• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.119-125
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• 2016

Mongolia has one of the strongest climate warming signals on Earth, and over 40% of the human population depends directly or indirectly on pastoral livestock production for their livelihoods. Thus, climate-driven changes in rangeland production will likely have a major effect on pastoral livelihoods . The loss of species dependent mostly on rainfall has resulted in adverse changes in the botanical composition of the steppes . Summer season in 2015 was completely dry until middle of July and, had not enough vegetation cover as last 15 years. The purpose of this study is to check plant community dynamics in Mongolia in relation to climate change in 2014 and 2015. The study sites were selected in mountain-steppe habitat in central Mongolia. In the 2014, there have been registered 81 plant species of 56 genera of 25 families on the investigated sites and, occurred 57 plant species of 44 genera of 21 families in the 2015. It is concluded that the abundance and richness of plants are directly connected to heavily affect by the climatic factor, i.e. amount of precipitation during growing season. As a same like result of climate change, in Mongolian land is going become desertification, and each spring, soil particles from Mongolia are swept up by a cold air mass into the atmosphere and blasts into south east China, Korea and Japan. The Koreans call this phenomenon the "Fifth season" or "Yellow sand", and the Chinese call it "Yellow dragon".

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.101-105
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• 2007

Lammas growth, a rare phenomenon for Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora), occurred in 2006. Lammas shoots showed higher frequency and longer length in Seoul's hotter urban center than in urban boundary or suburban forest sites. Frequency and length showed a close correlation with urbanization density and vegetation cover expressed in NDVI. Air temperature in the late summer of 2006 was more than $1^{\circ}C$ higher than an average year. Of the predominant environmental signals that modulate bud flush, only temperature changed significantly during the year. Differences in temperature between the urban centers, urban boundaries and suburban forests correlated with varying land-use density. The rise in temperature likely spurred lammas growth of the Korean red pine. Symptoms of climate change are being detected throughout the world, and its consequences will be clearer in the future. Considerate interest in the responses of ecological systems to the variable changes is required to prepare for unforeseeable crises. Monitoring of diverse ecological phenomena at Long Term Ecological Research sites could offer harbingers of change.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.15-30
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• 1997

花粉, 沖積層의 堆積相, 炭素年代 등의 분석자료를 기초로 식생환경, 해면변동 및 홀로세 환경변화를 고찰하고, 각 시기별 古地理圖를 작성하였다. 각 花粉帶 별 環境특성은 다음과 같다. 1) 화분대 I(3.75~5.75m)dms 8,000~4,200년BP 시기로서, 우점식생은 Alnus-EMW로 대표된다. 빠른 해면상승과 해진의 영향으로 매우 습윤하였다. 2) 화분대 II(5.75~6.35m)는 4,200~2,300년BP 시기로서, 해수면 하강 및 地下水面 하강으로 건륙화된 환경하에 Pinus가 증가하고, 포자류와 초본류가 우점하였다. 3) 화분대 III(6.35~6.55m)은 2,300년BP에서 1,800년BP 까지 지속되었으며, 해진의 영향과 인간의 간섭을 모두 반영하는 초본류의 비율이 높은 시기였다. 아분대 IIb와 화분대 III의 경계는 베버의 限界層의 특징을 나타낸다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.209-223
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• 2018

We investigated tree composition, stand characteristics, biomass allocation pattern and carbon storage variability in Sal forests (Shorea robusta Garten.) under two forest management regimes (Sal forest and Sal plantation) in Tripura, Northeast India. The results revealed higher species richness (29 species), stand density of $1060.00{\pm}11.12stems\;ha^{-1}$ and diversity index ($1.90{\pm}0.08$) in Sal forest. and lower species richness (4 species), stand density of $ 230.00{\pm}37.22stems\;ha^{-1}$ and diversity index ($0.38{\pm}0.15$) in Sal plantation. The total basal cover $33.02{\pm}4.87m^2ha^{-1}$) and dominance ($0.76{\pm}0.08$) were found higher in Sal plantation than the Sal forest ($22.53{\pm}0.38m^2ha^{-1}$ and $0.23{\pm}0.02$ respectively). The total vegetation carbon density was recorded higher in Sal plantation ($219.68{\pm}19.65Mg\;ha^{-1}$) than the Sal forest ($167.64{\pm}16.73Mg\;ha^{-1}$). The carbon density estimates acquired in this study suggest that Sal plantation in Tripura has the potentiality to store a large amount of atmospheric carbon inspite of a very low species diversity. However, Sal forests has also an impending sink of carbon due to presence of large number of young trees.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.13-27
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• 2014

Catchments soil erosion, one of the most serious problems in the mountainous environment of the world, consists of a complex phenomenon involving the detachment of individual soil particles from the soil mass and their transport, storage and overland flow of rainfall, and infiltration. Sediment size distribution during erosion processes appear to depend on many factors such as rainfall characteristics, vegetation cover, hydraulic flow, soil properties and slope. This study involved laboratory flume experiments carried out under simulated rainfall in a 3.0 m long ${\times}$ 0.8 m wide ${\times}$ 0.7 m deep flume, set at $17^{\circ}$ slope. Five experimental cases, consisting of twelve experiments using three different sediments with two different rainfall conditions, are reported. The experiments consisted of detailed observations of particle size distribution of the out-flow sediment. Sediment water mixture out-flow hydrograph and sediment mass out-flow rate over time, moisture profiles at different points within the soil domain, and seepage outflow were also reported. Moisture profiles, seepage outflow, and movement of overland flow were clearly found to be controlled by water retention function and hydraulic function of the soil. The difference of grain size distribution of original soil bed and the out-flow sediment was found to be insignificant in the cases of uniform sediment used experiments. However, in the cases of non-uniform sediment used experiments the outflow sediment was found to be coarser than the original soil domain. The results indicated that the sediment transport mechanism is the combination of particle segregation, suspension/saltation and rolling along the travel distance.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.315-328
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• 2011

Landsat data incorporated with additional bands-normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and band ratios were used to assess the extent and rate of deforestation in the Gunung Mutis Nature Reserve (GMNR), a mountainous tropical forest in Eastern of Indonesia. Hybrid classification was chosen as the classification approach. In this approach, the unsupervised classification-iterative self-organizing data analysis (ISODATA) was used to create signature files and training data set. A statistical separability measurement-transformed divergence (TD) was used to identify the combination of bands that showed the highest distinction between the land cover classes in training data set. Supervised classification-maximum likelihood classification (MLC) was performed using selected bands and the training data set. Post-classification smoothing and accuracy assessment were applied to classified image. Post-classification comparison was used to assess the extent of deforestation, of which the rate of deforestation was calculated by the formula suggested by Food Agriculture Organization (FAO). The results of two periods of deforestation assessment showed that the extent of deforestation during 1989-1999 was 720.72 ha, 0.80% of annual rate of deforestation, and its extent of deforestation during 1999-2009 was 1,059.12 ha, 1.31% of annual rate of deforestation. Such results are important for the GMNR authority to establish strategies, plans and actions for combating deforestation.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제32권spc4_2호
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• pp.421-430
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• 2014

항공영상, 위성영상 및 초분광영상은 농업, 산림, 수계 해안, 지질, 토지피복 지도 작성 등에 널리 이용되고 있지만, 지적분야에서 이들의 활용은 거의 나타나지 않고 있다. 한편 해외에서는 항공 위성영상의 지적도와 중첩이나 지목의 등록 및 갱신과 관련된 연구 사례들이 보고되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 초분광영상을 지적 분야 적용성 검토결과, 기존 지목 오류 조사를 위한 현장 공간정보 취득 수단으로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단되며 향후 다목적 지적 구현 시 지적정보와 융합할 수 있는 농업, 토양, 그리고 식생 등의 속성정보 취득에 기여할 것으로 사료된다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.425-440
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• 2020

The study area is located in the southern part of the M'aider Paleozoic basin in the Moroccan Eastern Anti-Atlas. It is an arid region, characterized by minimal vegetation cover, which can provide an ideal environment to apply remote sensing. In this study, remote sensing and field investigations were integrated for lithological and structural lineaments mapping. The Landsat 8 OLI data were processed in order to understand the role of lithology and geological structures in the distribution of mineral deposits in the study area. To achieve this purpose, the Color Composite (CC), the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Band Rationing transformation (BR) tests were performed. The results of remote sensing techniques coupled with field investigations have shown that the zones of high lineaments densities are highly correlated with the occurrences of barite mineralization. These findings depict a spatial relationship between structural lineaments and the mineralization distribution zones. Therefore, the barite and Iron oxides mineralization veins, which occur mainly in the Ras Kammouna district, seem to have a structural control. The methodological approach used in this study examining lithological mapping and lineament extractions can be used to explore mineral deposits in arid regions to a high degree of efficiency.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.114-123
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• 2010

The Environmental Conservation Value Assessment Map (ECVAM) is a five grade assessment map created with nationally integrated environmental information and environmental values. The map is made through the evaluation of 67 items, including greenbelt area and bio-diversity. The ECVAM assesses the stability of the community using forest maps. However, the existing assessment method is problematic because the assessment grades are evaluated using higher than practical values; in part because it uses even-valued overlay and minimal indicator methods. This study was performed in order to suggest an integrated assessment method that could complement the stability evaluation based on existing methods. Accordingly, this study added forest type information, including whether the forest was natural or artificial, to the overlay method using forest diameter maps and forest density maps. As a result, the proposed ECVAM indicated a drastic grade change. After applying the method in South Korea, Grade I areas decreased 12.1%, from 52.6% to 40.6%, Grade II areas increased 11.9%, from 17.4% to 29.2%, and Grade III areas increased 0.2%, from 17.1% to 17.4%, respectively. From the results of the field survey, we found differences between natural forest and planted forest with regard to the number of mortality, species of shrubs, and vine cover. This means that natural forests are more stable than planted forests. This study suggests an improved assessment methodology to complement the existing EVCAM method. The results are expected to be used in environmental evaluations and forest conservation value assessments in ecology and environmental fields.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.25-43
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• 2018

The effects of hydro-meteorological and surface variables on the frequency of Asian dust events (FAE) were investigated using ground station and satellite-based data. Present weather codes 7, 8, and 9 derived from surface synoptic observations (SYNOP)were used for counting FAE. Surface wind speed (SWS), air temperature (Ta), relative humidity (RH), and precipitation were analyzed as hydro-meteorological variables for FAE. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), land surface temperature (LST), and snow cover fraction (SCF) were used to consider the effects of surface variables on FAE. The relationships between FAE and hydro-meteorological variables were analyzed using Z-score and empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. Although all variables expressed the change of FAE, the degrees of expression were different. SWS, LST, and Ta (indices applicable when Z-score was < 0) explained about 63.01, 58.00, and 56.17% of the FAE,respectively. For NDVI, precipitation, and RH, Asian dust events occurred with a frequency of about 55.38, 67.37, and 62.87% when the Z-scores were > 0. EOF analysis for the FAE showed the seasonal cycle, change pattern, and surface influences related to dryness condition for the FAE. The intensity of SWS was the main cause for change of FAE, but surface variables such as LST, SCF, and NDVI also were expressed because wet surface conditions suppress FAE. These results demonstrate that not only SWS and precipitation, but also surface variables, are important and useful precursors for monitoring Asian dust events.