• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.279-288
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• 2021

In the era of the 4th industrial revolution, smart construction, in which new technologies such as UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) are fused, is attracting attention in the construction field. However, the method of estimating earthwork volume using DEM generated by UAV survey according to practical regulations such as construction design guidelines or standard product counting is not officially recognized and needs to be improved. In this study, different types of UAV were measured and DEM was obtained using this data. The DEM (Digital Elevation Model) thus obtained was analyzed for changes in the amount of earthworks according to the size of the GSD (Ground Sample Distance). In addition, the amount of earthwork by DEM and the amount of earthwork by existing design drawings were compared and analyzed. As a result of the study, it was suggested that images with a GSD of 5cm or less are effective to generate a high-quality DEM. Next, as a result of comparing the earthwork volume calculation method using DEM and the earthwork volume based on the existing 2D design drawings, a difference of about 1% was shown. In addition, when the design earthwork amount calculated by the double-section averaging method was compared with the designed earthwork amount using DEM data by UAV survey, a difference of about 1% was found. Therefore, it is suggested that the method of calculating the amount of earthworks using UAV is an efficient method that can replace the existing method.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 2017

Rice plant numbers and density are key factors for yield and quality of rice grains. Precise and properly estimated rice plant numbers and density can assure high yield from rice fields. The main objective of this study was to automatically detect and count rice plants using images of usual field condition from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). We proposed an automatic image processing method based on morphological operation and boundaries of the connected component to count rice plant numbers after transplanting. We converted RGB images to binary images and applied adaptive median filter to remove distortion and noises. Then we applied a morphological operation to the binary image and draw boundaries to the connected component to count rice plants using those images. The result reveals the algorithm can conduct a performance of 89% by the F-measure, corresponding to a Precision of 87% and a Recall of 91%. The best fit image gives a performance of 93% by the F-measure, corresponding to a Precision of 91% and a Recall of 96%. Comparison between the numbers of rice plants detected and counted by the naked eye and the numbers of rice plants found by the proposed method provided viable and acceptable results. The $R^2$ value was approximately 0.893.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.147-154
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• 2013

This study reports on the development and investigation of a BMS module using a new algorithm on the driving performance and battery life of electric vehicles. Here, the initial SOC was calculated using an open circuit voltage (OCV) method and a current integral method was later applied to the BMS module. We verified the performance of the BMS module by comparing both the results of the in-vehicle test and the BMS simulator test. Our verification test showed good agreement between the results of experiments and simulation with a small error of ${\pm}0.8%$. Here, we confirmed that the present, newly-developed BMS module not only can predict the battery life but can also monitor SOC, pack voltage, and current temperature.

• Journal of Applied Reliability
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.201-213
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• 2012

A gear type lubrication pump is an essential component of the powertrain and has a major role for supplying oil to the gears and bearings in automatic transmission with a hydraulic clutch. Therefore, the durability test code design of lubrication pump is very important to ensure the reliability of the entire transmission and the vehicle. In this study, the design process for the life testing of lubrication pump has been generalized by four steps. The four design steps of the life testing of lubrication pump consist of the configuration of load spectrum, rain flow counting and analysis of load level, the equivalent damage assessment and test code generation. In fact, the load spectrum should be obtained from the field operating condition but that kind of data is the top secret of manufacturers. This is not open to the public in general. So we could use the artificially simulated load spectrum instead of field obtained one and focused on the development of the general process for designing the life test of a gear type lubrication pump. Reliability goals for lubrication pump, pressure, torque, temperature and load spectrum, if present, as appropriate for the given test conditions, accelerated life testing for the lubrication pump can be designed by the developed design steps.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.739-746
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• 2015

Several damage counting methods can be applied for the fatigue issues of a ground vehicle system using strain data and acceleration data is partially used for a high cyclic loading case. For a vibration test, acceleration data is, however, more useful than strain one owing to the good nature of signal-to-random ratio at acceleration response. The test severity can be judged by the fatigue damage and the pseudo-damage from the acceleration response stated in ISO-16750-3 is one of sound solutions for the vibration test. The comparison of fatigue damages, derived from both acceleration and strain, are analyzed in this study to determine the best choice of fatigue damage over multi-spectral input pattern. Uniaxial excitation test was conducted for a notched simple specimen and response data, both acceleration and strain, are used for the comparison of fatigue damages.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.65 no.6
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• pp.1254-1269
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• 2023

This study aims to predict the change in corn share according to the grazing of 20 gestational sows in a mature corn field by taking images with a camera-equipped unmanned air vehicle (UAV). Deep learning based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) has been verified for its performance in various areas. It has also demonstrated high recognition accuracy and detection time in agricultural applications such as pest and disease diagnosis and prediction. A large amount of data is required to train CNNs effectively. Still, since UAVs capture only a limited number of images, we propose a data augmentation method that can effectively increase data. And most occupancy prediction predicts occupancy by designing a CNN-based object detector for an image and counting the number of recognized objects or calculating the number of pixels occupied by an object. These methods require complex occupancy rate calculations; the accuracy depends on whether the object features of interest are visible in the image. However, in this study, CNN is not approached as a corn object detection and classification problem but as a function approximation and regression problem so that the occupancy rate of corn objects in an image can be represented as the CNN output. The proposed method effectively estimates occupancy for a limited number of cornfield photos, shows excellent prediction accuracy, and confirms the potential and scalability of deep learning.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.38.1-38.15
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• 2022

Objectives: This study investigated the cytotoxicity, radiopacity, pH, and dentinal tubule penetration of a paste of 1.0% calcium-doped zinc oxide nanocrystals (ZnO:1.0Ca) combined with propylene glycol (PRG) or polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol (PEG-PRG). Materials and Methods: The pastes were prepared by mixing calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)₂] or ZnO:1.0Ca with PRG or a PEG-PRG mixture. The pH was evaluated after 24 and 96 hours of storage in deionized water. Digital radiographs were acquired for radiopacity analysis and bubble counting of each material. The materials were labeled with 0.1% fluorescein and applied to root canals, and images of their dentinal tubule penetration were obtained using confocal laser scanning microscopy. RAW264.7 macrophages were placed in different dilutions of culture media previously exposed to the materials for 24 and 96 hours and tested for cell viability using the MTT assay. Analysis of variance and the Tukey test (α = 0.05) were performed. Results: ZnO:1.0Ca materials showed lower viability at 1:1 and 1:2 dilutions than Ca(OH)₂ materials (p < 0.0001). Ca(OH)₂ had higher pH values than ZnO:1.0Ca at 24 and 96 hours, regardless of the vehicle (p < 0.05). ZnO:1.0Ca pastes showed higher radiopacity than Ca(OH)₂ pastes (p < 0.01). No between-material differences were found in bubble counting (p = 0.0902). The ZnO:1.0Ca pastes had a greater penetration depth than Ca(OH)₂ in the apical third (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: ZnO:1.0Ca medicaments presented higher penetrability, cell viability, and radiopacity than Ca(OH)₂. Higher values of cell viability and pH were present in Ca(OH)₂ than in ZnO:1.0Ca.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.785-804
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• 1997

It was well known that calcium sulfate was biocompatible, resorbed rapidly in the body, had potential as a good barrier membrane. Platelet-derived growth factor(PDGF) was one of polypeptide growth factor that had been reported as a biological mediator which regulates activities of wound healing process including the cell proliferation, migration and metabolism. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a combination of calcium sulfate and PDGF on periodontal ligament cells in vitro to use as a regeneration promoting agent of periodontal tissue. Human periodontal ligament cells were prepared from the premolar tooth extracted for the orthodontic treatment. Cells were cultured in ${\alpha}-MEM$ contained with 20% FBS, at the $37^{\circ}C$, 100% of humidity, 5% $Co_2$ incubator. Cells were inoculated and cultured into 96 well culture plate with $1{\times}10^4cells/well$ of ${\alpha}-MEM$ for 1 day. After discarding the medium, those cells were cultured in ${\alpha}-MEM$ contained with 10% FBS alone(control group), in calcium sulfate(calcium sulfate group), in calcium sulfate treated with 15ng/ml of PDGF-BB(calcium sulfate+PDGF group), in ${\alpha}-MEM$ contained with 10% FBS treated with 15ng/ml of PDGF-BB(PDGF group) for 1, 2, 3 day respectively. And then each group was characterized by examining of the cell counting, MTT assay, collagen synthesis. The results were as follows. 1. In the analysis of cell proliferation by cell counting, both calcium sulfate group and calcium sulfate plus PDGF group showed no stastically significant difference compared to control group, but there was stastically significant difference between PDGF group and calcium sulfate group at 1, 2 day(P<0.05). 2. In the analysis of cell proliferation by MTT assay in calcium sulfate extracts, both calcium sulfate group and calcium sulfate plus PDGF group showed no stastically significant difference compared to control group, but there was stastically significant difference between PDGF group and calcium sulfate group at 2, 3 day, and between calcium sulfate plus PDGF group and calcium sulfate group at 2 day(P

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.79-88
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• 2007

Design Hourly Volume (DHV) is the hourly volume used for designing a section of road. DHV is also used to estimate the expected number of vehicles to pass or traverse the relevant section of road in a future target year. The Design Hour Factor (DHF) is defined as the ratio of DHV to Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT). In addition to high precision of predicted traffic volume, in order to design a roadway to be the proper scale, applying appropriate DHFs considering traffic flow characteristics and type of area which surrounds the relevant roadway is important. This study categorizes sections of expressway (Suh Hae An Expressway) according to their area type and estimates DHFs utilizing traffic data obtained from a vehicle detection system (VDS). This study shows that DHFs calculated using VDS data are different from those using traffic data acquired from a coverage survey. While AADTs from both data show similar values, peak hour volumes from both data show significant differences especially for recreational areas. DHFs from the coverage survey are quite different from the values provided by the Korean design guide or previous research results and DHFs for urban areas are higher than recreational areas. However, DHFs from VDS shows similar values to previous research results. The result of this study suggests that using VDS for estimating DHFs is more reliable than using a coverage survey.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.92-97
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• 2009

As nanomaterials might enter into cells and have high reactivity with intracellular structures, it is necessary to assay possible genotoxic risk of them. One of these approaches, we investigated possible genotoxic potential of gold nanoparticle (AuNP) using L5178Y cells. Four different sizes of AuNP (4, 15, 100 or 200 nm) were synthesized and the sizes and structures of AuNP were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and stability was analyzed by a UV/Vis. Spectrophotometer. Cytotoxicity was assessed by direct cell counting, and cellular location was detected by dark field microscope at 6, 24 and 48 h after treatment of AuNP. Comet assay was conducted to examine DNA damage and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ mRNA level was assay by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Synthetic AuNP (4, 50, 100 and 200 nm size) had constant characteristics and stability confirmed by TEM, SEM and spectrophotometer for 10 days, respectively. Dark field microscope revealed the location of AuNP in the cytoplasm at 6, 24 and 48 h. Treatment of 4 nm AuNP induced dose and time dependent cytotoxicity, while other sizes of AuNP did not. However, Comet assay represented that treatment of 100 nm and 200 nm AuNP significantly increased DNA damage compared to vehicle control (p <0.01). Treatment of 100 nm and 200 nm AuNP significantly increased TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA expression compared to vehicle control (p<0.05, p<0.01, respectively). Taken together, AuNP induced DNA damage in L5178Y cell, associated with induction of oxidative stress.