• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.271-281
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• 2019

Background: The plant communities within reservoir drawdown zones are ecologically important as they provide a range of ecosystem services such as stabilizing the shoreline, improving water quality, enhancing biodiversity, and mitigating climate change. The aim of the study was therefore to identify the major environmental factors affecting these plant communities within the drawdown zone of the Soyangho Reservoir in South Korea, which experiences a monsoonal climate, and thereafter to (1) elucidate the plant species responses and (2) compare the soil seedbank composition along main environmental gradients. Results: Two main environmental gradients affecting the plant community structure were identified within the drawdown zone; these were a vertical and longitudinal gradient. On the vertical dimension, a hydrological gradient of flood/exposure, the annual-dominated plant community near the water edge changed to a perennial-dominated community at the highest elevation. On the longitudinal dimension from the dam to the upstream, plant species composition changed from an upland forest-edge community to a lowland riverine community, and this was correlated with slope degree, soil particle size, and soil moisture content. Simultaneously, the composition of the soil seedbank was separated along the vertical gradient of the drawdown zone, with mainly annuals near the water edge and some perennials at higher elevations. The species composition similarity between the seedbank and extant vegetation was greater in the annual communities at low elevation than in the perennial communities at higher elevation. Conclusions: The structures of plant community and soil seedbank in the drawdown zone of a monsoonal riverine reservoir were changed first along the vertical and secondly along the longitudinal gradients. The soil seedbank could play an important role on the vegetation regeneration after the disturbances of flood/exposure in the drawdown zone. These results indicate that it is important to understand the vertical and longitudinal environmental gradients affecting shoreline plant community structure and the role of soil seedbanks on the rapid vegetation regeneration for conserving and restoring the drawdown zone of a monsoonal reservoir.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.65-74
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• 2006

A study of the vascular hydrophyte communities and biomass was undertaken in the Bigumdo wetlands, Shinangun, from March to November, 2005. As a result, the vegetation was divided into 14 communities. Among them, emergent hydrophytes consisted of 6 communities, including Miscanthus sacchariflorus community, Phragmites communis community, Typha angustata community, Leersia japonica community, Paspalum disticum var. indutum community, and Persicaria thunbergii community, floating hydrophytes 5 communities including Hydrocharis dubia community, Nelumbo nucifera community, Euryale ferox community, Trapa japonica community and Nymphaea tetragona var. angusta community, free-floating hydrophytes 2 commuinties including Lemna paucicostata community and Spirodela polyrhiza community, and submergent hydrophyte 1 community, including Myriophyllum verticillatum community. Biomass was the highest at emergent hydrophytes and decreased along the life form, in the order like floating hydrophytes, submergent hydrophyte and free-floating hydrophytes. In addition, hydrophytes in the Bigumdo wetland showed the typical vertical zonation pattern like a natural swamp. These results were considered that the wetland of Bigumdo was characterized by the typical structure of aquatic plant ecosystem.

• ALGAE
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.301-309
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• 2003

Community structure and vertical distribution of benthic marine algae were investigated in the intertidal and subtidal rocky shore of Samyang, Jejudo Island. The total number of 62 algal species composed of 6 Cyanophyta, 6 Chlorophyta, 19 Phaeophyta, and 31 Rhodophyta were observed. The dominant species were melobesioidean algae, Sargassum thunbergii, Hizikia fusiformis, and Ulva pertusa in the intertidal zone and melobesioidean algae, Ulva pertusa, Corallina spp., and Undaria pinnatifida in the subtidal zone. The vertical algal distribution was represented by the melobesioidean algae in the whole rocky shore, Caulacanthus ustulatus in the upper intertidal zone, Sargassum thunbergii and Hizikia fusiformis in the middle and lower zone, Ulva pertusa in the lower zone and Ulva pertusa, Corallina spp., and Undaria prinnatifida in the subtidal zone. The composition of dominant species and pattern of the vertical distribution of algae in the present study were significantly different from the previous reports. Especially, distribution of crustose coralline algae was significantly extended.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.664-673
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• 2009

An intertidal marine benthic algal vegetation and vertical distribution at Youngil Bay, the eastern coast of Korea was investigated to clarify the community structure and vertical distribution by quadrat method from February 2003 to January 2009. Marine algae identified from the area were 152 species; 25 green, 38 brown and 89 red algae. The dominant species were Ulva spp., Ulva pertusa, Chaetomorpha moniligera, Undaria pinnatifida, Sargassum horneri, S. miyabei, S. thunbergii, Gelidium amansii, Corallina pilulifera, Grateloupia elliptica, G. filicina, Prionitis cornea, Chondrus ocellatus, Chondracanthus intermedia, Acrosorium polyneurum, Chondria crassicaulis, Polysiphonia morrowii and Symphyocladia latiuscula at study sites. The vertical distribution of intertidal marine algae was divided into three distinct zones. They were characterized by Porphyra spp. and Ulva spp. at the upper, Ulva spp. and Ulva pertusa at the middle, and Sargassum spp., Gelidium amansii, Grateloupia spp., Chondrus ocellatus and Chondria crassicaulis at the lower zones, respectively. Functional form group analysis showed that coarsely branched forms comprised 44.7% of the algal community, whereas thick leathery forms, sheet forms and filamentous forms comprised 6.6-25.7%. R/P, C/P and (R+C)/P values were 2.34, 0.66 and 3.00, respectively.

• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.143-158
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• 2011

This study suggests a framework which extracts features of collective intelligence from social Q&A community sites and takes advantage of those features upon vertical search for domain specific knowledge or information retrieval. One source of collective intelligence on the internet is the question and answer(Q&A) data available from many Q&A sites. Vertical search is focused on searching special areas or specific domains. This paper proposes a framework for extending the relevant terms by using Q&A information connected with query that the user wants to retrieve, and then applies them to specific domain field that requires professional and detailed knowledge.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.500-508
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• 2003

The fauna associated with mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) beds and vertical distribution of macrobenthos were studied on the Goijeong rocky shore in Jinhae Bay, Korea. Sampling was conducted seasonally using a quadrate from January to October, 1998. In the first experiment, to reveal the community structure of macrobenthos in mussel bed, a total of 62 species $(10,690ind./m^2,\;3,802.1\;g/m^2)$ were identified, which included polychaetes $(32\;spp.,\;52.6\%),$ molluscs (16 spp.), crustaceans (10 spp.), and others. The density-dominant species were Pseudopolydora antennata, Nereis heterocirrata, Littorina brevicula and Balanus kondakovi. And the density of associated fauna was correlated with that of mussel (r=0.951, p=0.049). In the second experiment, to reveal the vertical distribution of macrobenthos on the rocky shore, ANOVA showed highly significant differences between the density of top 5 dominant species (Chthamalus challengeri, Littorina brevicula, Balanus kondakovi, Septifer virgatus and Granulilittorina exigua) and tidal levels (P=0.000). Vertical distribution of macrobnethos was characterized by Ghthamalus belt and Balanus-Septifer belt in the mussel bed.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.215-222
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• 2023

Zooplankton are primary consumers in the food web connecting primary producers and predators such as small fish, playing an important role in energy transfer in aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, it is essential to understand the zooplankton community structure in material cycle and energy flow in aquatic ecosystems. Zooplankton in large rivers with a low flow rate would distribute vertically as in lakes. In this study, we collected zooplankton by surface water filtration and vertical haul method with 64 ㎛-mesh plankton net at three stations (ND-1, ND-2, ND-3) in Nakdong River fortnightly from June 2018 to December 2019. Species composition and individual densities were analyzed. All three stations showed differences in relative abundance of zooplankton groups between surface water and vertical integrated water, with the largest difference shown in the deepest station, ND-2. In vertically integrated water at ND-2, the relative abundance of rotifera was low by a maximum of 25% and that of cladocera was high by a maximum of 22% compared to surface water samples. These results indicate that surface water filtration method is not enough to represent the community structure of zooplankton compared to the vertical haul method in large rivers.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.67-80
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• 1996

Less Favored Area(LFA) is a newly shaped regional concept and just appearing as a new community design target, where the topogeographical, industry-locational condition and the daily living environment have been outstandingly inferior to any other regions. Community Design(CD) principles that cover a spatial order of settlements are introduced in this study when the CD concept is applied to the LFA. The study puts a great stress on the horizontal and vertical order of communal spatial units and living activities oriented to residents'socio-economic activities, on which a CD district and an inner spatial organization of community is based. Therefore the various relationships between residents' activities and particular places, such as that between agricultural production and land, access to living services and community-outer settlements, is analysed through the field study. The emphatic point is that the spatial unit and organization of community, namely settlement order is casted not only by the horizontal coverage but also by the vertical hierarchy forming a cubic-like spatial order. Applying the CD idea to LFA has limit because the CD has been oriented on urban architectural style and community participation process. Nevertheless, that has a new possibility to understand the fundamental and archetypical change of a spatial pattern of community uncovering the accumulated layer of settlement order especially in the drastically changed mountain community from past to now.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.428-438
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• 2003

Benthic marine algal community of Hakampo in the western coast of Korea was investigated qualitatively and quantitatively. Seasonal assessments of species composition, biomass, dominant species in biomass and vertical distributional pattern were carried out from spring to winter. A total of 121 species was identified; 6 blue-green, 18 green, 16 brown, 81 red algae. In three sites investigated, 96 species were collected at Bunjeomdo, 75 at Maoe, and 57 at Doranggol, respectively. Dermocarpa sp. and Acrochaetium microscopicum were collected for the first time in Korea through this investigation. Dominant species in specific proportions of biomass were Sargassum thunbergii, Gloiopeltis furcata, Corallina spp., Symphyocladia latiuscula and Monostroma nitidum. Seasonal fluctuations of mean biomass were 31.59-427.69 g dry wt$.$$\mu \textrm m^{-2}$ at Bunjeomdo and 20.98-473.48 g dry wt$.$$\mu \textrm m^{-2}$ at Maoe, respectively, which were comparatively high in the western coast of Korea. Vertical distribution in intertidal zones was Gloiopeltis furcata-Gloiopeltis furcata and Corallina spp.-Corallina spp. and Sargassum thunbergii.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.1561-1584
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• 2011

This study aims at classifying and interpreting on the vegetation structure and analyzing the correlationship between communities and environmental conditions in Mt. Wolchulsan. We also predicted the succession possibility and the vertical distribution change of vegetations according to the global warming, through the pioneer species of a forest change and dominant species of canopy vegetations. We also analyzed the Raunkiaer's life-form. The communities in this ecotone are distributed vertically in the order of a Quercus acuta community, a Q. serrata-Q. variabilis community and a Q. serrata community. A Pinus densiflora community appears on the most of altitudes. The distribution of communities correlates highly with an altitude. The Q. serrata-Q. variabilis community will be succession to the Q. acuta community, and the Q. variabilis will be under natural selection gradually or remain locally. The Q. serrata community will possibly maintain as it is, and the P. densiflora community will be also under natural selection gradually. The valuable quantitative and numerical life-forms are confirmed and the layer structure of present vegetation will not be changed.