• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.28-51
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to analyze forest vegetation structure in Marugeum (the ridge line) area between Dakmokryeong and Daetjae in Baekdudaegan through vegetation classification, importance value, species diversity, and CCA using the data that were collected from 245 quadrates through Braun-Blanquet vegetation survey method from May to September in 2017. The results of the forest vegetation classification identified 8 vegetation units with Quercus mongolica community group at the highest level. Q. mongolica community group was classified into the Cornus controversa community, Buxus koreana community, Sasa borealis community, Abies nephrolepis community, and Q. mongolica typical community. C. controversa community was further classified into Quercus dentata group, Filipendula glaberrima group, Larix kaempferi group, and C. controversa typical group. The result of the important value analysis showed that Q. dentata had the highest importance value at 19.1% in vegetation unit 1 while Q. mongolica had the highest importance value at 22.7%, 38.3%, 25.6%, 41.3%, 27.9%, and 41.6% in vegetation unit 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8, respectively, and L. kaempferi had the highest importance value at 27.6% in vegetation unit 3. As such, Q. mongolica species generally represented the communities of Marugeum (the ridge line) area of Dakmokryeong to Daetjae in Baekdudaegan. The results of species diversity showed that vegetation unit 1 and 2 were 3.305 and 3.236, respectively, which were relatively higher than other vegetation units. It was considered that this result was due to the influence of high emergence of present species. The results of the CCA analysis of the correlations between biotic environmental factors and vegetation types showed that vegetation unit 1 was mainly correlated with the megaphanerophyte ratio and vine plant ratio. In the correlations between abiotic environmental factors and vegetation types, vegetation unit 7 was significantly correlated with altitude. From the perspective of ecological management, vegetation unit 5 represented by B. koreana community was inhabited by a variety of plants due to the species composition and location environment due to the geological characteristics that are typical of limestone area. Vegetation unit 7 represented by A. nephrolepis community was typified as subalpine vegetation widely distributed by relict species and endemic species. We concluded that it is necessary to manage these vegetation units with an ecologically differentiated approach.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.979-997
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• 2013

This study aims at classifying and interpreting on the vegetation structure, the correlation between a vegetation and an environment, a species diversity and a life-form of Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest(EBLF) located in Gageo-do Island. It is also the objective that the estimation of vegetation change founded on the species composition and characteristics. The vegetation of EBLF was classified into three forests or four community units as Machilus thunbergii forest (Polystichum polyblepharon-M. thunbergii community and Phaenosperma globosum-M. thunbergii community), Ilex integra-Castanopsis sieboldii community, Quercus acuta community and Neolitsea sericea stand. The ordination analysis by DCA is analogous with the vegetation structure analysis. As a result of the correlation (Pearson's correlation coefficient) with environmental conditions, the Altitude has the significance with the distribution of communities. The total vegetation change by progress of succession will not be wandered away from the present vegetation structure practically, and the vegetation on the underlayers will be a little changed.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.67-76
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• 1997

The purpose of this research is to draw out the factors affecting the residents' evaluation on valuable animal and vegetation and the naturality of vegetation seen near regional environment. With this purpose, Questionnaire research and vegetation survey focusing on area of types of vegetation and species of big trees were made in 30 points of midstream of Tama River, Tokyo, Japan. The questionnaire research was based on basin environment units in order to be reflective of regional natural environment. The vegetation was classified into 5 types according to its flora and observed the covering area of each points and types through the aerial photograph. In addition, the species of big trees in habitat were listed by the survey. Results as below came out by analyzing the outcome of the questionnaire research and vegetation survey by multiple regression. First, residents are most likely not to distinguish precisely between the quantitative and qualitative aspects of vegetation. Both of the researches are apt to be influenced by quantitative factors of vegetation. Second, residents are assumed to consider forest of big trees, inhabitant of groups of big trees, highly natural.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.13
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• pp.31-44
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• 1995

Mt. Kumjeong is located in south-eastern part of the Korean Peninsular($129^{\circ}$01' to $129^{\circ}$05' E, $35^{\circ}$03' to $35^{\circ}$17' N) and the altitude of the summit is 802 meter. In order to find out the vegetation units which made it possible to classify subtropical forest and south-temperate forest, Mt. Kumjeong (which is located in a border of between subtropical forest and south-temperate forest) was selected as a study area. The primary result of actual vegetation analysis in Mt. Kumjeong based upon the vegetation community analysis methods by the ZM-school, and the relationships between vegetation community and two parameters(altitude, topography) analyzed by using coincidence analysis method were summarized as followings. 1. Based upon analytic methods of the vegetation community by the ZM-schools, the primary analytic result of the analysis of vegetation community in Mt. Kumjeong was divided into 10 communities, 9 groups, 2 subgroups. 2. Eurya japonica group of Pinus densiflora community out of 16 vegetation units was thought as a indicator vegetation group which made it possible to border subtropical forest and south-temperate forest. 3. Natural regeneration of Stewartia koreana group was thought to be difficult because seedling and sapling was rarely showed, 4. In relationship between vegetation units and altitude, Carpinus tschonoskii community, Quercus variabilis community, Quercus serrata community, Wisteria floribunda community,. Eurya japonica group of Pinus densiflora community, Pinus thunbergii community mainly distributed below altitude 500 meter, and Quercus mongolica community, Typical group of Pinus densiflora community, Quercus dentata community, Carpinus coreana community, Quercus acutissima community mainly distributed above altitude 500 meter. 5. In relationship between vegetation units and topography, Carpinus tschonoskii community, Quercus variabilis community, Quercus serrata community, Wisteria floribunda community,. Eurya japonica group of Pinus densiflora community distributed below middle slope, Quercus mongolica community, Typical group of Pinus densifiora community, Quercus dentata community, Carpinus coreana community, Pinus thunbergii community Quercus acutissima communily clistributed above midclle slope.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.220-229
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• 2017

This study was carried out to investigate the forest community classification and vegetation structure in NYNRF(National Yonghyeon Natural Recreation Forest). We studied by 26 plots($20{\times}20m$) from April to September 2014. NYNRF were classified into the Quercus mongolica Community, Quercus variabilis community and Acer pictum community in the 3 community units. The Q. mongolica Community was subdivided into the Pinus densiflora group and Typical group and A. pictum community was also subdivided into the Euonymus sachalinensis group and Typical group. NYNRF were classified into 3 communities and 4 groups and 5 VU(vegetation units). According to the result of importance value analysis between vegetation units, VU 1 P. densiflora(65.1%), VU 2 Q. mongolica(73.6%), VU 3 Q. variabilis(75.1%), VU 4 E. sachalinensis(33.3%) and VU 5 Lindera erythrocarpa(27.1%) were highly showed in tree layer and VU 1 Rhododendron mucronulatum (19.3%), VU 2 Calamagrostis arundinacea (16.9%), VU 3 Indigofera kirilowii (75.1%), VU 4 and VU 5 Pseudostellaria heterophylla(each other 14.8% and 24.7%) were highly showed in herb layer. In INSPAN(INdicator SPecies ANalysis) of vegetation units, 33 species were analyzed significantly(p<0.05).

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.21 no.5_2
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• pp.501-518
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• 1998

Mt. Paektu(2,749.6m)m the biggest mountain in Northeast Asia, located on the border line of Korea and China is characterized as an aspite with broad gentle mountain area and rich biota. however, it seems that the study of forest vegetational feature or vegetation zones in the whole area of this mountain is not yet sufficient in spite of contribution by many investigators. in this paper thermal climatic approach was carried out for the determination of vegetation zones of the mountain with the meteorological data of four stations including Cheonjj and various vegetational data. the application of Warmth Index and/or coldness Index(Kira 1977) for the determination of forest vegetation boundary was useful also here, and their boundaries largely coincided with those of thermal indicies obtained in the Korean Peninsula(Yim and Kira, 1975), including the lapse rate of air temperature along increasing elevation. However, in the mountain the boundary of vegetation zones in not clear like those of mountains in Korea. It may be due so the topographic differences between this area and the Korean Peninsula. Besides, the broad ecotones between different vegetations in this area support the vegetation continum concept rather than the unit concept, and the limit of timber line or tree line reflects various hypothesis(Steven and fox 1991). Therefore, for the explantion of vegetation zone of this area should be considered topography or soil condition, for example, as known the hierachy of ecological units (zonobiomes, orobiomes and pedobiomes, Walter, 1973).

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.3
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• pp.310-322
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• 2000

The objectives of this study were to classify the types of vegetation in Pinus densiflora for. erecta stands. The study sites were located at Sokwang-Ri, Mt. Chungok(1,276m), Uljin, Mt. Kumma(1,017m) and Mt. Eungbong(1,267m). Two hundred thirty releves were classified and explained by phytosociological analysis(the method of ZM schools), and the results were summarized as follows. Pinus densiflora for. erecta stands were classified into Vaccinium koreanum community, Rhododendron micranthum community, Quercus dentata community, Acer pseudosieboldianum community, and Typical community. Quercus dentata community was divided into Festuca ovina group, Robinia pseudoacacia group, and Typical group, and Acer pseudosieboldianum community was divided into Hydrangea serrata for. acuminata group, Disporum smilacinum group, Magnolia sieboldii group, Carpinus laxiflora group, and Typical group, and Typical community was divided into Melampyrum roseum group and Typical group. And some groups were divided into 7 subgroups. Therefore, Pinus densiflora for. erecta stands had total of 16 vegetation units, out of those units, Vaccinium koreanum community distributed all over the studied areas. While Rhododendron micranthum community distributed mainly at Sokwang-Ri and Mt. Chungok. Therefore it was considered to be useful indicator in determining the range of afforestation and natural distribution of Pius densiflora for. erecta stands. The classified vegetation units were investigated by using of coincidence method. The results indicated that Quercus dentata community distributed mainly below 100 meters at the sea level, while other communities distributed above 350 meters at the sea level. According to the correlations between vegetation units and topography, Vaccinium koreanum and Rhododendron micranthum communities distributed mainly above middle slope areas, Quercus dentata community distributed mainly from lower slope to upper slope areas, Acer pseudosieboldianum community distributed mainly between valley and lower slope areas, and Typical community distributed mainly above upper slope areas. According to the correlations between vegetation units and 5 study areas, Quercus dentata community was distributed in the region of Uljin, and other communities were evenly distributed over other studied areas. According to the correlations between the units and aspects, all communities occurred all aspects, but most of the communities tended to be more distributed at south slopes than at north slopes, which meant that the relic stands of Pinus densiflora for. erecta were remained largely as patch phase status at south slopes.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.439-457
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• 1993

The present study was undertaken to classify and describe the forest vegetation on Imha-dam area, located at the northern part of Kyungsang-pookdo, Korea by the phytosociological method of the Z-M school. The field investigations were carried out in 60 plots around the dam area from May 1, 1991 to October 10, 1992. The vegetation data obtained were classified by the table comparison method. As a result, the following vegetation units were recognized: A. Pinus densiflova community A-a. Miscanthus sinensis group A-b. Carex humilzs group A-c. Typical group B. Quercetum variabili-serratae Kobayashi, Muranaga et Takeda 1976 C. Robinin pseudo-acacia-Conzmeli~ta comnzultis community D. Larix leptolepis community The vascular plant species of these forest communities consist of 63 families, 144 genera, 191 species and 30 varieties. Also the relationship of the vegetation units with their environments such as altitude, slope, topography and soil condition was discussed here. On the basis of the floristic composition, life-form spectrum and soil analysis, a sere for the forest vegetation was proposed as follows: Rohinia pseitdo-acacia-Conz~neli~za communis community and Larix leptolepis community $\rightarrow$ Pinus densiflora community $\rightarrow$ Quercetunz variahili-serratae $\rightarrow$ Quercus mongolica community. Lastly, relating to the nature conservation of dam area, some of plans were discussed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.2
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• pp.147-167
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• 2019

This study was conducted to analyze forest vegetation structure in the Marugeum (Ridge) area of Gitdaebaegibong to Jukryeong, Baekdudaegan. Data were collected in 298 quadrates through a Braun-Blanquet vegetation survey from April, 2018 to October, 2018. Forest vegetation was classified into 13 vegetation units. A Quercus mongolica community was divided into Morus bombycis, Filipendula glaberrima, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Prunus maackii unit and Q. mongolica typical unit. The M. bombycis unit was further classified into a Deutzia glabrata group and M. bombycis typical group. The F. glaberrima unit was subdivided into a Veratrum oxysepalum group, Arundinella hirta group, and F. glaberrima typical group. The F. sieboldiana unit was divided into a Pinus densiflora group, Larix kaempferi group, and F. sieboliana typical group. The relationship between vegetation units and environmental factors was studied through coincidence analysis and CCA. The F. glaberrima unit (VU 6~8) was distributed by elevation above 1,200 m and other vegetation units were distributed below 1,200 m. Results of the CCA analysis showed that the F. glaberrima unit distribution is positively correlated with elevation. As a result of species diversity, the F. glaberrima unit was higher than other vegetation units. A similarity index analysis revealed that the F. sieboldiana unit (VU 9~11) was relatively homogeneous, and the M. bombycis unit (VU 1~5) and A. girta group (VU 7) were relatively heterogeneous. A detrended correspondence analysis determined that the distance between the statistical axes of the M. bombycis and F. glaberrima units was the greatest, which is consistent with the analysis of the similarity index. As a result of interspecific correlation of major woody plants, hydrophilic species were positively correlated, and a negative correlation was found between Q. mongolica and intolerant species such as P. densiflora and L. kaempferi.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.411-431
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• 1992

The present study was undertaken to classify and describe the vegetation around andong dam area, kyong-buk, korea$(36^{\circ}\;35^{\prime}\;N, \;128^{\circ}\;47^{\prime}\;E)$ by methods of the ZM school of phytosociology. The investigations were carried out in the plot. The homogeneous part of forest and grass communities was analyzed by recording the combined scale of cover-abundance and sociability of all species found in the plot. The community data obtained were classified into two associations and seven communities; festuco onvinae-pinetum densiflorae assoc. nov., quercetum variabili-serratae, quercus acutissima community, larix leptolepis, populus tomentiglandulosa, acer canadensis, prunus spp. afforestations, robinia pseudo-acacia-commelina communis community and acer palmatum cv. afforestation. The grass vegetation was divided into six associations and seventeen communities; lactuco indicae- humuletum japonicae, eragrostio ferruginei-plantaginetum asiaticae, polygonetum thunbergii, phragmitetum japonicae, eragrostio ferruginei-plantaginetum asiaticae, polygonetum thunbergii, phragmitetum japonicae, artemisio-potentilletum chinesis, eleusinetum indicae, amorpha freticosa, artemisia princeps, achyranthes fauriei and other fourteen communities. amoung the above vegetationship of the vegetation units with their environments was outlined.