• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.26-33
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• 2002

In order to assess the effect of feeding raw or processed cotton (Gossypium) seed meal (CSM) on meat and wool production, 30 male crossbred lambs (3-4 months) of uniform body weight were assigned equally to five dietary treatments in a completely randomised design. The CSM was processed by three different methods i.e., cooking the meal at $100^{\circ}C$ for 45 minutes, treatment with 1% calcium hydroxide ($Ca(OH)_2$) for 24 h and iron treatment in the ratio of 1 part free gossypol (FG) to 0.3 parts of iron for 30 minutes. The lambs were fed isonitrogenous and isocaloric concentrate mixtures, containing 30% deoiled peanut meal (reference diet) and 40% of either raw, cooked, $Ca(OH)_2$ or iron treated CSM for 180 days. The raw and variously processed CSM replaced about 50% nitrogen of reference concentrate mixture. The concentrate mixtures were fed to meet 80% of the protein requirements (NRC, 1985) along with ad libitum chopped maize (Zea mays) hay. The slaughter weight, empty body weight and carcass weight was higher ($p{\leq}0.01$) in lambs fed cooked CSM incorporated diets, compared to diets containing deoiled peanut meal (DPNM). These parameters were not influenced by feeding diets containing either raw, $Ca(OH)_2$ or iron treated CSM in comparison DPNM diets. The carcass length, loin eye area and edible and inedible portion of carcass and the meat: bone ratio in whole carcass were also not affected by feeding CSM based diets. Among various primal cuts, the yield of legs was lower ($p{\leq}0.05$) from raw CSM fed lambs in comparison to DPNM fed lambs. The fat content in the Longissimus dorsi muscle was reduced ($p{\leq}0.05$) in lambs fed processed CSM based diets compared to those fed DPNM diet. Replacing DPNM with either raw or processed CSM based diets did not influence the sensory attributes and overall acceptability of meat. The wool yield was higher ($p{\leq}0.05$) in iron treated CSM fed lambs. The fibre length and fibre diameter were comparable among lambs on various dietary regimes. Among lambs fed variously processed CSM diets, the feed cost per kg of edible meat production was lower ($p{\leq}0.05$) on $Ca(OH)_2$ treated CSM, followed by cooked CSM diet and then on raw CSM based diets compared to DPNM diet. The CSM after 1% $Ca(OH)_2$ treatment or cooking for 45 minutes appears to be a satisfactory protein supplement in lamb diets for meat and wool production to replace at least 50% nitrogen of scarce and costly peanut meal.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.146-153
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• 2016

A feeding experiment was conducted to determine the nutritional value of various dietary protein sources without a vitamin premix supplementation in juvenile black rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli. Diets containing similar quantities of lipid and carbohydrate with 50% crude protein from fish meal (FM)/soybean meal (SBM)/corn gluten meal (CGM), FM only, casein/gelatin, high FM/low casein and low FM/high casein were fed to rockfish along with a commercial rockfish diet. The diet containing only 65.6% FM and the commercial rockfish diet produced significantly greater weight gain (WG) and feed efficiency (FE) than all other semipurified diets (SPDs); the economical diet with 52.8% FM, 10% SBM and 5% CGM produced lower WG than the diet containing FM and commercial rockfish diet, but FE and survival were similar both diets. Intermediate responses were observed for rockfish fed the SPD containing 32.8% FM and 27.4% casein, while SPDs containing 10% FM and 41.8% casein and 38.5% casein and 10% gelatin yielded the lowest WG and FE. Some differences in tissue indices and body composition of rockfish were induced by the diets containing various protein sources and levels without the vitamin premix supplementation.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제24권9호
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• pp.311-317
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• 2021

Inclusion effect of various levels of jack mackerel meal (JMM) acting as feed attractants and/or stimulants in diets on the growth, feed consumption, feed utilization and whole body composition of rockfish was investigated. Three hundred juvenile rockfish were randomly allocated into 15 flow-through tanks. Five experimental diets supplemented with JMM at 0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, and 10% at the expense of anchovy meal were prepared and referred to as the JMM0, JMM1, JMM3, JMM5, and JMM10 diets, respectively. Weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR) and feed consumption of fish tended to improve with dietary levels of JMM. The greatest weight gain, SGR and feed consumption were observed in fish fed the JMM10 diet, followed by the JMM5, JMM3, JMM1, and JMM0 diets, in that order. Condition factor (CF) of fish tended to improve with dietary inclusion levels of JMM. Growth performance, feed consumption and CF of fish tended to improve with dietary inclusion levels of JMM ranging from 0% to 10%.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.231-235
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• 2010

The effects of various natural antioxidant sources on oxidation of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and fish diet during storage was determined. Juvenile fish were distributed among 18 flow-through tanks (40 fish per tank). Six experimental diets were prepared in triplicate: control (CT), antitox (AT), green tea extract (GE), fig extract (FE), Haeroc product (HP) and by-product of green tea (BG). The experimental diets were stored at two temperatures: room temperature ($26.8^{\circ}C$) for 14 days and frozen ($-30^{\circ}C$) for 16 weeks. Thirty fish were sampled from each tank at the end of the 8-week feeding trial. Whole bodies of fish were homogenized and stored in a home freezer ($-9.6^{\circ}C$) for 24 weeks. Acid values (AVs) and peroxide values (POVs) of the diets and frozen fish during storage were monitored. AVs of the experimental diets tended to increase with the storage period except for that of the HP diet at room temperature. POVs from FE, CT, and BG diets peaked at day 7 and then decreased through the remainder of the experiment. AVs of the experimental diets and fish increased with time at $-30^{\circ}C$ and $-9.6^{\circ}C$. Results of this study show that by-products of green tea and Haeroc product seem to have potential as antioxidants in fish feed to inhibit oxidation of both the feed and fish during storage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.538-544
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• 2005

The present experiment was conducted to assess the effect of reconstitution (R) on utilization of red sorghum (S) in diets of broiler chickens. Day-old broiler chicks (n=360) were randomly divided into 36 groups of 10 chicks each, and 9 dietary treatments were allotted to 4 groups (replicates) in a completely randomized design. Out of the 9 treatments, one was corn-soy based control (D1). The rest of the treatments were diets consisting of four levels (25, 50, 75 and 100% part of corn) of raw red sorghum (S25-S100) or four levels of reconstituted red sorghum (RS25-RS100). The tannin content reduced from 2.3% to 1.6% after reconstitution of red sorghum. Body weight gain reduced significantly (p<0.01) in diets containing unprocessed red sorghum beyond 33% in diet or reconstituted red sorghum at any level. However, during finishing growth phase the birds receiving either processed or unprocessed sorghum (barring S75) had statistically similar gains in body weight. During over all growth phase (0-6 wk), live weight gains in all the dietary treatments did not differ statistically. Feed intake during 0-6 wk was significantly higher (p<0.05) in diets containing sole red sorghum than corn-soy based control diets Feed conversion ratio during 0-3 wk period in control and unprocessed red-sorghum diets were similar but statistically poorer (p<0.01) FCR emanated from reconstituted groups, while during 3-6 wk of age FCR was poorer (p<0.05) in diets containing 75% red sorghum, either processed or unprocessed. FCR, in overall growth phases, in control diet was statistically similar to the groups fed diets containing up to 33% unprocessed or 16% reconstituted group. The carcass traits and yield of organs did not differ (p>0.05) due to the various levels of red-sorghum. It was concluded that though the tannin content was reduced by 30% by the reconstitution process, but this did not give any additional advantage in broiler performance. More over, red-sorghum can be used effectively up to 33% in diet replacing 50% of corn after proper adjustment of proteins, energy and amino acids.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2000

The effect of various dietary protein levels on growth and body composition of young common carp raised from 56 g to 170 g in recirculating system was investigated for 15 weeks when they were fed to visual satiety three times daily. Five experiemtal diets were formulated to contain 40, 35, 30, 25 and 21% protein levels and 3.56, 3.59. 3.63, 3.66 and 3.69 kcal/g diet GE levels respectively. Mean survival rates of the fish fed the 40, 35, 30 and 25% protein diets were not different but sig-nificantly higher than that of the fish fed the 40, 35, 30 and 25% protein diets were not different but sig-nificantly higher than that of o the fish fed the 21% protein diet(P<0.05) Weight gain (g/tank) of common carp fed the 30% protein diet was the best. However weight gain of the fish fed the 25, 30, 35 and 40% protein diets were not different but significantly better than that of the fish fed the 21% protein diet. Feed efficiency ratio of the 21% protein diet was significantly lower (P<0.05) than for other groups of diets which were not different among them. Protein efficiency ratio for the 21% protein diet was significantly lower (P<0.05) than for other groups of diets which were not different among them(P>0.05) Dietary protein level had no effect on hemoglobin content in the fish(P>0.05) Crude protein contents of whole body of the fish fed the 35 and 40% protein diets were significantly higher than that of the fish fed the 21$$\mid$% or 25% protein diet(P<0.05) Body crude lipid contents of the fish fed the 21 and 25% protein diets were significantly higher than that of the fish fed the 30% or 35% protein diet. Crude ash contents of the fish fed the 35 and 40% protein diets were significantly higher than that of the fish fed the 21% or 25% protein diet(P<0.05) Moisture content of the fish fed the 35% protein diet was significantly higher than that of the fish fed the 21% protein diet(P<0.05) In considering growth performance of common carp and efficiency of diet dietary protein level could be lowered up to 25% without the reduction of young common carp production in recirculating system.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 1994

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary levels of vitamin A on the lipid composition in rats fed Zn-deficient diets. Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 5 experimental diets for 7 weeks. Rats were fed Zn-and vitamin A-deficient diet or the same diets supplemented with various levels of vitamin. A liver total lipid, cholesterol and triglycerides contents tended to decrease in Zn-deficient rats, but the supplementation of excess vitamin A enhanced those contents. Plasma cholesterol content was significantly higher in feeding Zn-deficient and excess vitamin A diet. Plasma triglyceride and phospolipid contents were higher in Zn-deficient groups, but not influenced by dietary levels of vitamin. A . Plasma HDL-cholesterol content was not changed by Zn-deficient diets. Plasma alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly reduced in Zn-deficient groups. Zinc contents of plasma and liver were influenced by the dietary level of zinc, but not changed by supplementation of vitamin A.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.377-384
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• 1996

실용적인 사료의 효과를 검토하기 위해 단백질함량이 $41\~45\%$인 4종류의 실험사료를 dry pellet 형태로 제조하였다. 단백질원으로 어분을 $58\%$ 첨가한 사료를 대조구(사료 1)로 하고, 대조구의 어분을 육분, 콘글루텐 밀, 대두박 및 혈분으로 각각 다른 비율로 대체하여 어분 함량을 $40\%$ 전후로 감소시킨 실험사료들(사료 $2\~4$)을 설계하여 시판되고 있는 해산어용 배합사료 A, B, C (단백질 함량 : $51\~53\%$) 및 양어가들이 선호하는 RMP 사료(넙치용 분말사료와 냉동 메가리를 1 : 1의 비율로 혼합한 moist pellet, 단백질 함량 : $58\%$)와 그 효과를 사육 실험을 통해 비교하였다. 평균체중 125 g의 조피볼락을 선별하여 실험사료마다 2반복으로 15주간 사육실험한 결과, 최종 평균체중, 증체율, 사료효율, 일일사료섭취율, 일일단백질섭취율, 단백질효율 및 간 중량지수가 RMP 구를 제외한 실험사료와 상품사료를 급여한 실험구들은 대조구와 통계적인 차이는 없었다(P>0.05). RMP 섭취구의 증체율이 대조구와는 유의한 차이가 없었지만, 실험사료(사료 $2\~4$)와 상품사료(사료 $A\~C$)보다 유의적으로 높은 값을 보였다(P<0.05). 또한, 단백질효율은 RMP 구가 가장 높았고, 상품사료 B가 가장 낮은 값을 보였다. 대조사료에서 1 kg의 어체를 증체시키는데 소요되는 사료비용을 100으로 환산하였을 때, 사료 3 급여구는 92, 사료 4 급여구는 79로 나타나, 대조구보다 $10\~20\%$ 정도의 사료비가 절감되었고, RMP 사료 급여구는 대조구보다 $27\%$의 사료비가 더 소요되는 것으로 나타났다. 실험 종료시 간과 근육의 수분, 단백질, 지질 및 회분 함량은 모든 실험구간에 유의차는 없었다(P>0.05).

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.275-280
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• 2006

카제인과 덱스트린 및 대두유와 어유의 혼합유를 주요 단백질과 탄수화물 및 지질원으로 구성한 전복용 배합사료에 다양한 microalgae (Haeatococccus, Isochrysis galbana, Shizochytrium)와 갑각류성 기원의 첨가제(krill meal, shrimp head meal, red crab meal) 및 녹차부산물을 각각 2% 첨가한 실험사료를 준비하여 16주간 전복에게 공급하여 주었다. 그리고 다시마를 공급한 실험구를 대조구로 두었다. 실험 종료시 전복의 생존율은 유의적인 차이가 없었으나, 사료 첨가제를 첨가한 모든 실험사료에서 전복의 체중증가량은 다시마를 공급한 실험구에 비하여 유의적으로 우수하였다. 전복의 체중 증가량은 Spirulina, Shizochytrium 및 Isochrysis의 순으로 우수하였다. 전복의 체장 및 체중에 대한 가식부의 중량 비는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 그러나 체폭은 다시마를 공급한 실험구에 비하여 첨가제를 첨가한 모든 실험구에서 유의적으로 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 전복 패각의 색채 개선효과는 Spirulina 첨가구에서 가장 뚜렷하였다. 실험사료내 다양한 microalge와 갑각류성 기원의 사료첨가제는 전복의 성장을 효율적으로 개선시켰으며, 사료내 Spirulina의 첨가는 전복 패각 색채 개선에 가장 효과적이었다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.209-219
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• 1986

본 실험에서는 식물성이면서 포화도가 높은 팜유와 동물성이면서 불포화도가 높은 어유를 병아리에 섭취시켜 혈액과 간내의 cholesterol 및 TG 함량에 미치는 영향을 조사하는데 그 목적을 두었다. 그 결과 에너지 섭취량은 각 첨가 지방의 에너지가가 g당 9kcal로 가정하고 다른 원료 사료들은 각각의 대사에너지 함량을(Scott, 1976) 기준해서 계산하였는데 그 결과 지방 첨가 수준이나 첨가 지방의 종류에 관계없이 에너지 섭취량이 전반적으로 비슷하게 나타났다. 체중 증가량도 대체로 처리간에 통계적인 처리가 없었고, 단지 실험 1에서 동물성 지방급여구가 식물성 지방급여구보다 유의하게 적게 나타났다. 그리고 체중 100g당의 무게로 나타냈을때 간의 무게는 실험 1의 어유구와 실험2의 경화어유구에서 각각 가장 무거웠고, 심장의 무게는 실험2에서 두 어유구가 모두 가장 무겁게 나타났다. 한천 간장의 총지방 함량은 실험2에서 우지구가 팜유구보다 유의하게 더 많았다. 고리고 간장의 cholesterol 함량은 실험1에서만 어유구가 팜유나 우지구보다 더 높게 나타났고, 혈액 cholesterol 함량은 실험2에서 어유구가 가장 낮았다(P〈0.05). 또 간장의 TG함량은 실험2에서 채종유, 우지 및 경화어유구등이 팜유구보다 더 높았고, 실험3에서는 C/P 비율이 164인 구가 대조구보다 간에 더 많은 TG를 함유한 것으로 나타났다 (P〈0.05). 그러나 혈액 TG는 전반적으로 개체 변이가 심해서 유의한 차이를 볼 수 없었다. 이상의 결과를 다시 첨가된 각 지방별로 요약하면, 옥수수유, 대두유, 채종유등은 여러 측정치에서 유사한 결과를 보여주었고, 채종유의 경우에는 심잠의 무게를 증가시킬 것으로 예상했었으나 그렇지 않았다. 그리고 팜유는 우지나 경화어유보다 간의 총지방 함량이나 간장의 TG를 더 낮추는 효과를 보였고 cholesterol에 대한 효과도 다른 식물성 지방과 유사하게 나타났다. 어유는 실험 1에서 간의 중량을 무겁게 하고, 간내의 cholesterol 함량을 높였는데 실험2에서는 심장의 무게를 각각 무겁게 했고 한편 혈액 cholesterol을 가장 낮은 수준으로 떨어뜨렸다. 그런데 실험 1과 2에서 사용된 어유는 각각 다른 source에서 구한 것으로서 여러 어종의 것이 아니기 때문에 비교하기가 곤란하다.