• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.555-568
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• 2014

The construction equipment is one of the major sources for hazardous air pollutants in Korea, and the its management has been of great concern recently. The objective of this study was to estimate each contribution of emission of construction equipments according to their production year, electric power consumption and type. To achieve this goal, we developed pollutant emission factors for the machineries manufactured after 2009, which are excluded from the present framework of Korean air pollutants inventory, CAPSS. More than 800 data obtained from emission investigations were utilized for the estimation. Compared with the previous estimation, the scheme used this study was modified to incorporate new emission factors as well as to include the corresponding activity data. Such improvement allow us to gain more detailed emission informations which are better characterized by specifications of construction equipments. The total amount of pollutants emitted from construction equipments in 2011 were estimated as 126.8, 7.0, 58.3, and 17.0 kton for $NO_x$, PM, CO, and VOC, respectively. The estimation results indicate that the increase in the emission of equipments is significantly related to their age and power consumption. The emissions of the older ones manufactured from 1992~1996 were estimated to be the contribution ranged from 23.7% to 26.8%, whereas the newer ones (2009~2011) showed the attributions of 11.3~21.5%. In addition, the results show that the emission of each equipment was increased with the increase in the electric power consumption of engine, probably due to their average output power. Among the nine types of machinery compared, excavators and forklifts were investigated to contribute relatively higher emissions in the level of 39.8~44.0% and 32.0~34.2%, respectively.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.61-67
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• 2000

Purpose: Most proximal humeral fractures are minimally displaced and can be treated satisfactorily with a conservative method. But in many comminuted fractures, hemiarthroplasty is usually done as a primary treatment. The authors evaluated how much functional improvement was achieved after hemiarthroplasty and which factors influence on the final functional results. Materials and Methods: Eleven hemiarthroplasties were performed for three- and four-part fractures(including fracture-dislocation) between April 1992 and June 1999. There were eight women and three men, and the mean age was 65 years. According to Neer classification, six was three-part fracture and five was four-part fracture. Six patients were injured on their right shoulder and five on the left shoulder. Among the five four-part fractures, three had axillary nerve injury and among the six three-part fractures, only one patient had axillary nerve injury. The average follow-up period was 2.4 years(1 year-7 years) after operation. The functional results were evaluated with the UCLA scoring system(Modification for hemiarthroplasty). In addition to the overall results, we compared the results according to the classification of the fracture, the cause of injury, and whether the axillary nerve was injured. Results: At the last follow-up, average total UCLA score was 18.2. The mean score for pain was 7.0, mean muscle power and motion score was 5.5 and 5.7 respectively. The pain relief was more satisfactory than any other functional results. The average score for three-part fractures was 22, and the average for four-part fractures was 13.6. The average score for the patients fractured by vehicle accidents was 15.3, and 19.3 for the patients fractured by slip-down injury. In patients without axillary nerve injury, the average score was 20, and with axillary nerve injury, the score was 15. Conclusion: Shoulder hemiarthroplasty, for the treatment of proximal humeral fractures, cannot restore the shoulder function to normal, but can achieve the functional result to some degree, especially for the activity of daily living. And as for pain, we think that it is relatively effective measure. And we think that the severer the comminution, the more the chance of axillary nerve injury, and the poorer the functional results. In conclusion, the severity of initial injury seems to be the major prognostic factor.

• 인간행동과 음악연구
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.33-46
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• 2004

정신지체 아동은 타인과의 제한되고 미분화된 의사소통으로 인해 실패감을 느끼고 상대방에게도 좌절감을 갖게한다. 의사표현이 부족한 정신지체 아동은 언어습득과 의사소통 활동의 측면에서 자발적인 의사소통이 이루어지도록 많은 경험을 우선적으로 해야 한다. 음악은 비언어적 의사소통 수단으로 비위협적이면서 흥미로운 자극을 제공한다. 그래서 정신지체아의 음악적 경험은 말하기와 언어 발달에 긍정적 영향을 미치고 다감각적 경험을 촉진한다. 이에 의사소통 중재로써 여러가지 접근방법 중에서 노래를 중심으로한 음악치료활동은 정신지체 아동에게 더 자연스럽고 즐겁게 언어를 표현함으로 의사소통 기술을 습득하게 한다. 본 연구는 노래를 중심으로 하는 음악치료활동이 정신지체 아동의 의사소통 기술(반응하기, 시도하기)에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아 보았다. 대상은 초등부 저학년 네 명의 정신지체아동으로, 이들은 구어능력을 가졌으나 적절한 표현어휘의 부족으로 자발적인 의사소통 시도와 반응에 어려움을 지녔다. 음악치료활동은 학령기 아동들이기에 실생활에 활용되고 기초적 학습개념의 가사를 지닌 노래를 중심으로 진행하였다. 음악치료활동은 개별아동마다 한 세션에 20분씩 주 2회, 총10주 동안 진행하였다. 전체 활동은 매 세션마다 시작노래, 의사소통 중심의 프로그램으로 이루어진 본 활동, 헤어지는 노래의 형식으로 구성하였다. 본 활동은 5회기 동안 연속적으로 반복하는 형식으로 세션을 실시하였다. 비디오 관찰을 통하여 대상아동의 반응하기와 시도하기에 대한 의사소통 기술에 대해 파악하였다. 또한 각 대상 아동에 대한 사전, 사후의 언어능력을 알아보기 위해 치료활동 전,후에 검사도구인 취학전 아동의 수용언어 및 표현언어 발달 척도(PRES, Preschool Receptive-Expressive Language Scale)를 사용하여 수용언어 및 표현언어를 측정하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 첫째, 노래를 중심으로한 음악치료 활동이 정신지체아동의 의사소통 반응하기와 시도하기 기술을 중심으로 의사소통 행동 발생률을 증가시킴으로 네 아동의 의사소통 기술을 향상시켰다. 둘째, PRES 검사도구를 이용한 사전, 사후 검사 비교를 통하여 노래를 중심으로한 음악치료 활동이 네 아동의 수용 및 표현언어 능력을 향상시켰다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.422-434
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• 2016

This study was conducted to understand roles of $NO_x(=NO+NO_2)$ on high $O_3$ episodes at an urban monitoring station in Seoul. Concentrations of NO, $NO_2$, $NO_y$ and $O_3$ were measured intensively at KIST monitoring station which located at urban center in Seoul metropolitan area during May 18~June 13, 2015. Sampling period was planed because high $O_3$ and PM occurred frequently during from late spring to early summer months in Seoul. The experimental site locates in NW from center of Seoul and is surrounded by residential area. Belt highway of the city runs from north to west side nearby experimental site. Vehicle exhaust emissions due to heavy traffic influenced $NO_x$ concentration at the site during northwesterly wind. Specific $NO_2$ concentration was measured by Blue Light photolytic converter, and it was compared to $NO_2$ concentration measured by molybedenum converter. $[NO_2]_{phtolysis}$ was usually lower than $[NO_2]_{molybedenum}$ during the experiment period; however their diurnal variations were very similar. The linear relationship between these $NO_2$ concentrations was found to be $[NO_2]_{phtolysis}$=0.64 $[NO_2]_{molybedenum}$ - 2.6, $r^2$=0.83 during May 16~8, 2015. The difference between $NO_2$ by molybdenum converter and by photolytic converter (${\Delta}NO_2=[NO_2]_{molybedenum}-[NO_2]_{phtolysis}$) accounted for residual $NO_y$ which can represent $NO_z$ (=$NO_y-NO_x$). $O_3$ concentration showed typical daily trend which has maximum at late afternoon and minimum during the night. $O_3$ increased at a rate of 7 ppb/hr since 8 am. and reached the maximum concentration (~80 ppb) at 3 pm.. The diurnal pattern of $O_3$ was inversely related with that of $NO_2$, suggesting that the formation of $O_3$ was the result of photochemical activity of $NO_2$.

• 한국동물번식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물번식학회 2003년도 학술발표대회 발표논문초록집
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• pp.31-31
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• 2003

The incidence of reproductive abnormalities in the male has been reported to have increased during the past 50 years. These changes may be attributable to the presence of chemical with oestrogenic activity in our environment. Present study was carried out to determine the effects of maternal exposure to xenoestrogens on the testicular development and on the transcriptional expression of the steroidogenic enzyme and subunits of inhibin/activin in testis of male offspring. Pregnant female mice were administrated with 4-tert-octylphenol (OP; 2, 20, 200mg/kg), Bisphenol A (BPA; 2, 20, 200$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg), $\beta$-estradiol 17-valerate (EV; 2$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg) or vehicle (CV; corn oil) during gestational days 11 to 17. Offsprings were sacrificed on gestational day 18 (fetal 18) and neonatal day 7. Body weights were significantly increased in groups treated with all doses of OP and BPA. Maximum seminiferous tubules diameter on gestational day 18 were not changed in any treatment group, however, they were significantly increased on the neonatal day 7 in the group treated with low-dose of OP (2 mg/kg) and BPA (2 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg). Increased expression of the P450$_{17a}$-hydroxylase dehydrogenase (P450$_{17a}$), 3$\beta$-hydroxylase dehydrogenase (3$\beta$-HSD), and 17$\beta$-hydroxylase dehydrogenase (17$\beta$-HSD) on gestational day 18 were observed in the groups treated with 2 or 20 mg/kg of OP. However, expression of the steroidogenic enzymes were not changed in the groups treated with all the doses of BPA. In contrast with the results from fetal testis, no expressional changes of these enzymes was found in all the OP-treated group and increased expression of inhibin/activin $\beta$B subunit mRNA were obseued in the 200 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg BPA-treated group in the neonatal day 7. These results suggest that gestational exposure to low level of xenoestrogen causes a stimulatory effects on the transcriptional expressions of steroidogenic enzymes and subunits of inhibin/activin and on the seminiferous tubule development by their estrogen-like actions.ons.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.157-162
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• 2013

Methoxychlor (MXC) was developed to be a replacement for the banned pesticide DDT. HPTE [2,2-bis (p-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane], which is an in vivo metabolite of MXC, has strong oestrogenic and anti-androgenic effects. MXC and HPTE are thought to produce potentially adverse effects by acting through oestrogen and androgen receptors. Of the two, HPTE binds to sex-steroid receptors with greater affinity, and it inhibits testosterone biosynthesis in Leydig cells by inhibiting cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme activity and cholesterol utilisation. In a previous study, MXC was shown to induce Leydig cell apoptosis by decreasing testosterone concentrations. I focused on the effects of MXC on male mice that resulted from interactions with sex-steroid hormone receptors. Sex-steroid hormones affect other organs including the kidney and liver. Accordingly, I hypothesised that MXC can act through sex-steroid receptors to produce adverse effects on the testis, kidney and liver, and I designed our experiments to confirm the different effects of MXC exposure on the male reproductive system, kidney and liver. In these experiments, I used pre-pubescent ICR mice; the puberty period in ICR mice is from postnatal day (PND) 45 to PND60. I treated the experimental group with 0, 100, 200, 400 mg MXC/kg b.w. delivered by an intra-peritoneal injection with sesame oil used as vehicle for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the mice were sacrificed under anaesthesia. The testes and accessory reproductive organs were collected, weighed and prepared for histological investigation. I performed a chemiluminescence immune assay to observe the serum levels of testosterone, LH and FSH. Blood biochemical determination was also performed to check for other effects. There were no significant differences in our histological observations or relative organ weights. Serum testosterone levels were decreased in a dose-dependent manner; a greater dose resulted in the production of less testosterone. Compared to the control group, testosterone concentrations differed in the 200 and 400 mg/kg dosage groups. In conclusion, I observed markedly negative effects of MXC exposure on testosterone concentrations in pre-pubescent male mice. From our biochemical determinations, I observed some changes that indicate renal and hepatic failure. Together, these data suggest that MXC produces adverse effects on the reproductive system, kidney and liver.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2015

Objectives : The present study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress activities through regulation of Nrf2-mediated genes by Rhei rhizoma and Glycyrrhiza rhizoma combined extract (RGE) in reflux esophagitis.Methods : The antioxidant activity of RGE in vitro was measured in terms of radical scavenging capacity such as DPPH and ABTS. RGE was administered at 350 mg/kg body weight prior to induction of reflux esophagitis. Reflux esophagitis was induced that tied the pylorus and the transitional junction between the forestomach and the corpus in Sprague-Dawley rats.Results : RGE scavenged DPPH and ABTS effectively and IC₅₀of RGE each were 4.9 μg/ml and 45.6 μg/ml. Our results show that RGE administration markedly ameliorated mucosal damage upon histological evaluation. In serum and esophagus tissue, RGE significantly suppressed the oxidative stress biomarkers. Reflux esophagitis induced rats exhibited down-regulation of antioxidant-related proteins in the esophagus; however, the levels with treatment of RGE were significantly higher than those of vehicle reflux esophagitis rats. RGE treatment caused significant reductions in activation of NF-κB transcription factor. Thus, RGE significantly exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activities by suppressing the protein expression levels of pro-inflammatory proteins such as COX-2 and iNOS and inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-αin the esophagus tissue.Conclusions : Reflux esophagitis caused considerable levels of oxidative stress in the esophageal mucosa and the administration of RGE reduced the esophageal mucosa damage through the regulation of Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways. Our findings can considered as supplementary therapy in the prevention or treatment of reflux esophagitis.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.42-53
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 광양만 유역 국가산업단지와 컨테이너 부두 유역의 입자크기별 도로축적퇴적물(Road-deposited sediments; RDS)과 해양퇴적물 내 중금속 오염현황 파악과 잠재적인 오염원으로써의 RDS의 영향을 연구하였다. RDS의 경우 아연(Zn)의 농도가 2,982 mg/kg으로 매우 높았으며, 크롬(Cr)>니켈(Ni)>납(Pb)>구리(Cu)>비소(As)>카드뮴(Cd)>수은(Hg)의 순이었다. RDS의 중금속 농도는 입자가 세립할수록 증가하였으며, 금속폐기물을 취급하는 산업시설 주변에서 상대적으로 높은 농도를 보였다. 125 ㎛ 미만의 입자에서 아연(Zn)이 가장 높은 오염도(very high enrichment)를 나타냈고, Cr, Cd, Pb은 심각한 수준의 오염도(significant enrichment)를 보였다. 한편, 해양퇴적물 내 중금속 농도는 대부분 국내 "주의 기준(threshold effect level, TEL)" 이하였으나, 2010년 이후 Zn의 평균농도가 30~40% 증가하였다. 연구지역 도로노면 내 Zn, Cd, Pb 등은 강우시 쉽게 비점오염의 형태로 유출가능한 125 ㎛ 미만이 전체의 54%를 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 아연(Zn)의 경우, 연구지역의 교통 뿐만 아니라 산업활동에 사용된 아연도금의 부식에 의한 영향을 크게 받는 것으로 판단된다. 중금속 농도가 높은 세립한 RDS는 바람, 차량이동에 의해 재비산되어 대기 뿐만 아니라 강우시 인근 환경에 크게 영향을 미칠 수 있기 때문에 주변 환경 및 생태계에 미치는 영향에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요하다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.65-74
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• 2011

Objectives : This study was undertaken to verify the modulation mechanism of Gyeongshingangjeehwan18 (GGEx18) in ob/ob male mice. Methods : Eight-week old mice (wild-type C57BL/6J and ob/ob) were used for all experiments. Wild-type C57BL/6J mice were used as lean control and obese ob/ob mice were randomly divided into 5 groups : obese control, GGEx15 (Ephedra sinica Stapf + Rheum palmatum L.), GGEx16 (Ephedra sinica Stapf + Laminaria japonica Aresch), GGEx17 (Rheum palmatum L. + Laminaria japonica Aresch), and GGEx18 (Ephedra sinica Stapf + Laminaria japonica Aresch + Rheum palmatum L.). After mice were treated with several kinds of GGEx for 11 weeks, the mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) target genes and uncoupling protein (UCP) were measured. In addition, $PPAR{\alpha}$ and $PPAR{\beta}$ transactivation was examined in NMu2Li hepatocytes, C2C12 myocytes, and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes using transient transfection assays. Results : 1. Hepatic $PPAR{\alpha}$ target genes, such as ACOX and VLCAD mRNA levels were significantly increased by GGEx18 compared with obese controls. In skeletal muscle, LCAD mRNA expression was stimulated by GGEx16, GGEx17, and GGEx18, whereas MCAD mRNA expression by GGEx17 and GGEx18. $PPAR{\beta}$ target LPL mRNA levels were also increased by GGEx16, GGEx17, and GGEx18 in skeletal muscle, but adipose LPL mRNA levels were decreased. In addition, GGEx18 upregulated UCP mRNA expression in skeletal muslce. 2. $PPAR{\alpha}$ reporter gene expression was increased by GGEx18 in NMu2Li cells compared with vehicle. $PPAR{\alpha}$ and $PPAR{\beta}$ reporter activities were also increased by all GGEx treatments in C2C12 and 3T3-L1 cells. Conclusions : These results suggest that GGEx can act as $PPAR{\alpha}$ and $PPAR{\beta}$ activators, and that GGEx may regulate obesity by stimulating $PPAR{\alpha}$, $PPAR{\beta}$, and UCP activity. Of the 4 compositions, GGEx18 seems to be most effective in improving obesity and lipid disorders.

• 대한디지털의료영상학회논문지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.103-111
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• 2010

A total of 200 hospital employees participated in this study from January 2009 to June 2010. For the survey, each participant was given necessary items for external health exams. Cronbach's alpha was calculated for the survey regarding wireless networks. There was a need for educating data processing workers in the medical field regarding fundamental information prior to wireless network construction. The reason is high scores would be collected, which would reflect knowledge regarding data processing used at hospitals and the differences between paper charts and electronic charts. However, low scores were obtained which reflected knowledge regarding the differences between wired and wireless networks and Mini-PACS. Time for each patient was shortened to a maximum of three minutes and minimum of one minute for treatment and transmitting medical images when comparing pre and post wireless network construction(p < 0.01). Scores from the pre and post construction survey increase 1.98, 1.65, and 1.43 points for activity in the health screening area, usage of space in the health screening vehicle, and patient information storage respectively(p < 0.05). The number of patients receiving external health screenings twelve times was 3,655 prior to construction of a wireless network system. However, the number increased to 4,265 after construction. The increasing percentage was 17% in total. Prior to construction, X-ray images were taken 527 times, but after construction of a wireless network, this number growed to 1,194 and it was 116% increase. The loss of patient's medical treatment charts was reduced from 19.8% to 18.7% after construction. We believe that educating medical workers on Mini-PACS and Mini-OCS Systems will not only increase their efficiency but also make patients receiving better treatment.