• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.22-29
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• 2009

To investigate the vegetation structure of mountain valley from Cheonwangbong to Seonneotang, 23 plots($400m^2$) set up with random sampling method were surveyed. Two groups of Abies koreana community, Fraxinus mandshurica-Acer pseudo-sieboldianum community were classified by cluster analysis. Abies koreana was a major woody plant species in the valley area from Cheonwangbong to Mapogpo, and Pinus koraiensis, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum and Sorbus amurensis was partly occupied. High positive correlations was proved between Picea jezoensis and Sorb us amurensis, Taxus cuspidata, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Kalopanax pictus; Betula costata and Betula platyphylla var. japonica, Corn us controversa; Abies koreana and Pinus koraiensis; Stephanandra incisa and Betula ermani, Acer tegmentosum, Prunus sargentii; Acer pseudo-sieboldianum and Betula ermani; Fraxinus mandshurica and Deutzia prunifolia, Acer tschonoskii var. rubripes; Sorbus amurensis and Kalopanax pictus; Betula platyphylla var.japonica and Cornus controversa; Lindera erythrocarpa and Lespedeza maximowiczii, Quercus serrata, Styrax obassia; Lindera obtusi/oba and Abies holophylla; Carpinus laxiflora and Lespedeza maximowiczii; Fraxinus sieboldiana and Acer tschonoskii var. rubripes, Pinus koraiensis, Taxus cuspidata; Acer tschonoskii var. rubripes and Taxus cuspidata; Quercus mongolia and Rhododendron schlippenbachii; Quercus serrata and Styrax obassia, and relatively high negative correlations was proved between Abies koreana and Deutzia prunifolia; Lindera obtusi/oba and Pinus koraiensis. Species diversity(H') of investigated groups was ranged $2.7478{\sim}2.9573$.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.113-124
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• 2012

The Confucian culture of the Chosun Dynasty has a great effect on the construction of ByeolSeo gardens. Among them, especially the gardens built in Gyeongsang Province areas, where a great number of Confucian scholars were produced in the beautiful natural environment, have maintained various heritage of Confucian culture established by the scholars. Along with the Nakdong River, we can find so many cultural assets of buildings such as head houses, ByeolSeo gardens, including the literary remains such as administrative certificates, poetry and prose, and records of pavilions, which show the trace of the scholars who followed the instructions of the doctrines of Chu-tzu. The Geumseonjeog located in Punggi County, Gyeongsangbuk Province, which was the ByeolSeo gardens possessed by Geumgye Whang Jun-ryang(1517-1563), who was the governor of the area and one of the representative students of Toigye Lee Whang. The building is located nearby the Geumseon Valley with beautiful natural scenery under Sobaek Mountain. Especially the pine forest around the valley boasts a unique natural setting. This study is aimed to analyze the value of natural scenic spot of the Geumseonjeong through the surveys on surroundings, topography, vegetation and water system. including the value of humanistic elements focused on the writings such as 'Geumgyejip' written by Whang Jun-ryang and Lee Whang, another 'Geumgyejip' written by Ryu un-ryong, and 'Geumgyejeongsajungsugi' written by Hong Gyeong-ryeom. And also, the scenic spot value of the signboards such as the 'Geumgyejeongsajungsugi' written by Ryu un-ryong, 'Geumgyejeong' by Lee Han-il, 'Geumgyejeong' written by Jo Un-hyeong and 'Geumgyejeongsa, written by Lee Jung-gi, was analyzed. And the historical and cultural value was analyzed through the semantic interpretation of the series of poetry and pose and the old map established in 1872. In respect of the scenery, the surroundings of the Geumseon Valley boast the outstanding settings as the clean mountain stream in front of the Geumseonjeong makes a beautiful harmony with the pine forest. The pine forest surrounding the Geumseon Valley has played a secret role in the history of the village. Considering the fact that the pine forest was expressed in the map of Punggi County produced in 1872, it may be assumed that the forest was regarded to have historical and scenic value in those times. Considering the fact that the words like 'Beautiful' and 'Scenic spot' were used in the writings like 'Geumgyejip' and there were meeting places around the valley, we can recognize the value of the place as a scenic spot. The beautiful natural scenery surrounding the ByeolSeo gardens, and the increase in humanistic value of the poetry and prose, including the administrative certificates, has recently brought about the cases in which some scenic spots of the ByeolSeo gardens were designated as cultural assets. According to the value as a scenic spot and semantic interpretation of the Geumseonjeong, the pavilion appeared to have a great scenic spot value as a ByeolSeo gardens, so that this study was designed to prepare criteria with which the pavilion may be designated as a scenic spot of ByeolSeo gardens.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.373-380
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• 1999

The Byokryon-Daejangbong valley forest in Keumsan area at Hallyo-Haesang National Park was studied to investigate forest structure in relation to altitude and part of the slope. Forty-eight quadrats were set up in the valley forest along altitude of 200m to 650m and part of the slope. Density, mean DBH, and basal area of the canopy trees were 820~1873trees/ha, 10.7~14.6cm, and 17.7~22.2$\m^2$/ha, respectively. With increasing elevation mean DBH and basal area of tree stratum increased while density of tree stratum decreased. As elevation increased the importance values of Quercus mongolioa, Styrax japonica, Acer pseudo-sieboldiannum, and Sorbus alnifolia increased while those of Pinus thunbergii, Pinus densiflora, Prunus sargentii, Cornus kousa, and Eurya japonica decreased. The importance values of Fraxinus sieboldiana, Quercus variabilis, and Sorbus alnifolia increased as going from lower part to upper part of the slope. However, the opposite trend was found for the importance values of Styrax japonica, Lindera erythrocarpa, and Zelkova serrata, With incresing elevation number of species, species diversity, and evenness incresed and it was suggested that man interference was relatively severe. The range of similarity indices between elevation belts and between parts of the slope were 42.0~71.8% and 74.8~76.8%, respectively. According to importance values and cluster analysis, the studied valley forest was classified into four forest communities of Quercus serrata-Pinus densiflora community in low elevation belt, Carpinus laxiflora-deciduous tree species community in high elevation belt and lower and middle parts at middle elevation belt, Quercus variabilis-Carpinus laxiflora community in upper part at middle elevation belt, and Quercus mongolica-Styrax japonica community in top area. There were significantly positive correlation among Quercus serrata, Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii, and Eurya japonica and among Carpinus laxiflora, Zelkova serrata, and Cornus walteri.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.188-201
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• 2017

Based on a total of 272 vegetation data collected by the ZM school phytosociological study method, the composition and structural characteristics of the forest vegetation in the Sogwang-ri forest genetic resource reservoir located in Uljin-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do were compared using the table comparison method and the TWINSPAN method, And their ecological characteristics were analyzed. The types of forest vegetation were classified into 7 types, and it was divided into two major groups, 'Slope and Ridge type', which characterized by Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora for. erecta, Lespedeza bicolor etc. and 'valley and concave slope', which characterized by Cornus controversa, Fraxinus mandshurica, Morus bombycis, Hydrangea serrata for. acuminata etc. The hierarchy of the vegetation unit was 2 community groups, 4 communities, and 6 subcommunities. The structural characteristics such as the total percent cover, species importance value, species diversity of the constituent species per unit area($/100m^2$) of each type of forest vegetation were also identified. In order to understand the spatial distribution of forest vegetation, 1/5,000 large-scale physiognomic vegetation map was created by the uppermost dominant species. The composition and structural characteristics of Geumgang pine(P. densiflora for. erecta) forest, which is a core community of protected area by natural and anthropogenic influences, appear as a subtype of Quercus mongolica forest, which is a potential natural vegetation, Appropriate maintenance measures seemed urgently needed.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.107-120
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• 1995

To investigate the forest structure of Chuwang valley of Chuwangsan National Park, thirty plots were set up and surveyed. Importance values, DBH class distribution, species diversity indices, DCA Ordination, CCA ordiantion and TWINSPAN classification were used for vegetational structure analysis. Pinus densiflora Quercus serata, Q. mongolica, Q. variabilis were appeared to be dominant species in thirty plots. According to the analysis of classification by TWINSPAN, the thirty plots divided four groups. Groups were Q. mongolica-P. densiflora-Carpinus laxiflora community(I), P. densiflora-Q. variabilis community(II), Q. serrata-Q. variabilis community(III), broad-leaved mixed community(IV) Species diversity(H') of investigated area was calculated 1.17~l.32. The successional trend was seemed to be from P. densiflora to Q. spp. in the canopy layer.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.119-133
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to provide basic information for rational management plans for sustainable conservation and utilization by comprehensive analyzing the flora distributed in Yongchu valley, Changwon-si. The flora of Yongchu valley were summarized as 319 taxa including 93 families, 212 genera, 285 species, 3 subspecies, 6 forms and 25 varieties. The endemic plants were 5 taxa such as Chrysosplenium pilosum var. fulvum, Impatiens koreana, Lespedeza maritima, Thalictrum acteifolium and Weigela subsessilis. The rare plants were 11 taxa including I. koreana, Prunus yedoensis and Magnolia kobus. The specific plants by floristic region were 38 taxa including I. koreana, Jeffersonia dubia., M. kobus and P. yedoensis which are class V. The naturalized plants were 11 taxa including Solanum americanum, Aster pilosus, Crassocephalum crepidioides and Cerastium glomeratum and so forth and invasive alien plants among these plants was 1 taxa of A. pilosus. The target plants adaptable to climate change were 8 taxa including Corydalis turtschaninovii of northern plant, I. koreana of endemic plant, and Meliosma myriantha of southern plant.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.87-104
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• 2007

The objective of this study is to estimate the load of pollutants caused from the forest area among non-point pollutants within the Juam lake. The surveyed forest area was classified into broad-leaved, conifer, mixed and herbage area by forest tree type. Water quality and flux were investigated under rainfall and non-rainfall, respectively. Then, pollutant loading was evaluated by using the values of unit pollutant loading factor of each point and area of forest zone. Water quality analysis results of runoff by forest tree types were as follows. - Annual BOD, $COD_{Mn}\;and\;COD_{Cr}$ concentration of runoff in conifer area was high, and particle and biological recalcitrant compounds were flowed highly. - SS, T-N and T-P concentration was high in runoff from broad-leaved area, and biological degradable compounds was flowed. - Water quality of water from valley was maintained good under non-rainfall and could be utilized as fresh drinking water. Through water quality standard investigation, a countermeasure establishment was necessary to secure a good quality of drinking water - BOD, $COD_{Mn},\;and\;COD_{Cr}$ concentration of Bo-sung river was higher 1.5 times than other 2 streams, and because of high T-N, and T-P concentration in Songgwang stream, the management for this was necessary.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.1
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• pp.12-22
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• 2014

This study was carried out to classify forest communities and to aggregate forest cover types for the complex and diversified natural forest areas of Hwangaksan, Bakseoksan, Deogyusan, and Jirisan in southern region of Baekdudaegan Mountains. The vegetation data were collected by point-centered quarter sampling method. Eight hundred fifty one sample points were subjected to cluster analysis to classify 18 forest communities, which were aggregated into 7 representative forest cover types on the basis of community similarity from composition of canopy species. They were mixed mesophytic forest cover type, the others deciduous forest cover type, Quercus variabilis-Quercus serrata cover type, Quercus mongolica cover type, Pinus densiflora cover type, Carpinus laxiflora cover type, and Abies koreana cover type. The Quercus mongolica cover type was most widely distributed in the study areas, and this cover type tended to occur in the place of higher altitude as latitude was getting lower. Mixed mesophytic forest and the others deciduous forest cover type were commonly distributed in the areas of valley, on the other hand, Quercus mongolica cover type and Pinus densiflora cover type tended to be distributed in the areas of ridge.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.61-71
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• 1995

From Salix maximowiczii of the Korean Salix, morphological and palynological characters were investigated by stereoscopic, light, and scanning electron microscopes. Also, this study was eonducted to investigate the effect of meteorological factors on the disjunct distribution in Salix maximowiczii forests grown within the restricted region. 1. Morphological characters of S. maximowiczii clarified with the descriptions and figures. 2. The palynological description was made to the S. maximowiczii and identified distinctly species. 3. S. maximowiczii is distributed only in Baekdam and Hangyeryong valley of Mt. Sorak in Kangwon-do, and valley of height region in Kyeongseong-gun (Hamgyongbuk-do), Sinhueng-gun, and Pungsan-gun (Hamgyongnam-do) in North Korea. 4. Water factors was better than temperature factors in the influence of meteorological factors for disjunct distribution. 5. These ecological and taxonomical informations could be used in practical application for silvicultural prescription, such as erosion control forest, timber production, and development of green area in river bank.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.206-216
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• 2021

Deutzia paniculata Nakai, a rare and endemic plant, has limited distribution throughout the North and South Gyeongsang provinces of South Korea. The D. paniculata community grows mostly on the stony slopes of forests, valley edges, and rock layers at 250-960 m in altitude, where deciduous trees are dominant and high humidity is maintained. Correlation analysis of vegetation and environmental factors found that the Walter's dogwood-mulberry community was correlated with soil acidity (pH). Whilst the queritron community had correlations with distance from the valley, rock rate and slope. The natural habitat of the Palgongsan Mountain in Daegu is known to have high genetic diversity, had eight D. paniculata individuals recorded from 2014 to 2018, and 12 individuals recorded in 2020 (new individuals due to a newly created space within the herbaceous layer caused by grass mowing works), it is therefore unlikely that the community would perish unless there was an artificial disturbance. To conserve the natural habitats of D. paniculata, oppression by Sasa borealis, damage, increase in crown density of the upper layer, overexploitation, and absence of seedlings should be carefully investigated. In addition, response measures should also be established and the impact on seed fullness and the reproductive characteristics of D. paniculata recorded. To restore declined genetic diversity, individuals from high genetic diversity regions, such as Palgongsan Mountain, should be artificially transplanted.