• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.82-91
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• 1987

The effect of neurotoxic compound 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on the change in blood pressure and contractile response of Vas deference by centrally acting agents has been studied in normal and DOCA-salt induced hypertensive rats. The treatment of neonatal rats with 6-OHDA (2$\times$100mg, 250mg Kg$^{-1}$s.c) significantly inhibited the antihypertensive and relaxant effects of Vas deference of clonidine(100$\mu\textrm{g}$ Kg$^{-1}$iv.). The simultaneous administration of desipramine with clonidine into neonatal rats decreased the antihypertensive response of clonidine although treated did not affect the relaxative response of Vas deference. Furthermore, the antihypertensive and relaxant responses of clonidine were reduced by the neonatal rats with 6-OHDA regardless of the administration of desipramine. When neonatal rats were administered with 6-OHDA, the development of DOCA-salt hypertension was prevented. These results suggest that 6-OHDA, clonidine and desipramine hada significant effect on the development and the inhibition of central hypertension mediating the central adrenergic neuron due to their affinity to the central nervous system.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.382-395
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• 1992

GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in central nervous system and produce sedative, antianxiety and muscle reaxing effects via $GABA_A$ receptor or $GABA_B$ receptor. Recently it is known that GABA is widely distributed throughout peripheral organs and may playa physiological role in certain organ. The vas deferens is innervated by species-difference. These study, therefore, was performed to investigate the mode and the mechanism of action of GABA on the norepiniphrine-, ATP- and electric stimulation-induced contraction of vas deferens of rat. Sprague-Dawley rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. The smooth muscle strips were isolated from the prostastic portion and were mounted in the isolated muscle bath. PSS in the bath was aerated with 95/5%-$O_2/CO_2$ at $33^{\circ}C$. Muscle tensions were measured by isometric tension transducer and were recorded by biological recording system. 1. GABA, muscimol, a $GAB_A$ agonist, and baclofen, a $GABA_B$ agonist inhibited the electric field stimulation(EFS, 0.2Hz, 1mSec, 80 V, monophasic square wave)-induced contraction with a rank order of potency of GABA greater than baclofen greater than muscimol. 2. The inhibitory effect of GABA was antagonized by delta aminovaleric acid(DAVA), a $GABA_B$ antagonist, but not by bicuculline, a $GABA_A$ mtagonist. 3. The inhibitory effect of baclofen was antagonized by DAVA, but the effect of muscimol was not antagonized by bicuculline. 4. Exogenous norepinephrine(NE) and ATP contracted muscle strip concentration dependently, but the effect of acetylcholine was negligible : and GABA did not affect the NE-and ATP-induced contractions. 5. GABA, baclofen and muscimol did not affect basal tone, and GABA did not affect the NE-and ATP-induced contractionsm 6. EFS-induced contraction was including 2 distinctable components. The first phasic component was inhibited by beta gamma-methylene ATP(mATP), a desensitizing agent of APT receptor and the second tonic component was reduced by pretreatment of reserpine(3 mg/Kg, IP). 7. GABA inhibited the EFS-induced contraction of reserpinized strips, but not the mATP-treated strips. These results suggest that in the prostatic portion of the rat vas deferens, adrenergic and purinergic neurotransmissions are exist, and GABA inhibits the release of ATP via presynaptic $GABA_B$ receptor on the excitatory neurons.

• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.197-204
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• 2019

This study was investigated to test whether the zygote recognized the topoisomerase II beta (TOP2B) mediated DNA fragmentation in epididymal spermatozoa or the nuclease degradation in vas deferens spermatozoa by testing for the presence of gammaH2AX (γH2AX). The γH2AX is phosphorylation of histone protein H2AX on serine 139 occurs at sites flanking DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs). The presence of γH2AX in the pronuclei of mouse zygotes which were injected with DNA broke epididymal spermatozoa was tested by immunohistochemistry at 5 and 9 h post fertilization, respectively. Paternal pronuclei that arose from epididymal spermatozoa treated with divalent cations did not stain for γH2AX at 5 h. On the other hand, in embryos injected with vas deferences spermatozoa that had been treated with divalent cations, γH2AX was only present in paternal pronuclei, and not the maternal pronuclei at 5 h. Interestingly, both pronuclei stained positively for γH2AX for all treatments and controls at 9 h after sperm injection. In conclusion, the embryos recognize DNA that is damaged by nuclease, but not by TOP2B because H2AX in phosphorylated in paternal pronuclei resulting from spermatozoa treated with fragmented DNA from vas deferens spermatozoa treated with divalent cations, but not from epididymal spermatozoa treated the same way.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.88-95
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• 1986

Clinically, subhypnotic doses of barbiturates have been known to elicit hyperalgesia. In this experiment, effect of acute or chronic phenobarital treatment on the response to pain in rat was reevaluated by hot-plate method. To elucidate its mechanism, changes of ${\beta}-endorphin$ contents and [3H]-morphine binding of the rat midbrain as well as functional opiate receptor in vas deferens were also measured. Intraperitoneal injection of sub anesthetic dose phenobarbital induced initial hyperalgesia followed by successive analgesia, while chronic phenobarbital-treatment decreased reactivity to pain. Naloxone (10mg/kg, i.p.) markedly shortened hot plate latency period, and significantly inhibited the analgesic action of phenobarbital. Single dose of phenobarbital did not affect ${\beta}-endorphin$ contents and [3H]-morphine binding in rat mid brain, but in the chronic phenobarbital-treated groups, ${\beta}-endorphin$ contents was increased, while Bmax of opiate receptor binding was decreased. Moreover, very significant correlations among responses to pain, changes of ${\beta}-endorphin$ contents and opiate receptor binding were observed. However, Kd values of opiate receptor bindings were not changed in all preparations. In the chronic phenobarbital-treated vas deferens preparations, ID50 of morphine was increased witb concomittant decrease of maximum effect. But $pA_2 $, value for naloxone was not changed. From these results, it is suggested that phenobarbital can produce analgesia due to changes of ${\beta}-endorphin$ contents as well as functional opiate receptors by receptor regulation.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.267-272
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• 1994

We studied the role of assisted fertilization(subzonal insemination, intracytoplasmic sperm injection) in enhancing fertilization and pregnancy rate in obstructive azoospermia. MESA was performed in the patients with congenital absence of the vas deferens and unreconstructable obstructive azoospermia. Sperm were aspirated microsurgically from various sites along the epididymal stump. Sperm were then washed on a mini-PercoH gradient or swim-up method and treated by 2-deoxyadenosine and pentoxifylline. Conventional IVF(group I, 14 cycles), SUZI(group II, 13 cycles) and ICSI(gruop III, 28 cycles) were carried out in 55 treatment cycles. The clinical results are as follows: 1. Fertilization rates for group I, II and III were 16.1 %,31.4% and 48.6%, retrospectively (p<0.05). 2. Clinical pregnancy rates for group I, II and III were 7.1 %,7.7%, and 32.1 'Yo, retrospectively. 3. In 5 of MESA-ICSI cycles, epididymal sperm from alloplastic spermatocele were used and 2 clinical pregnancies (40%) were obtained. According to our results the combined MESA-ICSI procedure is highly effcient in improving fertilization and pregnancy rate in congenital absence of the vas deferens and unreconstructable obstructive azoospermia.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.61-71
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• 1992

동양달팽이 (Nesiohelix samarangae)는 동양달팽이속(Nesiohelix)에 속하는 종으로 한국에서 동양？팽이속으로는 유일하게 발견되는 종이다. 본 실험에서는 동양달팽이의 웅성생식기관의 각 부분 즉, 난정소(ovotestis), 양성관(hermaphrodite duct), 수정실(fertilization chamber), 전립선(prostate), 수정관(vas deferens), 상음경(epiphallus), 음경(penis)등의 배열 상태를 관찰하고 이들에 대한 광학현미경적 관찰을 위해 Hematoxylin- Eosin염색과 Mallory 염색을 실시하였다. 난정소(ovotestis)는 많은 수의 선포(acini)로 이루어져 있으며 각 선포는 배상피세포층(germinal epithelial cell layer)과 영양세포(nurse cell), 생식세포(gamete cell)들로 이루어져 있었다. 선포(acini)는 원주상피로 덮여있었다. 양성관(hermaphrodite duct)은 가늘고 긴 관으로 내벽은 섬모입방상피세포와 얇은 결합조직층으로 이루어져 있었으며 내강은 농축된 정자로 가득 차 있었다 . 수정관(fertilization chamber)은 3개의 도관이 결합조직에 의해 둘러싸인 형태로 이루어져 있었다. 도관의 상피세포는 뚜렷한 위중층섬모원주세포로 되어 있었다. 전립선(prostaoe)은 분비기능을 가진 것으로 사료되는 세포들과 실제 분비가 일어나는 실(chamber)로 이루어져 있었으나 다른 염색법 또는 전자현미경적 관찰에 의해 다른 구조들의 존재유무를 확인 해야할 것으로 사료된다. 실(chamber)은 분비포로 보이는 세포들과 접해 있었다. 수정관(vas deferens)은 결합조직으로 이루어진 근육질의 두꺼운 벽을 가지고 있었으며 내강은 돌출부위에 의해 4부분으로 갈라져 있었다. 내강에 연한 상피는 원주세포로 되어 있었다. 상음경(epiphallus)의 벽은 근섬유 다발은 벽의 외곽으로 갈수록 밀도가 높아졌다. 상부에 내강과 연결되는 함입구조(groove)를 가지며, 내강에 연한 상피는 섬모가 없는 원주세포로 이루어져 있었다. 음경(penis)은 근섬유가 산재된 두꺼운 벽을 가졌으며 상음경보다 굵은 원통형이었다. 내강은 많은 돌출부에 의해 복잡하게 나뉘어 있으며 상피세포는 원주 세포로 이루어져 있었고 섬모는 관찰되지 않았다. 내강 내의 분비물과 세포의 형태로 보아 내강상피세포는 분비기능을 가진 것으로 사료된다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.353-359
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• 2000

${\alpha}_2$-Adrenoceptor antagonists, which can enhance synaptic norepinephrine levels by blocking feedback inhibition processes, are potentially useful in the treatment of disease states such. as depression, memory impairment, impotence and sexual dysfunction. (10bS)-1,2,3,5,6,10b-Hexahydropyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline oxalate (YSL-3S) was evaluated in several in vitro biological tests to establish its pharmacological profile of activities as an ${\alpha}_2$-adrenoceptor antagonist. Saturation binding assay revealed that$^{3}[H]$rauwolscine bound to the $\alpha$$_2$-adrenoceptors with a Kd value of 6.3$\pm$0.5 nM and a Bmax value of 25l$\pm$39 fmol/mg protein in rat cortical synaptic membranes. Competitive binding assay showed that YSL-3S inhibited the binding of$^3[H]$rauwolscine (1 nM) in a concentration-dependent manner with a Ki value of 98.2$\pm$12.1 nM while it did not inhibit the binding of [$^3$H]cytisine (1.25 nM) to neuronal nicotinic cholinergic receptors. The Ki values of yohimbine, clonidine and norepinephrine for $^3[H]$rauwolscine binding were 15.8$\pm$1.0, 40.1$\pm$5.9 and 40.0$\pm$11.5 nM, respectively. In addition, the binding affinity of YSL-3S for ${\alpha}_2$-adrenoceptors was higher than that of its antipode and the racemic mixture. The functional activity of YSL-3S at the presynaptic ${\alpha}_2$-adrenoceptors was assessed using the prostatic portion of the rat vas deferens. Clonidine inhibited field-stimulated contractions of the vas deference in a dose-dependent manner. The presence of YSL-3S or yohimbine caused a parallel, rightward the dose-response curve of clonidine in a dose-dependent manner, indicating an antagonistic action at the presynaptic ${\alpha}_2$-adrenoceptors. The $pA_2$values of yohimbine and YSL-3S were 7.66$\pm$0.13 and 6.64$\pm$0.18, respectively. The results indicate that YSL-3S acts as a competitive antagonist at presynaptic ${\alpha}_2$ -adrenoceptors with a potency approximately ten times lower than yohimbine, but is devoid of binding affinity for neuronal nicotinic cholinergic receptors.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.460-465
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• 1999

In the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii, the paired testes were united by the testes bridge in a H-shape. During mating male discharged two hemispermtophores from right and left genital pore and they were joined and formed a compound spermatophore in peach shape. Hemispermatophore was considered to be produced at proximal and middle vas deferens region. The compound spermatophore consisted of an eosinophilic inner matrix, a basophilic outer matrix and paired sperm mass burried in the basophilic matrix. The size of compound spermatophore was 6.4∼ 9.3 mm in length and 2.4∼5.1 mm in width regardless of carapace length. After the spermatophore was deposited on female's ventral sternum behind of 5th pereiopod, it was moved to the ventral surface of 3rd and 4th pereiopods by means of the beating of male's 1st and 2nd pleopods.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.21 no.2 s.34
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• pp.133-145
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• 2005

Eight species of bithyniids, Bithynia leachi, B. tentaculata, B. siamensis, B. misella, B. kiusiuensis, B. striatula, Bithynia sp. from Nepal and Gabbia australis were collected from 1957 to 1988. The samples were relaxed with pentobarbital and fixed with 70% ethyl alcohol. There was no significant difference in internal structure of soft body, except the male reproductive system. The alimentary canal of the bithyniids consisted of mouth, buccal mass, esophagus, stomach, intestine, rectum and anus. The heart consisted of an auricle and a ventricle, located at left side of the stomach in the visceral hump. The ctenidium comprised 40-70 subtriangular lamellae. Eight ganglia were located around upper esophagus. The female reproductive system comprised ovary, oviduct, spermaaheca, and albumin gland. The male reproductive system was composed of testis, seminal vesicle, prostate gland, vas deferens, penial duct, and penis in order. Male was distinguished externally from the female by a bifid penis.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.304-310
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• 2007

Monocrotophos was administered orally to adult male albino mice at dose level of 3.0 mg/kg body weight/day/mice for 50 days. The treatment has found to affect spermatogenesis as well as the endocrine functions of the testis as indicated by gravimetric, histopathological and biochemical changes. The treatment has caused degenerative changes in the seminiferous tubules and Leydig cells of the testis and regression of the epididymis, seminal vesicle, vas deferens, prostate, Cowper's gland and levator ani. Similarly, cauda epididymal sperm count and sperm motility have shown significant reduction. There was a significant reduction in the protein, glycogen, sialic acid, acid and alkaline phosphatase and increase in cholesterol in the testis of monocrotophos treated mice compared with the control. The causative factors for these changes due to monocrotophos administration were discussed.