• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.501-508
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• 2013

We have researched heterogeneity of naturalized river plant community by ${\beta}$-diversity for restoration of river community which has high diversity plant species. As a result the average of heterogeneity was 0.32(range 0.23~0.37) from the river to the inland. This value shows community turnover of species composition of plant communities 6 times. The ${\beta}$-diversity was no difference among water system of Seomjin river, Han river, Nakdong river and Geum river. The upper-river valley(0.36) was higher than lower-river valley(0.23) in each water system(p level<0.05). Multiple regressing analysis was used for look the relationship with Environmental factors as a result, it shows ${\beta}$-diversity significant on a slope. River mimetic diagram with dominant species that appear through Belt-transect painted. Dominant plant species turned 6 time in upper-river and turned about 5 time in lower-river. The result of this study suggested practical basis of planting species and planting pattern. To improve species diversity of river plant community, slope degree raise is the most important.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.1319-1328
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• 2011

Rhododendron brachycarpum is a evergreen broad-leaved shrub and belongs to the Ericaceae family and the Rhododendron genus. It is well known for its beautiful leaves and flowers. There are 11 species of the Rhododendron genus in Korea. It includes 3 species - Rhododendron brachycarpum, Rhododendron aureum Georgi and Rhododendron brachycarpum var. roseum Koidz. They grow naturally over 1,000 meters above sea level of the Baekdu Mountain Range in Korea. These habitats, according to investigations of 9 Rhododendron brachycarpum natural habitats, are mostly located on the slope of mountains facing north at an altitude of 1,200 m to 1,526 m above sea level with angle of inclination from 30 degrees to 45 degrees. Based on the result of vegetation analysis of dominance species in the quadrates, there are Quercus aliena, Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb, Abies holophylla in species of upper trees, and so on. Dominant species of woody plants in tree layer are Quercus aliena, Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb, Abies holophylla, Betula platyphylla and Veeatrum patulum Loes. fil, Erythronium japonicum, Dryopteris crassirhizoma, Paeonia japonica var. glabra Makino are founded in herbaceous plants. And we can see another result of the investigation that the flowering rates of the plants with the buds are highly ranked mountains such as Mt. Hambaek 68%, Mt. Gyebang 40%, Mt. Yagksu 9%, Mt. Gaein 7% and Mt. Seolag 0%. The results show that there are 24 over 15-year-old Rhododendron brachycarpums in Mt. Odae and are 56 under 15-year-old trees in Mt. Hambaek and are no trees in Mt. Gyebang and are 9 over 30-year-dead trees only in Mt. Taebaeg. Out of found trees, the highest tree is 7 m in height and 0.6 m in diameter. Also this result shows what are the vulnerability factors of the natural habitats. They are as follows: indiscriminate trails in mountains, damages by mountain climbers, uncareful plant collecting, the fierce competitions with other plants such as Acer pseudosieboldianum var. ishidoyanum Uyeki, Quercus aliena, Celastrus orbiculatus and damages by disease and insect, unusual temperature in natural habitats, etc. Rhododendron brachycarpums have high ornamental value and excellent pharmaceutical effect. But the areas of its habitats decrease dramatically. So we need measures to protect and their natural habitats. It is necessary that we conductfurther investigations to designate conservation area for Rhododendron brachycarpums.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.13-18
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• 2019

The DEM(Digital Elevation Model) is a three-dimensional spatial information that stores the height of the terrain as a numerical value. This means the elevation of the terrain not including the vegetation and the artifacts. The DEM is used in various fields, such as 3D visualization of the terrain, slope, and incense analysis, and calculation of the quantity of construction work. Recently, many studies related to the construction of 3D geospatial information have been conducted, but research related to DEM generation is insufficient. Therefore, in this study, a DEM was constructed using a MMS (Mobile Mapping System), UAV image, and UAV LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging), and the accuracy evaluation of each result was performed. As a result, the accuracy of the DEM generated by MMS and UAV LiDAR was within ± 4.1cm, and the accuracy of the DEM using the UAV image was ± 8.5cm. The characteristics of MMS, UAV image, and UAV LiDAR are presented through a comparison of data processing and results. The DEM construction using MMS and UAV can be applied to various fields, such as an analysis and visualization of the terrain, collection of basic data for construction work, and service using spatial information. Moreover, the efficiency of the related work can be improved greatly.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.87-100
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• 2016

This research was performed for the purpose of providing useful and base data and preservation strategy of growth characteristics of Rhododendron micranthum. From the result of research, wild growth area of Rhododendron micranthum was discovered near steep forest road on 695~901m in altitude above sea level of Baekdu-daegan National Arboretum. Vegetation colony structure of Site I was resulted in Pinus densiflora(tree stratum M.I.P.=45.3%) is dominants, Betula schmidtii(arborescent M.I.P.=9.8%) is second dominant, and Site III resulted in Pinus densiflora(tree stratum M.I.P.=30.5%) is dominants, Betula schmidtii(arborescent M.I.P.=10.3%) is second dominant. Site II resulted in Betula schmidtii(arborescent M.I.P.=30.4%) is dominants and Pinus densiflora tree(tree stratum M.I.P.=8.3%) is second dominants. For herbs, it was researched that the rate of one year herb of chrysanthemum family(10), rice family(3), sedge(2) was higher than near forest area. Among Species diversity index, that of Shannon was in range of 0.7348~1.1090. After comparing this with similar area, this value was relatively low. Dominance analysis result was analyzed that various groups are evenly distributed. Monthly highest average temperature is $23.9^{\circ}$ in Site A and Site B, and monthly lowest average temperature is $-4.5^{\circ}C$ in Site I and $-4.7^{\circ}C$ in Site II. Monthly maximum average humidity is 85.6% in Site I and 83.2% in Site II. Monthly minimum average humidity is 60.9% in Site I and 60.8% in Site II and it showed that these 2 area are located far away but have similar temperature and humidity characteristic and climate environment is similar. It was analyzed that humidity is high with the result of annual average humidity is over 60%. In growth characteristic, it showed that doubt damage of Stephanitis pyrioides, exposure of roots, peeled bark was discovered and supplement on this is urgent.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.601-611
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• 2011

Land cover changes are occurring for a variety of reasons such as urbanization, infrastructure construction, desertification, drought, flood, and so on. Many researchers have studied the cause and effect of land cover changes, and also the methods for change detection. However, most of the detection methods are based on the dichotomy of "change" and "not change" according a threshold value. In this paper, we present a change detection method with the integration of probability, spatial autocorrelation, and hotspot detection. We used the AMOEBA (A Multidirectional Ecotope-Based Algorithm) and developed the AMOEBA-CH (core hotspot) because the original algorithm tends to produce too many clusters. Our method considers the probability of land cover changes and the spatial interactions between each pixel and its neighboring pixels using a local spatial autocorrelation measure. The core hotspots of land cover changes can be delineated by a contiguity-dominance model of our AMOEBA-CH method. We tested our algorithm in a simulation for land cover changes using NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) data in South Korea between 2000 and 2008.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.734-747
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• 2019

This study surveyed the visitors to the Seoseokdae Peak of the Mudeungsan National Park, to analyze the factors that affected user behavior, perception of the National Park, and satisfaction with the visit and establish the strategy for the management of the Mudeungsan National Park. The analysis result showed that Gwangju residents (78.1%) accounted for the majority of the visitors to the Seoseokdae Peak and that the Mudeungsan National Park showed the attributes of both mountain type and suburb type. Most visitors (91.2%) perceived that columnar joints, including the Seoseokdae Peak, possessed the largest resource value in the Mudeungsan National Park, and the visitors showed concern over the potential damage to vegetation in the Seoseokdae Peak as the result of the overcrowded visitors. Over half of the visitors showed a positive response to the measures like partially restricted access or detour of mountain path to preserve and restore the Seoseokdae Peak. The total visitors and the regional visitors (residents of Gwangju, Damyang, and Hwasun), indicated that the facility management aimed at facilitating visitor experience affected the most on the satisfaction with park management. Moreover, the regional visitors answered that the visit management to control disorder and overcrowding would increase satisfaction. The result of the importance-satisfaction analysis showed a difference between the total visitors and the regional visitors in needed improvements as the total visitors believed that "amenities and information facilities" should be improved while the regional visitors believed that the focus should be on the "prevention of illegal and disorderly behaviors" and the "amenities and information facilities."

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.686-694
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• 2019

This study was carried out to identify the long-term changes to beech forest due to climate change in Ulleung-do. To study the traits of the stand structure of beech forest with micro-topography, we investigated the distribution of the basal area, important values, and indicated species in a small ridge between Albong basin and Seongin-bong peak, and 1-ha stands (20 m × 20 m, 25 sites) dominated beech species including on the upper slope and valley parts. The result showed that the indicator species characterizing the vegetation communities were Tsuga sieboldii, Rhododendron brachycarpum, and Mitchella undulata in the small ridge and Celtis jessoensis, Dryopteris crassirhizoma, and Ulmus laciniata in the valley part. Moreover, the individuals with the total DBH < 10 cm were more predominant in the small ridge and upper slope than in the valley part, the individuals with DBH = 10-25 cm were predominant in the small slope, and individuals with DBH = 25-45 cm and DBH > 45 cm were predominant in the upper slope. The reason for the predominant distribution of beech stand with DBH<10 cm in all terrains is suggested to be germination by nutritional propagation rather than secondary succession caused by artificial disturbances and seed propagation.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.202-225
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• 2017

Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) has gained a lot of significance over the years as a means of income generation. Forests are playing a vital role in the supply of these products, however, due to their continuous extraction, the population of many species might have depleted. Very little information is known about community structure and population status of NTFPs. No specific studies have been made to find out the occurrence, availability of species and population status in the forests, supplying the resources. The present study has been carried out in community forests of the naturally occurring NTFPs in the temperate forest of the Ziro valley of Arunachal Pradesh. The main aim is to determine community structure, species composition and population status of NTFPs. Three forest stands viz., Nyilii, Dura and Gyachi were selected which are used by the Apatani tribe for extraction of the NTFPs. For evaluation of species composition and community characteristics, the sampling of the vegetation was done using the quadrat method. A total 137 species representing 68 families and 116 genera were recorded. Herbs represent the maximum diversity with 71 species followed by 35 shrub species and 31 tree species. The families Asteraceae and Rosaceaeae exhibited maximum representation followed by Urticaceae. The species under Fagaceae, Lauraceae, Rosaceae and Rutaceae were found to be important NTFP yielding species. Highest species richness was recorded in Nyilii having 124 species, while lowest in Dura with 102 species. Density of tree, shrub and herb ranged between 376 to $456\;individuals\;ha^{-1}$, 2848 to $3696\;individuals\;ha^{-1}$ and 31.44 to $36.64\;individuals\;m^{-2}$, respectively. The total basal area was found to be highest ($51.64m^2\;ha^{-1}$) in Dura followed by Nyilii ($25.32m^2\;ha^{-1}$) and lowest in Gyachi ($22.82m^2\;ha^{-1}$). In all the three study stands the species diversity indices showed the trend, herbs > shrubs > trees while the evenness index showed the trend as shrubs > herbs > trees. The overall species similarity index was highest (82.35%) between Dura and Gyachi. About 80% of the total recorded species showed clumped distribution while, no regular distribution was shown by any species. The three selected stands harbor about 50 important NTFP yielding species which are being used commonly by the Apatani people in their day to day life. Among the three study sites, overall diversity of NTFP was found highest in the Nyilii stand while the density of population was found better in Dura and Gyachi stands. The population of many species was found to be low due to continue harvesting without any sustainable management by the communities. All the selected forest stands have the potentiality to grow the high value NTFP yielding species and if managed properly, they can support the livelihood and economy of the local communities.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.24 no.11
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• pp.1405-1415
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• 2015

This study is conducted to determine the damage, distinguish the types and identify the restoration by that type for 13 Korea national parks out of 21. There are 21 Korea national parks are in Korea covering 6.67% of the country or $6,656km^2$ ($3,902km^2$ on land and $2,754km^2$ in the sea) currently since the area around Jirisan ($440km^2$) was designated as the first Korea national parks in 1967. With the cancellation of entrance admission on Korea national parks since 2007, annual visitors to the Korea national parks have grown from 37 millions in 2008 to 46 millions by 2013 and continue to grow due to numerous leisure activities, alpine activities and social changes. As such, Korea national parks are natural resource with high value to be conserved and are attracting significant attention as recreational spaces for people at the same time. On the other hand, there have been issues of soil erosions or disturbed vegetation due to increased number of visitor to the national parks. Korea national parks area damage to its type and damage characteristics to analyse the 13 Korea national parks out of 21 on July 2012 March, Korea national parks over the subjects of the National Park from damaged area status Survey analysis by the Korea National Park Service. As a result, 203 million units in the 16 Korea national parks damaged land of the reform package during ecological trail (including non-regular hiking trails) 153 (77.66%), damaged valleys 20(9.14%) independent damaged area, 13 disconnected ecological axis(7.61%), closed trail(2.03%) (3.55%), and line type damage(like a non-regular hiking trails) appears to be a high ratio. Korea national parks damaged land of the results identified, by contrast ratio and the annual number of visitors Bukhansan national park(49.26%), Gyeongju national park(23.65%) damaged land rates, such as Seorasan national park(4.93%), Songnisan national park (4.43 %), Gyeryongsan national park(3.45%), and the annual number of visitors be similar result. The National Park Service has been reporting on damages and restorations but damages and their types have not been established yet. Damages have been generally studied and categorized on hiking trails due caused by heavy traffic on them but the reports were limited on hiking trails only. Since damage to the Korea national parks are not limited on the hiking trails, it is necessary to determine damages in various aspects. Thus, in this study, damage types, spatial characteristics, causes and restorations are analyzed based on the survey results of damages to national parks in order to provide a basis for the efficient management and operation of the Korea national parks.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.3
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• pp.235-244
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• 2007

Potentials of AR CDM project in North Korea are assessed and feasible land area for AR CDM project is estimated. According to our estimation, There could be 515,000 hectares of forest lands deforested before 1990 in North Korea and 8,854 hectares at the regional level of Gae-sung City, which are eligible for AR CDM project, based on researches of satellite image analyses conducted from 1980's to 1990's. A baseline scenario assumed 44.73 tones of carbon stored in soil per hectare with no vegetation above ground remained during the project period following the default value of IPCC's Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF considering soil structure, climate and land use of the project area. The scenario also assumes that black rocust (Robinia pseudoacacia) is planted and the CDM project is implemented for 20 years. The costs for producing greenhouse gases CER (certified emission reduction) credits include costs of tree planting and forest management, and costs of project negotiation and transactions for issuing the credits. It is estimated that 376 tones of carbon dioxide per hectare can be accumulated and 503 temporary CER credits per hectare and 265 long-term CER credits per hectare could be produced during the project period. It is estimated to cost US$ 4.04 and US$ 7.67 to provide one unit of temporary credit and long-term credit, respectively. These values can be regarded as the cost of conferring emission commitment of a country or a private entity. However, it is not clear which option is better economically because the replacement periods are different in these two cases.