• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.343-355
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• 2007

4종의 레진시멘트를 통한 상아질과 간접 레진 수복물 간의 인장결합강도를 열순환 시효처리 여부에 따라 측정하여 비교하고, 주사전자현미경 관찰을 통하여 각 레진시멘트의 접착 내구성을 평가하고자 시행하였다. 48개의 건전한 제3대구치의 상아질 표면을 평탄하게 노출시키고 #320 grit Sic Paper로 연마하였다. 복합레진 블록을 제작하여 #600 grit Sic Paper로 연마한 후에 접착면을 Sandblast로 처리하였다. 각각의 레진시멘트로 제조사 지침에 따라 적용하여 복합레진 블록을 상아질 표면에 접착하였다. 이후 제작된 시편을 열순환시키지 않거나, 1,000회, 5,000회 열순환 시킨 후 ($5^{\circ}C\;-\;55^{\circ}C$) 미세인장결합강도를 측정하였다. 열순환 전 시편의 접착계면 (수직절단면)과 파절된 시편의 상아질 파단면을 전자현미경 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. Variolink II의 결합강도는 다른 실험군보다 높은 결합강도를 보여주었으며, 1,000회 열순환 후 유의성 있게 결합강도가 감소되었다 (p < 0.05). 3. Multilink의 결합강도는 열순환에 가장 많은 영향을 받았으며 1,000회 열순환 이후 유의성 있게 감소되었다 (p < 0.05). 3. Panavia F 2.0과 Rely X Unicem의 결합강도는 열순환에 의하여 감소되지 않았다 (p > 0.05). 4. 접착형 레진시멘트는 복합레진형 레진시멘트에 비해서 열처리 전후 모두 낮은 결합강도를 보여주었다. 5. 결합강도가 높은 Vaviolink II와 Multilink에서는 혼합형 파괴양상을 보였고, 결합강도가 낮은 Panavia F 2.0에서는 접착성 파괴 양상을 나타내었다. 이상의 연구 결과를 토대로 적절한 전처리와 접착제를 도포한다면 복합레진형 레진시멘트는 접착형 레진시멘트보다 결합강도와 그 내구성이 우수하다고 할 수 있을 것이다. 접착성 간접 수복물의 초기 결합강도와 내구성은 레진시멘트의 접착과정과 종류, 형태에 의해 영향을 받기 때문에 이들의 적절한 선택과 올바른 사용이 성공적인 수복을 위해 중요하다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.365-373
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of desensitizer on shear bond strength of adhesive resin cements for all ceramic crown. For this study, Gluma $desensitizer^{(R)}$(Heraeus Kulzer, Germany) and MS $Coat^{(R)}$(Sun medical, Japan) were used as desensitizer, and Bistite $II^{(R)}$ resin cement(Tokuyama, Japan) and Variolink $II^{(R)}$ resin cement (Ivoclar, Liechtenstein) were used. IPS Empress ceramics were bonded to dentin surfaces after application of desensitizer and shear bond strength of specimens were measured using UTM(Zwick 1456 41. Zwick, Germany) at a crosshead speed of 1mm/min. The obtained results were as follows : 1. The shear bond strength of both resin cements were not affected by Gluma $desensitizer^{(R)}$ containing HEMA 2. The shear bond strength of Bistite $II^{(R)}$ resin cement was significantly decreased by MS $Coat^{(R)}$. 3. The failure mode in MS $Coat^{(R)}-Bistite \;II^{(R)}$ group was mainly adhesive type between dentin and resin cement. but that of Gluma $desensitizer^{(R)}$-Variolink $II^{(R)}$ group was mainly mixed type, combined adhesive failures between dentin and resin cement or porcelain and resin cement.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.379-386
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• 2003

Statement of problem. Resin cements are widely used in adhesive dentistry specially on all ceramic restorations. It is needed to find out adequate bonding strength between different porcelain surface treatments, commercially available porcelains, and different resin cement systems. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate shear bond strength of resin cements bonded to porcelains in three different modalities; 5 different porcelain surface treatments, 3 different resin cement systems and 3 different commercially available pressable porcelains. Material and Method. This study consisted of 3 parts. Part I examined the effect of five different surface treatments on the pressable porcelain. Fifty discs (5 mm in diameter and 3 mm in height) of Authentic porcelain were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 10). The specimens were sanded with 320 grit SiC paper followed by 600 grit SiC paper. The specimens were treated as follow: Group 1-Sandblasting (aluminum oxide) only, Group 2 - sandblasting/ silane, Group 3 - sandblasting/ acid etching/ silane, Group 4 - acid etching only, Group 5 - acid etching/ silane. Part II examined the shear bond strength of 3 different resin cement systems (Duolink, Variolink II, Rely X ARC) on acid etching/ silane treated Authentic pressable porcelain. Part 3 examined the shear bond strength of Duolink resin cement on 3 different pressable porcelains (Authentic, Empress I, Finesse). All cemented specimens were stored in distilled water for 2 hours and tested with Ultradent shear bond strength test jig under Universal Instron machine until fracture. An analysis of variance(ANOVA) test was used to evaluate differences in shear bond strength. Result. The shear bond strength test resulted in the following: (1) Acid etched porcelains recorded greater shear bond strength values to the sandblasted porcelains. (2) Silane treated porcelains recorded greater shear bond strength values to non-silane treated porcelains. (3) There was no significant difference between sandblasting/ acid etching/ silane treated and acid etching/ silane treated porcelains. However those values were much higher than other three groups. (4) The shear bond strength with Variolink II was lower than the value of Duolink or Rely X ARC. (5) The shear bond strength of Finesse was lower than the value of Authentic or Empress I.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.191-202
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• 2007

Statement of problems: Long-term success of esthetic restorations, depends on various factors, especially on color stability of the restorations. The color stability is affected by resin cements beneath the porcelain laminate veneers. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to comprehend the color stability of resin cements by comparing with 4 different kinds of resin cements (Choice, Variolink II, Nexus 2, Rely-X). Material and methods: Porcelain laminate disk samples were luted with resin cements. After thermocycling of each 1000, 2000 and 3000 cycle, specimens were measured by spectrophotometers and the color differences were. Results: 1. After thermocycling of 1000, 2000 and 3000cycle, color difference, $({\Delta}E^*)$ of all specimens were incresed, but were not statiscally significant differences. 2. In the Choice of A1 shade and the Nexus 2 of A3 shade, color difference$({\Delta}E^*)$ after thermocycling of 3000cycle was $incre^*ased$ significantly than after thermocycling of 1000cycle. However, other groups did not show any statistically significant differences (P<0.05). 3. After thermocycling of 3000cycle, color difference$({\Delta}E^*)$ between A1 shade and A3 shade of Nexus 2 showed statistically significant difference. However no statistically significant differences were observed in other groups (P<0.05). 4. The mean of color difference$({\Delta}E^*)$ is 1.0-2.06 after 3000 thermocycling and the data were ranked in the ascending order of Variolink II, Nexus 2, Choice and Rely-X in A1 shade group and Choice, Rely-X, Variolink II and Nexus 2 in A3 shade group. Conclusion: Above results revealed that, after 3000 thermocycing, the color difference $({\Delta}E^*)$ of experimental resin cements was within clinically acceptable ranges. Color stability of 4 different resin cements was comparatively excellent.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.129-146
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• 2000

An increasing demand for esthetic restorations has led to the development of new ceramic systems. In-Ceram, a glass-infiltrated alumina ceramic has three to few times greater flexural strength than other ceramic glass material. Because of its high strength, In-Ceram has been suggested as inlay, crown, laminate veneer and core material for resin bonded fixed partial dentures. This clinical application requires a stable resin bond to In-Ceram core. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength between In-Ceram core and resin cements according to various surface treatments and storage conditions. The surface of each In-Ceram core sample was subjected to one of the following treatments and then bonded to Panavia 21 or Variolink II resin cement. ; (1) sandblasting with $110{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide powder, (2) sandblasting and silanization, (3) sandblasting and Siloc treatment, (4) sandblasting and Targis link application. Each of eight bonding groups was tested in shear bond strengths after the following storage times and thermocycling. ; A) 24 hours storage in distilled water at $37^{\circ}C$, B) 5 weeks storage in distilled water at $37^{\circ}C$ C) 5 weeks storage in distilled water at $37^{\circ}C$ and thermocycled 2,000 thormocycling for every 10 days(totally 10,000 thermocycting) in $5^{\circ}C-55^{\circ}C$ bath. The bond failure modes were observed with scanning electron microscope(SEM). The results were as fellows : 1 The shear bond strengths of sandblasting group were significantly lesser than the other groups after 24 hours water storage. No significant difference of bonding strengths was found between storage time conditions(24 hours and 5 weeks). The shear bond strengths showed a tendency to decrease in Variolink II bonding groups and to increase in Panavia 21 bonding groups. 3. After thermocycling, the shear bond strengths of all groups were significantly decreased(p<0.01) and Targis link group exhibited significantly greater strengths than the other groups(p<0.05). 4. Panavia 21 bonding groups exhibited significantly greater bonding strengths in sandblasting group(p<0.01) and silane group(p<0.05) than Variolink II bonding groups. 5. In observation of bond failure modes, Targis link group showed cohesive failure in resin part and silane group and Siloc group showed complex failure and sandblasting group showed adhesive failure between In-Ceram and resin.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.501-513
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• 2004

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of etching time on shear bond strength of four resin cements to IPS Empress 2 ceramic. Material and Methods: Forty rectangular shape ceramic specimens ($10{\times}15{\times}3.5mm$ size) were used for this study. The ceramic specimens divided into four groups and were etched with 10% hydrofluoric acid for 0, 10, 30, 60, 180, 300, 420, 600, and 900 seconds respectively. Etched surfaces of ceramic specimens were coated with ceramic adhesive system and bonded with four resin cement (Variolink II, Panavia F, Panavia 21, Super-Bond C&B) using acrylic glass tube. All cemented specimens were tested under shear loading untill fracture on universal testing machine at a crosshead speed 1mm/min: the maximum load at fracture (kg) was recored. Shear bond strengh data were analyzed with oneway analysis of variance and Tukey HSD tests (p<.05). Etched ceramic surfaces (0-, 60-, 300-, and 600-seconds etching period) and fracture surfaces after shear testing were examined mophologically using scanning electron microscopy. Results : Ceramic surface treatment with 10% hydrofluoric acid improved the bond strength of three resin cement except for Super-Bond C&B cement. Variolink II (41.0$\pm$2.4 MPa) resin cement at 300-seconds etching time showed statistically higher shear bond strength than the other resin cements (Panavia F: 28.3$\pm$2.3 MPa, Panavia 21: 21.5$\pm$2.2 MPa, Super-Bond C&B: 16.7$\pm$1.6 MPa). Ceramic surface etched with 10% hydrofluoric acid for 300 seconds showed more retentive surface texture. Conclusion: Within the limitation of this study, Variolink II resin cement are suitable for cementation of Empress 2 all-ceramic restorations and etching with 10% hydrofluoric acid for 180 to 300 seconds is required to enhance the bond strength.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.184-196
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• 2001

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of resin cements and ceramic etching on shear bond strength of Empress 2 ceramic and observe the change of microstructure of ceramic according to etching time. Sixty-six square ceramic specimens($6{\times}6{\times}1.5mm$) were prepared. 6 specimens were etched with different etching times(0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 60 seconds) and observed by means of a scanning electron microscope(SEM). Other sixty specimens were divided into 6 groups with 10 specimens in each group. 3 groups were etched with 4% hydrofluoric acid and each groups was bonded with 3 resin cements(Variolink II, Super-Bond C&B, Panavia F). Each specimen was subjected to a shear load in an Instron at a cross-head speed of 0.5mm/min and was observed with SEM after mechanical testing to establish modes of failure. The results were as follows : 1. Within etched groups, Variolink II and Super-Bond C&B exhibited significantly greater bonding strengths than Panavia F(p<0.05) 2. Bond strength of etching groups had three to five times greater than that of no-etching groups. 3. All of no-etching groups showed adhesive failure and etching groups mostly showed mixed failure. And, 20-second etching specimen showed the most distinct lithium disilicate crystal. so it is considered that 20-second etching is optimal time for bonding.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.57-66
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• 2017

PURPOSE. Cementation failures of restorations are frequently observed in clinical practice. The purpose of this study is to compare the effect of initial and repeated bonding on the bond strengths of different resin cements to enamel and dentin. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Ninety human maxillary central incisors were bisected longitudinally. The 180 tooth halves were divided into 2 groups (n = 90) for enamel and dentin bonding. The enamel and dentin groups were further divided into 3 groups (n = 30) for different resin cement types. Composite resin (Filtek Ultimate) cylinders ($3{\times}3\;mm$) were prepared and luted to enamel and dentin using Variolink II (Group V), RelyX ARC (Group R), or Panavia F 2.0 (Group P) resin cement. After 24 hours, initial shear bond strengths of the resin cements to enamel and dentin were measured. Using new cylinders, the specimens were de-bonded and re-bonded twice to measure the first and the second bond strengths to enamel and dentin. Failure modes and bonding interfaces were examined. Data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS. Initial and repeated bond strengths to enamel were similar for all the groups. The first ($15.3{\pm}2.2\;MPa$) and second ($10.4{\pm}2.2\;MPa$) bond strengths to dentin were significantly higher in Group V (P<.0001). Second bond strengths of dentin groups were significantly lower than initial and first bond strengths to dentin (P<.0001). CONCLUSION. All resin cements have similar initial and repeated bond strengths to enamel. Variolink II has the highest first and second bond strength to dentin. Bond strength to dentin decreases after the first re-bonding for all resin cements.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.39-45
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• 2010

PURPOSE. The aim of this study was to determine differences in shear bond strength to human dentin using immediate dentin sealing (IDS) technique compared to delayed dentin sealing (DDS). MATERIALS AND METHODS. Forty extracted human molars were divided into 4 groups with 10 teeth each. The control group was light-cured after application of dentin bonding agent ($Excite^{(R)}$ DSC) and cemented with $Variolink^{(R)}$. II resin cement. IDS/SE (immediate dentin sealing, $Clearfil^{TM}$ SE Bond) and IDS/SB (immediate dentin sealing, $Adapter^{TM}$ Single Bond 2) were light-cured after application of dentin bonding agent ($Clearfil^{TM}$ SE Bond and $Adapter^{TM}$ Sing Bond 2, respectively), whereas DDS specimens were not treated with any dentin bonding agent. Specimens were cemented with $Variolink^{(R)}$. II resin cement. Dentin bonding agent ($Excite^{(R)}$. DSC) was left unpolymerized until the application of porcelain restoration. Shear strength was measured using a universal testing machine at a speed of 5 mm/min and evaluated of fracture using an optical microscope. RESULTS. The mean shear bond strengths of control group and IDS/SE group were not statistically different from another at 14.86 and 11.18 MPa. Bond strength of IDS/SE group had a significantly higher mean than DDS group (3.14 MPa) (P < .05). There were no significance in the mean shear bond strength between IDS/SB (4.11 MPa) and DDS group. Evaluation of failure patterns indicates that most failures in the control group and IDS/SE groups were mixed, whereas failures in the DDS were interfacial. CONCLUSION. When preparing teeth for indirect ceramic restoration, IDS with $Clearfil^{TM}$ SE Bond results in improved shear bond strength compared with DDS.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.55-60
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• 2010

연구 목적: 치과용 레진시멘트의 중합 수축은 수복물이 치아에 정확하게 합착되는 것을 방해하고, 내부 응력의 원인이 되어 치아에 여러 문제점을 일으킬 수 있다. 이러한 임상적인 문제점을 줄이기 위해서 사용하는 치과용 레진시멘트의 중합 수축률에 대해 아는 것이 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 상업적으로 이용되고 있는 몇 가지 레진시멘트의 시간에 따른 중합 수축률을 측정, 서로 비교하고자 하였다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 3종류의 자가 중합형 레진시멘트(Fujicem, Superbond, M bond)와 3종류의 이원 중합형 레진시멘트(Maxcem, Panavia F, Variolink II) 별로 각각 5개의 시편을 이용하였다. 각 재료의 중합 수축률은 Bonded disk method를 이용하여 측정하였다. 안쪽 직경 16 mm, 두께 1 mm 의 동으로 제작된 링을 유리판 ($74\;mm\;{\times}\;25\;mm\;{\times}\;3\;mm$) 위의 중앙에 위치시켜 부착하고, 그 유리판 중앙에 실험 재료를 구 형태로 만들어 올리고, 다른 유리판으로 눌러서 원판 형태 (직경 8 mm, 두께 1 mm)의 시편을 제작하였다. 시편의 중합 수축률은 재료가 중합이 시작된 후 120분동안, $23^{\circ}C$에서 측정하였다. 시간에 따른 수축량에 대한 kinetics curve를얻고, 각 실험 재료의 수축률의 평균값 (%)과 표준편차를 구한 뒤, one-way ANOVA 및 Scheffe post hoc test를 유의수준 0.05 에서 처리하여 그 결과 값을 비교하였다. 결과: 1. 실험에 사용된 Fujicem, Maxcem, M bond, Panavia F, Superbond, Variolink II 은 중합이 시작 된 120 분 후의 중합 수축률이 각각 3.72%, 4.19%, 4.13%, 2.44%, 7.57%, 2.90%의 값을 보였다. 2. Panavia F가 중합 수축률이 가장 작았고, Superbond가 중합 수축률이 가장 컸다 (P<.05). 3. Maxcem 과 M Bond 간에는 유의한 차이가 없었다 (P>.05). 4. 6종류의 레진 시멘트에서 90% 이상의 대부분의 수축은 중합이 개시된 30분 내에 거의 일어났다. 결론: 자가 중합형 레진시멘트의 혼합 후 나타나는 중합 수축이 이원 중합형 레진시멘트보다 천천히 일어나지만, 혼합 120분 뒤의 중합 수축은 이원 중합형 레진 시멘트 보다 유의할 정도로 높았다. 치과용 레진시멘트의 중합 수축은 혼합한 후 30 분내에 대부분 일어난다.