• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.546-550
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• 2008

Impulsive excitation on vehicles produces shock-type vibration on the seat, usually which has major frequencies and damping ratios dependent on the characteristics of the suspension, the tire, the seat cushion and so on. The response of single degree of freedom model to a half-sine force input was considered as simple shock-type vibration signal. The quasi-apparent-mass for fifteen subjects was obtained with the shock-type vibration generated on the rigid seat, so its nonlinearity was found over 6.3 Hz according to the difference of magnitude of the shocks.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.135-140
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• 2018

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the appropriate stimulus strength that could result in a positive effect on the ankle joint spasticity when patients with chronic stroke performed whole body vibration (WBV) exercise. Methods: Among 72 patients who were diagnosed with stroke at least 6 months ago, those able to perform a half squat pose with ambulation issues due to ankle joint spasticity (modified Ashworth scale, $MAS{\geq}2$) were included for analysis. Individuals participated in four different frequencies of vertical WBV exercise; 0 Hz, 10 Hz, 20 Hz, and 30 Hz. Vibration amplitude was 3-4 mm and 5 minutes WBV exercise was performed at each frequency, followed by a measurement after 2-minute rest. We assigned 18 individuals to each frequency and asked them to participate in the WBV exercise once every 3 weeks. The level of spasticity was evaluated by visual analogue scale (VAS) for self-assessment. The myoton PRO was utilized to objectively evaluate the level of spasticity and check the muscle tone and stiffness. Results: Participants showed 0 Hz VAS was a significant difference between 20 Hz application conditions (p<0.05). Muscle tone was significantly different at 0 Hz between 20 Hz, and 30 Hz (p<0.05), significantly difference at 10 Hz between 30 Hz (p<0.05). Muscle stiffness significantly difference at 0 Hz between 20 Hz, and 30 Hz (p<0.05), significantly difference at 10 Hz between 20 Hz, and 30 Hz (p<0.05). Conclusion: Findings of this study show that the frequency of more than 20 Hz was effective in improving the ambulatory ability in patients with chronic stroke. Currently, the effective WBV protocol is limited. Hence, this study was designed to suggest an effective WBV protocol to improve neuromodulation ability for chronic stroke patients.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.191-198
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• 1993

Vertical and horizontal ride vibrations of the selected agricultural tractors were measured and evaluated with respect to the ISO 2631 'guide for the evaluation of human exposure to whole body vibration'. Evaluation showed that at the normal transportation speeds of 1.4~20km/h on both the concret and ground surfaces tractor drivers were exposed to the vibrations whose magnitudes exceed the 8 hour fatigue decreased proficiency boundary in the frequency ranges of 2~16Hz in vertical and 1~2Hz in horizontal directions. Considering that tractor operation becomes as one of the specialized job for the future farming in Korea, measures must be made to protect the drivers against harmful ride vibrations of agricultural tractors.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.399-415
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training with and without whole-body vibration(WBV) on the biomechanical properties of the plantarflexor in the elderly women (>60 yrs., n=35). Thirty-five volunteers were randomly assigned to a resistance training with WBV group (RVT, n=14), a resistance training without WBV (RT, n=11), and a non-training control group (CON, n=10). The RVT and the RT groups participated in the training sessions three times a week for 8 weeks, followed by a 4-week detraining period. The CON group was instructed to refrain from any type of resistance training. To assess strength and activation of the plantarflexor muscles, maximum isometric ankle plantarflexion torque and muscle activation of the triceps surae muscles were measured using dynamometry, twitch interpolation technique and electromyography at four different ankle joint angles. Also, the lower extremity function was assessed by vertical jumping. The measurements were performed prior to, 2 and 8 weeks after the training and after a 4-week detraining period. Following the 8-week training sessions, an increase in the isometric plantarflexion strength was found to be greater for the RVT compared with the RT group (p<.05). Muscle inhibition was significantly decreased after training than before training only for the RVT (p<.05). Following the detraining period, a decrease in isometric plantarflexors strength and a increases in muscle inhibition were significantly less in the RVT compared with the RT group. In conclusion, the exercise with WBV is a feasible training modality for the elderly and seems to have a boosting effect when used with conventional resistance training.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.268-278
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• 2015

Background: This study aimed to assess the whole-body vibration (WBV) exposure among large blast hole drill machine operators with regard to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) recommended threshold values and its association with machine- and rock-related factors and workers' individual characteristics. Methods: The study population included 28 drill machine operators who had worked in four opencast iron ore mines in eastern India. The study protocol comprised the following: measurements of WBV exposure [frequency weighted root mean square (RMS) acceleration ($m/s^2$)], machine-related data (manufacturer of machine, age of machine, seat height, thickness, and rest height) collected from mine management offices, measurements of rock hardness, uniaxial compressive strength and density, and workers' characteristics via face-to-face interviews. Results: More than 90% of the operators were exposed to a higher level WBV than the ISO upper limit and only 3.6% between the lower and upper limits, mainly in the vertical axis. Bivariate correlations revealed that potential predictors of total WBV exposure were: machine manufacturer (r = 0.453, p = 0.015), age of drill (r = 0.533, p = 0.003), and hardness of rock (r = 0.561, p = 0.002). The stepwise multiple regression model revealed that the potential predictors are age of operator (regression coefficient ${\beta}=-0.052$, standard error SE = 0.023), manufacturer (${\beta}=1.093$, SE = 0.227), rock hardness (${\beta}=0.045$, SE = 0.018), uniaxial compressive strength (${\beta}=0.027$, SE = 0.009), and density (${\beta}=-1.135$, SE = 0.235). Conclusion: Prevention should include using appropriate machines to handle rock hardness, rock uniaxial compressive strength and density, and seat improvement using ergonomic approaches such as including a suspension system.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.50-57
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• 2007

Shocks are excited by impulsive forces and cause discomfort in vehicles. Current standards define means of evaluating shocks and predicting their discomfort, but the methods are based on research with a restricted range of shocks. This experimental study was designed to investigate the discomfort of seated subjects exposed to a wide range of vertical shocks. Shocks were produced from the responses of one degree-of-freedom models, with 16 natural frequencies (from 0.5 to 16 Hz) and four damping ratios (0.05 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4), to a hanning-windowed half-sine force inputs. Each type of shock was presented at five vibration dose values in the range $0.35\;ms^{-1.75}$ to $2.89\;ms^{-1.75}$. Fifteen subjects used magnitude estimation method to judge the discomfort of all shocks. The exponent in Stevens' power law, indicating the rate of growth in discomfort with shock magnitude, decreased with increasing fundamental frequency of the shocks. At all magnitudes, the equivalent comfort contours showed greatest sensitivity to shocks having fundamental frequencies in the range 4 to 12.5 Hz. At low magnitudes the variations in discomfort with the shock fundamental frequency were similar to the frequency weighting $W_b$ in BS 6841, but low frequency high magnitudes shocks produced greater discomfort than predicted by this weighting. At some frequencies, for the same unweighted vibration dose value, there were small but significant differences in discomfort caused by shocks having different damping ratios. The rate of increase in discomfort with increasing shock magnitude depends on the fundamental frequency of the shock. In consequence, the frequency-dependence of discomfort produced by vertical shocks depends on shock magnitude. For shocks of low and moderate discomfort, the current methods seem reasonable, but the response to higher magnitude shocks needs further investigation.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.749-756
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• 2006

This paper presents a complex stochastic wheelbase preview control method of a motorcycle suspension based on hierarchical modeling method. As usual, a vehicle suspension system is controlled as a whole body. In this method, a motorcycle suspension with five Degrees of Freedom(DOF) is dealt with two local independent 2-DOF suspensions according to the hierarchical modeling method. The central dynamic equations that harmonize local relations are deduced. The vertical and pitch accelerations of the suspension center are treated as center control objects, and two local semi-active control forces can be obtained. In example, a real time Linear Quadratic Gaussian(LQG) algorithm is adopted for the front suspension and the combination of the wheelbase preview and LQG control method is designed for the rear suspension. The results of simulation show that the control strategy has less calculating time and is convenient to adopt different control strategies for front and rear suspensions. The method proposed in this paper provides a new way for the vibration control of multi-wheel vehicles.

• Interaction and multiscale mechanics
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.365-372
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• 2010

Station is an important building in high-speed railway, and its vibration and noise may significantly affect the comfort of waiting passengers. A coupling vibration model for train-structure system is established to analyze and evaluate the vibration level of a typical waiting hall under dynamic train load. The motion of a four-axle vehicle with two suspension system is modeled in multi-body dynamics with linear springs and dampers employed. The station is modeled as a whole finite element structure which is 113 m in longitudinal and 163.5 m in lateral, and the stiffness of the station foundation is considered. According to the assumptions that both wheel and rail are rigid bodies and keep contact to each other in vertical direction, and the wheel/rail interaction and displacement coordination in horizontal direction is defined by the simplified Kalker creep theory, the vehicle spatial vibration model has 27 degrees-of-freedom. An overall analysis procedure is made of the train moving through the station, by which the dynamic responses of the train and the station are calculated. According to the comparison between analysis and test results, the actual connection status between different parts of the station is estimated and the vibration level of the waiting hall is evaluated.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.120-125
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• 2010

This paper proposes an intelligent PID/Fuzzy control system for two humanoid robots to transport objects stably. When a robot transports an object while walking, a whole body system of a robot may not be stable due to vibration or external factors from a different departure speed error and a body movement of walking robots. Therefore, it is necessary to measure the horizontal and vertical locations and speeds of object, then calibrate the difference of departure speed between robots with PID/Fuzzy control. The results of simulation with two robots indicated that a proposed controller makes robots to transport an object stably.

• Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.804-813
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• 2018

Objective To elucidate the effect of a 12-week horizontal vibration exercise (HVE) in chronic low back pain (CLBP) patients as compared to vertical vibration exercise (VVE). Methods Twenty-eight CLBP patients were randomly assigned to either the HVE or VVE group. All participants performed the exercise for 30 minutes each day, three times a week, for a total of 12 weeks. Altered pain and functional ability were evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), respectively. Changes in lumbar muscle strength, transverse abdominis (TrA) and multifidus muscle thicknesses, and standing balance were measured using an isokinetic dynamometer, ultrasonography, and balance parameters, respectively. These assessments were evaluated prior to treatment, 6 weeks and 12 weeks after the first treatment, and 4 weeks after the end of treatment (that is, 16 weeks after the first treatment). Results According to the repeated-measures analysis of variance, there were significant improvements with time on VAS, ODI, standing balance score, lumbar flexor, and extensor muscle strength (all p<0.001 in both groups) without any significant changes in TrA (p=0.153 in HVE, p=0.561 in VVE group) or multifidus (p=0.737 in HVE, p=0.380 in VVE group) muscle thickness. Further, there were no significant differences between groups according to time in any of the assessments. No adverse events were noticed during treatment in either group. Conclusion HVE is as effective as VVE in reducing pain, strengthening the lumbar muscle, and improving the balance and functional abilities of CLBP patients. Vibrational exercise increases muscle strength without inducing muscle hypertrophy.