• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.228-237
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• 2007

The flow characteristics around a horn-type rudder behind an operating propeller of a high-speed large container carrier are studied through a numerical method in fully wetted and cavitating flow conditions. The computations are carried out in a small scale ratio of 10.00(gap space=5mm) to consider the gap effects. The Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equation for a mixed fluid and vapor transport equation applying cavitation model are solved. The axisymmetry body-force distribution technique is utilized to simulate the flow behind an operating propeller. The gap flow, the three-dimensional flow separation, and the cavitation are the flow characteristics of a horn-type rudder. The pattern of three-dimensional flow separation is analyzed utilizing a topological rule. The various cavity positions predicted by CFD were shown to be very similar to rudder erosion positions in real ship rudder. The effect of a preventing cavitation device, a horizontal guide plate, is also investigated.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.143-148
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• 2018

In this study the performance and humidity variation for 2 unit cells connected in series were experimentally measured. The relative flow direction of hydrogen and air was changed from parallel flow to counter flow. Internal humidity distribution was then measured by 5 embedded sensors on each channel. In all experimental conditions, the former unit cell showed a better performance and the gap is noted to be higher when counter flow is applied. The performance was noted to be higher at high humidification case in the parallel flow. However, in the counter flow, the difference of performance according to the humidification is negligible. Hydrogen and air are discharged from the PEMFC unsaturated with water vapor at parallel flow/low humidification condition, which explains lower performance of the PEMFC than other conditions. The humidities in hydrogen and air streams of counter flow were noted to increase rapidly even at low humidification condition and the consequential even hydration of membrane is the reason of higher performance.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.461-467
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• 2012

$500{\mu}m$의 수력직경을 가진 마이크로 채널에서 유동 비등 시 물에 대한 마찰 압력 강하를 측정하기 위한 실험적 연구를 수행하였다. 실험은 열 유속 $100-400kW/m^2$, 증기건도 0-0.2 그리고 질량 유속 $200-600kg/m^2s$의 범위에서 이루어졌다. 유동 비등 시 마찰 압력 강하는 두 가지 모델을 사용하여 예측된다. 즉, 두 상의 속도가 동일하다고 가정한 균질 모델과 두 상 사이에 서로 다른 속도를 가지는 분리류 모델로 분류된다. 실험결과 이상 마찰 승수는 질량 유속이 증가함에 따라 감소한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 측정된 압력 강하 데이터는 매크로 스케일과 미니/마이크로 스케일에서 제안된 기존의 여러 상관식들과 비교하였다. 균질 모델은 본 연구에서 고려한 실험 조건에서 29.4 %의 평균 오차내에서 마찰 압력 강하를 예측하였다.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.463-473
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• 2006

The effect of tube diameter on heat and mass transfer characteristics of absorber in absorption chiller/heater using LiBr solution as a working fluid has been investigated by both of numerical and experimental study to develop a high performance and compact absorber. The diameter of the heat exchanger tube inside absorber was changed from 15.88mm to 12.70mm and 9.52mm. In numerical study a model of vapor pressure drop inside tube absorber based on a commercial 20RT absorption chiller/heater was performed. The effect of tube diameter, longitudinal pitch, vapor Reynolds number, longitudinal pitch to diameter ratio on vapor pressure drop across the heat exchanger tube banks inside absorber have been investigated and found that vapor pressure drop decreases as tube diameter increases, longitudinal pitch increases, vapor Reynolds number decreases and longitudinal pitch to diameter ratio increases. In experimental study, a system includes a tube absorber, a generator, solution distribution system and cooling water system was set up. The experimental results shown that the overall heat transfer coefficient, mass transfer coefficient. Nusselt number and Sherwood number increase as solution flow rate increases. In both of study cases, the heat and mass transfer performance increases as tube diameter decreases. Among three different tube diameters the smallest tube diameter 9.52mm has highest heat and mass transfer performance.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.222-233
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• 2012

The nocturnal low-level jet makes a significant impact on carbon and water exchanges and turbulent mixing processes in the atmospheric boundary layer. This study reports a case study of nocturnal surface fluxes such as $CO_2$ and water vapor in the surface layer observed at a flat and homogeneous site in the presence of low-level jets (LLJs). In particular, it documents the temporal evolution of the overlying jets and the coincident response of surface fluxes. The present study highlights several factors linking the evolution of low-level jets to surface fluxes: 1) wavelet analysis shows that turbulent fluxes have similar time scales with temporal scale of LLJ evolution; 2) turbulent mixing is enhanced during the transition period of low-level jets; and 3) $CO_2$, water vapor and heat show dissimilarity from momentum during the period. We also found that LLJ activity is related not only to turbulent motions but also to the divergence of mean flow. An examination of scalar profiles and turbulence data reveal that LLJs transport $CO_2$ and water vapor by advection in the stable boundary layer, suggesting that surface fluxes obtained from the micrometeorological method such as nocturnal boundary layer budget technique should carefully interpreted in the presence of LLJs.

• 멤브레인
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.74-82
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• 2001

실리콘(PDM)막을 통한 휘발성유기화합물(VOCs)과 질소 혼합물의 증기투과시 공급부 경계층에서 발생하는 VOCs의 농도분극 현상을 정량적인 평가를 위하여 저항직렬연결의 개념을 바탕으로 한 수학적인 모델식을 확립하였다. feed속도를 변화시키면서 여러 VOCs 혼합물에 대한 증기투과를 시행하였는데 본 연구에 사용한 VOCs는 염소화 탄화수소계 중에서 응축도가 다른 methylene chloride, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane 등을 선정하여 사용하였다. 확립한 모델식에 각 혼합물의 투과 실험치들의 frtting 및 regression을 통하여 각 모델 파라메타들을 구하고 물질전달계수 및 농도분극탄성률 등을 결정하였다. 결정한 모델 파라메타를 분석한 결과 VOCs의 응축도가 클수록 경계층 저항이 현저함을 관찰할 수 있었으며 또한 모델링을 통해서 고 투과성 고 선택성막을 통한 증기투과에서 경계층저항의 중요성을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.81-87
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• 2010

본 논문에서는 유기발광다이오드 적용을 위한 보호막 혹은 barrier 적용을 위하여 화학증착방법(CVD)를 이용한 실리콘 산화막을 형성하고, 산화막의 특성에 영향을 미치는 공정조건을 변화시켰다. 이로부터 HDP-CVD를 활용한 $SiO_2$박막 증착을 위한 최적의 공정조건은 $SiH_4:O_2$=30:60[sccm]유량, 소스와 기판과의 거리가 70 [mm], 기판에 Bias를 가하지 않은 조건인 경우 8~10[mtorr] 공정압력에서 매우 안정된 플라즈마 형성이 가능한 최적의 공정조건을 얻었다. 얻어진 공정조건으로 제작된 $SiO_2$산화막의 모콘테스트를 통한 투습율(WVTR)을 조사한 결과 2.2 [$g/m^2$_day]값으로 HDP-CVD로 제작된 $SiO_2$산화막은 유기발광다이오드용 보호막으로의 적용이 어려울 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.935-944
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• 2003

Forced convective boiling heat transfer coefficients were predicted for an annular flow inside a horizontal tube for pure refrigerants and nonazeotropic binary refrigerant mixtures. The heat transfer coefficients were calculated based on the turbulent temperature profile in liquid film and vapor core considering the composition difference in vapor and liquid phases, and the nonlinearity in mixing rules for the calculation of mixture properties. The heat transfer coefficients of pure refrigerants were estimated within a standard deviation of 14% compared with available experimental data. For nonazeotropic binary refrigerant mixtures, prediction of the heat transfer coefficients was made with a standard deviation of 18%. The heat transfer coefficients of refrigerant mixtures were lower than linearly interpolated values calculated from the heat transfer coefficients of pure refrigerants. This degradation was represented by several factors such as the difference between the liquid and the overall compositions, the conductivity ratio and the viscosity ratio of both components in refrigerant mixtures. The temperature change due to the concentration gradient was a major factor for the heat transfer degradation and the mass flux itself at the interface had a minor effect.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.550-557
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• 2005

The multivariate statistical analysis methods, using both multiple linear regression(MLR) and partial least square(PLS), have been applied to predict the reactor properties and the product quality of a direct esterification reactor for polyethylene terephthalate(PET) synthesis. On the basis of the set of data including the flow rate of water vapor, the flow rate of EG vapor, the concentration of acid end groups of a product and other operating conditions such as temperature, pressure, reaction times and feed monomer mole ratio, two multi-variable analysis methods have been applied. Their regression and prediction abilities also have been compared. The prediction results are critically compared with the actual plant data and the other mathematical model based results in reliability. This paper shows that PLS method approach can be used for the reasonably accurate prediction of a product quality of a direct esterification reactor in PET synthesis process.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2001년도 춘계학술대회논문집D
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• pp.232-239
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• 2001

The present study is an experimental investigation of nucleate boiling heat transfer mechanism in pool boiling from wire heaters immersed in saturated FC-72 coolant and water. The vapor volume flow rate departing from a wire during nucleate boiling was determined by measuring the volume of bubbles, varying $25{\mu}m,\;75{\mu}m,\;and\;390{\mu}m$, from a wire utilizing the consecutive-photo method. The effects of the wire size on heat transfer mechanism during a nucleate boiling were investigated by measuring vapor volume flow rate and the frequency of bubbles departing from a wire immersed in saturated FC-72. One wire diameter of $390{\mu}m$ was selected and tested in saturated water to investigate the fluid effect on the nucleate boiling heat transfer mechanism. Results of the study showed that an increase in nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficients with reductions in wire diameter was related to the decreased latent heat contribution. The latent heat contribution of boiling heat transfer for the water test was found to be higher than that of FC-72. The frequency of departing bubbles was correlated as a function of bubble diameters.