• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.112-115
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• 2017

ITO thin films were grown on the glass substrate under various oxygen gas flow and substrate temperature by using FTS (Facing Target Sputtering) system. To investigate properties of as-prepared films for transparent electrical devices, we employed four-point probe, UV-VIS spectrometer, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Hall Effect measurement system and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). As a results, all of prepared samples has high transmittance of over 80 % in the visible range (300-800 nm). Their resistivity increased as a function of oxygen gas flow and substrate temperature due to their crystal structure and oxygen defect in the films. As-prepared films have a resistivity of under $10^{-4}({\Omega}-cm)$.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.118-125
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• 1997

Conventional sedimentation method has some limitations for turbidity removal in water treatment because drinking water sources are getting polluted. Removal rates of turbidity using DAF and sedimentation process were compared for various water conditions to know whether DAF is effective to improve sedimentation process. Water samples were clay(gravity 2.65) water 100mg/l, H raw water, mixed water of H raw water and clay 100mg/l, and mixed water of HA(Humic Acid) 5mg/l and clay 100mg/l. Other parameters were temperature, coagulants(Alum, $FeCl_3$), and treatment time. Water temperature greatly affected in removal rates of turbidity for sedimentation and DAF. Generally DAF was more effective in removal rates of turbidity than sedimentation at the same experimental condition. Removal rates of $UV_{254}$ were high to over 90%, and independent of temperature and coagulant.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.45-59
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• 2010

It is well established fact that under tropical condition, unlike polyvoltines, bivoltines are more vulnerable to various stresses i.e. hot climatic conditions of tropics, poor leaf quality and improper management during summer which are not conducive for bivoltine rearing. Therefore, attempt has been made in this study to develop promising bivoltine breeds tolerant to high temperature and high humidity conditions of the tropics. In the present study, by utilizing temperature tolerant breeds six breeding lines were made and at every generation the 5th instar larvae were exposed to high temperature and high humidity and the survived ones were back crossed with the breeds moderately tolerant to diseases were made to improve the quantitative traits. From F6 generations, alternate rearing in normal temperature and high temperature were conducted. At the end of F12 generation, it was possible to isolate three dumbbell breeds viz., HH8, HH10 and HH12 with improvement in quantitative traits. The methodologies followed for the development are discussed.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.503-510
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• 2014

Nowdays, costumer's washing behavior were often times for remove to light-duty dirt. The purpose of this study is to provide the most effective washing conditions of detergent concentration and temperature conditions for help save energy and water resources required to the washing process. Washing conditions were as follows: 2 kinds of detergents and 4 types of artificially soiled fabrics were used. Detergent concentration was 0%, -10%, and -20% below the recommended conc. of manufacturer's standard. Temperature of bath was $20^{\circ}C$ and $40^{\circ}C$. The results of this study were as follows: First, washing performances of all kind of artificially soiled fabric improved as the temperature of bath at $40^{\circ}C$. Second, the test was conducted under the condition of decreasing respectively -10% and -20% below of the recommended concentration of manufacturer's standard detergent. The average of washing efficiency was not considerably affected by the reduction of 10% below of manufacturer's standard. Third, in case of the water temperature were $20^{\circ}C$, polyester/cotton blended fiber were higher degree of washing efficiency than cotton fiber.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 1998.06a
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• pp.431-434
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• 1998

Platinum-Cobalt alloy thin films were deposited on Al$_2$O$_3$ substrate by r.f. cosputtering for RTD temperature sensors. We made Pt-Co alloy resistance patterns on the Al$_2$O$_3$ substrate by lift-off method and investigated the physical and electrical characteristics of these films under various conditions (the input power, working vacuum, annealing temperature, thickness of thin films) and also after annealing these films. At input power of Pt : 4.4 W/$\textrm{cm}^2$, Co : 6.91 W/$\textrm{cm}^2$, working vacuum on and annealing conditions of 1000 $^{\circ}C$ and 60 min, the resistivity and the sheet resistive thin films were 15 ${\mu}$$\Omega$$.$cm and 0.5 $\Omega$/$\square$, respectively. The TCR value of Pt-Co a films was measured with various thickness of thin films and annealing temperature. T TCR value is gained under condition 3000${\AA}$ of thin films thickness and 1000$^{\circ}C$ of temperature. These results indicate that Pt-Co alloy thin films have potentiality for the wide temperature ranges.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.239-252
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• 2019

Since conical sandwich shells are important structures in the modern industries, in this paper, for the first time, vibration behavior of the truncated conical sandwich shells which include temperature dependent porous FG face sheets and temperature dependent homogeneous core in various thermal conditions are investigated. A high order theory of sandwich shells which modified by considering the flexibility of the core and nonlinear von Karman strains are utilized. Power law rule which modified by considering the two types of porosity volume fractions are applied to model the functionally graded materials. By utilizing the Hamilton's energy principle, and considering the in-plane and thermal stresses in the face-sheets and the core, the governing equations are obtained. A Galerkin procedure is used to solve the equations in a simply supported boundary condition. Uniform, linear and nonlinear temperature distributions are used to model the effect of the temperature changing in the sandwich shell. To verify the results of this study, they are compared with FEM results obtained by Abaqus software and for special cases with the results in literatures. Eigen frequencies variations are surveyed versus the temperature changing, geometrical effects, porosity, and some others in the numerical examples.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.131-138
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• 2022

The demand for chiller equipment that keeps each machine at a constant temperature to maintain the best possible condition is growing rapidly. PID (Proportional Integral Derivation) control is a popular temperature control method. The error, which is the difference between the desired target value and the current system output value, is calculated and used as an input to the system using a proportional, integrator, and differentiator. Through such a closed-loop configuration, a desired final output value of the system can be reached using only the target value and the feedback signal. Furthermore, various temperature control methods have been devised as the control performance of various high-performance equipment becomes important. Therefore, it is necessary to design for accurate data-driven temperature control for chiller equipment. In this research, support vector regression is applied to the classic PID control for accurate temperature control. Simulated annealing is applied to find optimal PID parameters. The results of the proposed control method show fast and effective control performance for chiller equipment.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.8-16
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• 1991

In order to investigate the fine structure of PET films, PET films were stretchd at various draw ratios (2, 3, 4, 5) below $T_g$ ($72^{\circ}C$) and then annealed at various temperatures (125, 150, 175, $200^{\circ}C$) under free-annealed (FA) and taut-annealed (TA) conditions. Such changes as thermal shrinkage, crystallinity, crystallite size, dynamic viscoelasticity and thermal behaviour were measured in relation to the draw ratio and annealing condition.The following results were obtained. 1. Thermal shirinkage increased with increasing annealing temperature and draw ratio, but decreased in case of draw ratio 4 (draw ratio 3 at $200^{\circ}C$) and above it. 2. The degree of crystallinity of FA samples were higher than those of TA samples. 3. Tan 5 of TA samples were less than those of FA samples, and storage moduli (E') and loss moduli (E") of FA samples were less than those of TA samples; moreover, maximum tan '||'&'||' temperature of FA samples were shifted toward higher temperature than those of TA samples. 4. The melting endotherm ($T_m$) and heat of fusion $(\DeltaH)$ of the PET film increased with the draw ratio and annealing temperature; in addition, premelting endotherm ($T_m$) and heat of fusion $(\DeltaH)$ of the local crystallization in the FA samples were larger than those of TA samples. 5. The X-ray diffraction pattern displayed sharp peaks gradually with the draw ratio and annealing temperature. 6. Crystallite sizes of FA samples were larger than those of TA samples.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.128-131
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• 2003

In a design of LNG storage tank, one of the major loading conditions that significantly affects liquid tightness of the outer concrete wall is the cryogenic temperature of LNG under the emergency condition of LNG leakage. Proposed in this study are the more consistent procedures to ensure the liquid tightness of LNG tank focusing on the design of prestressing tendon. It is expected that the proposed schemes lead to a more effective serviceability design of LNG tank that satisfies various requirements for the liquid tightness in an efficient manner.

• Design & Manufacturing
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.12-16
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• 2019

For optimal injection molding, various molding conditions should be combined well. Therefore, engineers should be thoroughly familiar with mold design, fabrication, and injection molding. The choice of resin among the various molding conditions is closely related to the productivity of the molded part and the deformation after molding, so the engineer must select the appropriate resin. Engineers work on the basis of data provided by resin manufacturers during molding. However, in actual molding work, it is necessary to apply values slightly different from those provided to obtain molded articles of desired performance. In this study, various deformations of molded products were compared with respect to crystalline resin and amorphous resin when molded according to the data provided by the resin maker and molded at the changed values at the work site.