprising stray dogs, cat and leopard cat were negative for I. hortensis infection (0/2, 0/10 and 0/12, respectively). Specimens obtained from the Lutra lutra (6/8: 75%) were identified as a distinct species, I. inermis, by morphological comparison. Isthmiophora inermis has thinner body, elongate testes and different anterior limits of vitelline fields. Detailed morphological descriptions and comparisons with the morphological characteristics are provided. Conclusively, it was confirmed for the first time that 3 species of mustelid mammals, i.e., M. sibirica, M. lucurus, and M. flavigula, are to be the new definitive hosts of I. hortensis in Korea. Additionally, I. inermis is to be newly added in the Korean echinostome fauna.