• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.279-290
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• 2018

The importance of monitoring and assessing the status of urban forests in the aspect of urban forest management is emerging as urban forest edges increase due to urbanization and human impacts. The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of vegetation condition of urban forest edge that is affected by different land cover types using $NDVI_{max}$ images derived from FSDAF (Flexible Spatio-temporal DAta Fusion). Among 4 land cover types,roads had the greatest effect on the forest edge, especially up to 30m, and it was found to affect up to 90m in Seoul urban forest. It was also found that $NDVI_{max}$ increased with distance away from the forest edge. The results of this study are expected to be useful for assessing the effects of land cover types and land cover change on forest edges in terms of urban forest monitoring and urban forest management.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.553-563
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• 2006

This study aims to produce land-cover maps of Korean peninsula using multi-temporal MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) imagery. To solve the low spatial resolution of MODIS data and enhance classification accuracy, Linear Spectral Mixture Analysis (LSMA) was employed. LSMA allowed to determine the fraction of each surface type in a pixel and develop vegetation, soil and water fraction images. To eliminate clouds, MVC (Maximum Value Composite) was utilized for vegetation fraction and MinVC (Minimum Value Composite) for soil fraction image respectively. With these images, using ISODATA unsupervised classifier, southern part of Korean peninsula was classified to low and mid level land-cover classes. The results showed that vegetation and soil fraction images reflected phenological characteristics of Korean peninsula. Paddy fields and forest could be easily detected in spring and summer data of the entire peninsula and arable land in North Korea. Secondly, in low level land-cover classification, overall accuracy was 79.94% and Kappa value was 0.70. Classification accuracy of forest (88.12%) and paddy field (85.45%) was higher than that of barren land (60.71%) and grassland (57.14%). In midlevel classification, forest class was sub-divided into deciduous and conifers and field class was sub-divided into paddy and field classes. In mid level, overall accuracy was 82.02% and Kappa value was 0.6986. Classification accuracy of deciduous (86.96%) and paddy (85.38%) were higher than that of conifers (62.50%) and field (77.08%).

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2017

Background: Though the biomass of floral vegetation in understory plant communities in a forested ecosystem only accounts for less than 1% of the total biomass of a forest, they contain most of the floral resources of a forest. The diversity of understory honey plants determines visitation rate of pollinators such as honey bee (Apis mellifera) as they provide rich food resources. Since the flower visitation and foraging activity of pollinators lead to the provision of pollination service, it also means the enhancement of plant-pollinator relationship. Therefore, an appropriate management scheme for understory vegetation is essential in order to conserve pollinator population that is decreasing due to habitat destruction and disease infection. This research examined the diversity of understory honey plant and studied how it is related to environmental variables such as (1) canopy density, (2) horizontal heterogeneity of canopy surface height, (3) slope gradient, and (4) distance from roads. Vegetation survey data of 39 plots of mixed forests in Chuncheon, Korea, were used, and possible management practices for understory vegetation were suggested. Results: This study found that 113 species among 141 species of honey plant of the forests were classified as understory vegetation. Also, the understory honey plant diversity is significantly positively correlated with distance from the nearest road and horizontal heterogeneity of canopy surface height and negatively correlated with canopy density. Conclusions: The diversity of understory honey plant vegetation is correlated to vegetation structure and human impact. In order to enhance the diversity of understory honey plant, management of density and height of canopy is necessary. This study suggests that improved diversity of canopy cover through thinning of overstory vegetation can increase the diversity of understory honey plant species.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.353-364
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• 2016

Yangon city is experienced a rapid urban expansion over the last two decades due to accelerate with the socioeconomic development. This research work studied an investigation into the application of the integration of the Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) for observing Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) patterns and evaluate its impact on Land Surface Temperature (LST) of the downtown, suburban 1 and suburban 2 of Yangon city. The main purpose of this paper was to examine and analyze the variation of the spatial distribution property of the LULC of urban spatial information related with the LST and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) using RS and GIS. This paper was observed on image processing of LULC classification, LST and NDVI were extracted from Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) image data. Then, LULC pattern was linked with the variation of LST data of the Yangon area for the further connection of the correlation between surface temperature and urban structure. As a result, NDVI values were used to examine the relation between thermal behavior and condition of land cover categories. The spatial distribution of LST has been found mixed pattern and higher LST was located with the scatter pattern, which was related to certain LULC types within downtown, suburban 1 and 2. The result of this paper, LST and NDVI analysis exhibited a strong negative correlation without water bodies for all three portions of Yangon area. The strongest coefficient correlation was found downtown area (-0.8707) and followed suburban 1 (-0.7526) and suburban 2(-0.6923).

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.835-848
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• 2003

This study deals with the spatio-temporal change of land cover and vegetation distribution between 1988 and 2001 using remote sensing images and CIS techniques in west area of Pyeongbuk Province, northwest Korea. Landsat TM and ETM images are geometrically and radiometrically corrected for the analysis of land cover and NDVI. Forested areas are decreased during 13 year from 1988 to 2001 in study area including Sakju, Daegwan, Guseong and Euiju of Pyeongbuk Province, because wasteland are increased by human impact and denuded land by landslide and flooding. DEM analysis presents that settlement and cropland are developed toward higher and steeper mountain slope, together with decrease NDIV values. these changes have resulted from unplanned increase of cropland without consideration of geomorphic condition. Therefore, more researches and reasonable policies are required to protect forest and cropland and stable food supply against natural hazard like landslide.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.105-114
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• 2013

Desertification of the East Asia area induced by human's indiscriminate activities and natural causes has gradually expanded and demanded scientific research for monitoring and predicting land cover condition. Therefore, this research classified land types which were compared to MODIS land cover and analyzed the extent of barren zone effecting Korea through yellow dust using S10-DAY MVC NDVI from SPOT between 1999 and 2011. This study used unsupervised classification after processing NDVI Correction and Water Mask for eliminating noise values included in the data for enhancement of classification accuracy. The results of analysis are that there are active variations near the borders of desert, especially the Mongolian steppe and the Gobi Desert in central Asia. In addition, the extent of entire desert has been decreased in the middle of the last decade, although desertification is in going on in East Asia.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2016

Yangon Mega City is densely populated and most urbanization area of Myanmar. Rapid urbanization is the main causes of Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) change and they impact on Land Surface Temperature (LST). The objectives of this study were to investigate on the LST with respect to LULC of Yangon Mega City. For this research, Landsat satellite images of 1996, 2006 and 2014 of Yangon Area were used. Supervised classification with the region of interest and calculated change detection. Ground check points used 348 points for accuracy assessment. The overall accuracy indicated 89.94 percent. The result of this paper, the vegetation area decreased from $1061.08sq\;km^2$ (24.5%) in 1996 to $483.53sq\;km^2$ (11.2%) in 2014 and built up area clearly increased from $485.33sq\;km^2$ (11.2%) in 1996 to $1435.72sq\;km^2$ (33.1%) in 2014. Although the land surface temperature was higher in built up area and bare land, lower value in cultivated land, vegetation and water area. The results of the image processing pointed out that land surface temperature increased from $23^{\circ}C$, $26^{\circ}C$ and $27^{\circ}C$ to $36^{\circ}C$, $42^{\circ}C$ and $43.3^{\circ}C$ for three periods. The findings of this paper revealed a notable changes of land use and land cover and land surface temperature for the future heat management of sustainable urban planning for Yangon Mega city. The relationship of regression experienced between LULC and LST can be found gradually stronger from 0.8323 in 1996, 0.8929 in 2006 and 0.9424 in 2014 respectively.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.181-188
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• 2007

The objective of this research was to investigate the optimal land cover classification algorithm for the monitoring of North Korea with MODIS multi-temporal data based on monthly phenological characteristics. Three frequently used land cover classification algorithms, ISODATA1), SMA2), and SOM3) were employed for this study; the land cover categories were forest, grass, agricultural, wetland, barren, built-up, and water body. The outcomes of the study can be summarized as follows. First, the overall classification accuracy of ISODATA, SMA, and SOM was 69.03%, 64.28%, and 73.57%, respectively. Second, ISODATA and SMA resulted in a higher classification accuracy of forest and agricultural categories, but SOM performed better for the built-up area, bare soil, grassland, and water. A possible explanation for this difference would be related to the difference of sensitivity against the vegetation activity. This would be related to the capability of SOM to express all of their values without any loss of data by maintaining the topology between pixels of primitive data after classification, while ISODATA and SMA retain limited amount of data after normalization process. Third, we can conclude that SOM is the best algorithm for monitoring the land cover change of North Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.121-132
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• 2009

The agency which is responsible for work related to the restoration of vegetation on the quarry in Hong Kong is the Geotechnical Engineering Office of Civil Engineering and Development Department (CEDD). CEDD's environmental management system was certified as ISO 14001 : 2004 in 2006 and diverse instructions and technical documents about the restoration of the quarry were published and used for the performance of work and the implementation of the project. The restoration of the quarry is being carried out to respond to short-term and long-term goals. The general instructions for the restoration of vegetation says that a plant, when selected, should be self-sustainable with minimum maintenance required, have a high growth and survival rate, be tall enough to cover the rock slope faces, and preferably produce colourful flowers. These instructions prescribe the vegetation introduction technology, planting seasons, structural material of the vegetation works, maintenance and management, tree nursery operation, means of water supply, etc. This report introduced the outline of work on restoring vegetation carried out at Anderson Road, Shek O, Lam Tei, Turret Hill, Lamma, all large-sized quarries. In addition, it additzed Anderson Road's master plan. It is hoped that the Hong Kong examples so introduced are referred to in terms of institutional and technical considerations related to the nation's project for restoring quarries.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.97-107
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• 2020

To analyze temporal and spatial changes in vegetation, it is necessary to determine the associated continuous distribution and conduct growth observations using time series data. For this purpose, the normalized difference vegetation index, which is calculated from optical images, is employed. However, acquiring images under cloud cover and rainfall conditions is challenging; therefore, time series data may often be unavailable. To address this issue, La et al. (2015) developed a multilinear simulation method to generate missing images on the target date using the obtained images. This method was applied to a small simulation area, and it employed a simple analysis of variables with lower constraints on the simulation conditions (where the environmental characteristics at the moment of image capture are considered as the variables). In contrast, the present study employs variables that reflect the growth characteristics of vegetation in a greater simulation area, and the results are compared with those of the existing simulation method. By applying the accumulated temperature, the average coefficient of determination (R²) and RMSE (Root Mean-Squared Error) increased and decreased by 0.0850 and 0.0249, respectively. Moreover, when data were unavailable for the same season, R² and RMSE increased and decreased by 0.2421 and 0.1289, respectively.