• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국지구물리탐사학회 2007년도 공동학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.313-316
• /
• 2007

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is an effectiveness tool for imaging spatial distribution of hydrogeologic parameters. An artificial groundwater recharge test has been conducted in Nagaoka City in Japan, and time-lapse crosshole GPR data were collected to monitor infiltration processes in a vadose zone. Since radiowave velocities in a vadose zone are largely controlled by variations in water content, the increase in traveltimes is interpreted as an increase in saturation in the test zone. We use a finite-difference time-domain method in two-dimensional cylindrical coordinates to simulate field results. Numerical modeling successfully reproduces the major feature of velocity changes in the filtration process.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
• /
• 제27권spc호
• /
• pp.92-98
• /
• 2022

Although various methods have been proposed to assess groundwater vulnerability, most of the models merely consider the mobility of contaminants (i.e., intrinsic vulnerability), and the attenuation capacity of vadose zone is often neglected. This study proposed an evaluation model for the attenuation capacity of vadose zone to supplement the limitations of the existing index method models for assessing groundwater vulnerability. The evaluation equation for quantifying the attenuation capacity was developed from the combined linear regression and weighted scaling methods based on the lab-scale experiments using various vadose zone soils having different physical and biogeochemical properties. The proposed semi-quantifying model is expected to effectively assess the attenuation capacity of vadose zone by identifying the main influencing factors as input parameters together with proper weights derived from the coefficients of the regression results. The subsequent scoring and grading system has great versatility while securing the objectivity by effectively incorporating the experimental results.

• 물과 미래
• /
• 제22권3호
• /
• pp.289-298
• /
• 1989

A review is made of transient phenomena ralation to flow in the vadose zone. Reviewed topics include rapid water table response to rainfall, pulsating flow due to pressure perturbations in the vasoes zone, and the wave-like propagation of increased soil moisture caused by intermittent rainfall. As a basis of interpreting these phenomena, zoning of the vadose zone into a residual water zone, an unsaturated capillaty zone, and a saturated capillary zone are proposed. Possible implications with respect to hydrological processes relating to these phenomena are discussed.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2006년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
• /
• pp.411-414
• /
• 2006

This study was examined to determine hydraulic conductivity of vadose zone($K_s$) and effective porosity(${\phi}_e$) of undisturbed soil profiles collected at each vadose zone of 6 study areas in South Korea. Effective porosity was approximately 19% of total porosity for each soil profile. Applied to Ahuja's equation, the correlation between $K_s$ and ${\phi}_e$ showed $y=1.3{\times}10^{-7}x^{2.15}(r^2=0.37)$ for total soil profiles. Although the small numbers of soil profile were used for this study, the result of this study might be used for other soil hydraulic studies as reasonable data.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국지구물리탐사학회 2001년도 정기총회 및 제3회 특별지포지움
• /
• pp.94-103
• /
• 2001

유기 석유화학 오염 물질인 휘발유가 지하 분포 시, 지하수면 위 토양 매질(vadose zone)내에 존재할 수 있는 기체 상태(vaporphase)와, 지하수면의 상승 또는 하강에 의해 분포 할 수 있는 residual phase의 유류 오염 물질이 GPR에 미치는 반응을 조사하기 위하여 모래와 자갈을 토양 매질로서 채운 탱크를 이용한 모델 실험이 수행되었다. 물만 사용하여 지하수면의 상승과 하강을 유도한 후, 석유 수송을 위하여 지하에 매장된 파이프 혹은 석유저장을 위한 지하 탱크로부터 지하수면으로의 유류 오염을 simulation하기 위하여 모델 탱크바닥을 통하여 휘발유가 주입되었다. 본 연구 결과, 수분 함량에 따른 GPR의 민감성과 지하수면의 변화 관측에의 GPR 효율성이 입증되었다. 또한, 휘발성 유류 오염 물질의 기체상태가 vadose zone에 분포 시 GPR를 이용하여 탐지할 수 있는 가능성과, 지하수면의 상승에 의해 지하수면 밑의 물로 포화된 토양(water saturated zone)에 분포할 수 있는 residual phase의 유류 오염 물질의 탐지 가능성이 모델 실험을 통하여 확립되었다 그리고, residual phase의 유류 오염 물질이 지하수면 아래에 분포하는 오염지역에서 GPR을 이용한 유류 오염물질을 탐지할 수 있는 새로운 탐사전략이 제시되었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제23권4호
• /
• pp.605-613
• /
• 2014

In this work, the delay time for groundwater recharge was estimated by comparing simulated recharges by means of SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model and WTF(Water Table Fluctuation) method. The delay time for groundwater recharge means that the time when the water from rainfall travelled through vadose zone just after getting out of soil zone bottom. As measuring this delay time is almost impossible, we used to compare the estimated values from modeling(SWAT) and analytic method(WTF). The test site is Hancheon watershed which has 8 groundwater measurement stations. The results show that the altitude has a linear relationship with the estimated delay time values. To validate these results, we conducted corelation analysis between transformed groundwater levels and observed ones. The results showed that computed groundwater levels have good corelation($R^2$=0.97, 0.87, respectively). The estimated delay time would be used for the groundwater behaviour characteristics in vadose zone. As recharge rates vary according to the height, the delay time is thought to be an import variable for the proper groundwater recharge estimation.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2005년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
• /
• pp.232-236
• /
• 2005

In-situ Air Sparging (IAS, AS) is a groundwater remediation technique, in which organic contaminants are volatilized into air as it rises from saturated to vadose soil zone. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of environmental conditions on the degradation of VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) and $CO_2$ in the unsaturated zone and TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons) in saturated zone of sandy loam. In the laboratory, diesel (10,000 mg TPH/kg)-contaminated saturated soil. After heating the soil for 36 days, the equilibrium temperature of soil reached to $34.9{\pm}2.7^{\circ}C$ and TPH concentration was reduced to 78.9% of the initial value, Volatilization loss of VOCs in TPH was about 2%, The reduction gradient of $CO_2$ concentration was 0.018/day in air space and 0.0007/day in unsaturated zone.

• 지질공학
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.517-523
• /
• 2007

이 연구에서는 초정지역의 충적층 지하수와 관련된 풍화대분포를 파악하고 단층파쇄대 조사를 위해 복합물리탐사(탄성파굴절법, 전기비저항, 지하투과레이더탐사)를 수행하였다. 탄성파속도 정보로부터 풍화대는 대상지역의 남서부로 갈수록 깊어지는 것으로 나타나는데 기반암까지의 심도 즉 풍화대의 두께는 또한 기존의 시추자료 및 지하수위 자료와 거의 일치한다. 소규모 단층과 관련된 파쇄대 조사에서는 탄성파굴절법, 전기비저항, 레이더탐사 자료를 속도와 비저항 구조를 복합적으로 천부까지 해석하여 단층파쇄대의 지표 경계등을 파악하였다. 복합 지구물리탐사로 정확히 제시된 풍화대와 파쇄대 등에 대한 정보는 충적층 지하수의 분포를 알아내는데 충분히 활용될 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
• /
• 제31권2호
• /
• pp.123-132
• /
• 1998

비포화대에서의 지하수 오염원의 이송을 관측하는 것은 매우 어려운 거승로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 함수량과 농도가 다른 시료를 이용하여 비포화 용존 오염원의 농도를 측정하기 위한 TDR의 적용가능성에 대한 검정실험을 수행하였다. 초기전자기파에 대한 TDR반향파의 감쇄정도를 이용하여 토양의 총전기전도도를 측정하게 되는데 이때 함수량이 일정할 경우 총전기전도도와 토양수의 농도관계는 선형관계를 유지한다는 가정을 기본으로한다. 본 연구에서는 세가지의 농도와 체적함수량을 갖는 시료를 성형하고 이때의 TDR 반향곡선을 측정하여 Dalton 등(1984), Topp 등(1988), Yanuka 등(1988), Zegelin 등 (1989)이 제안한 추정식으로 통초양전기전도도를 구하였다. 실험결과 Zegelin등이 제안한 식을 제외한 세 가지 식들은 매우 좋은 토양수의 농도와 총전기전도도의 선형관계를 나타내었다. 따라서 이 세가지 추정식들은 용존 오염원의 농도를 추정함에 있어 매우 유용한 식으로 판단되며 이 추정식들을 이용하는 TDR 비포화 용존 오염원 측정법은 실내실험과 현장실험에 있어 매우 유용하리라 판단된다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.49-60
• /
• 2016

Distribution and behavior of baseline soil CO₂ were investigated in a candidate geologic CO₂ storage site in Pohang, with measuring CO₂ concentrations and carbon isotopes in the vadose zone as well as CO₂ fluxes and concentrations through ground surface. This investigation aimed to assess the baseline CO₂ levels and to build the CO₂ monitoring system before injecting CO₂. The gas in the vadose zone was collected using a peristaltic pump from the depth of 60 cm below ground surface, and stored at gas bags. Then the gas components (CO₂, O₂, N₂, CH₄) and δ¹³C_CO2 were analyzed using GC and CRDS (cavity ringdown spectroscopy) respectively in laboratory. CO₂ fluxes and CO₂ concentrations through ground surface were measured using Li-COR in field. In result, the median of the CO₂ concentrations in the vadose zone was about 3,000 ppm, and the δ¹³C_CO2 were in the wide range between −36.9‰ and −10.6‰. The results imply that the fate of CO₂ in the vadose zone was affected by soil property and vegetations. CO₂ in sandy or loamy soils originated from the respiration of microorganisms and the decomposition of C₃ plants. In gravel areas, the CO₂ concentrations decreased while the δ¹³C_CO2 increased because of the mixing with the atmospheric gas. In addition, the relation between O₂ and CO₂, N₂, and the relation between N₂/O₂ and CO₂ implied that the gases in the vadose zone dissolved in the infiltrating precipitation or the soil moisture. The median CO₂ flux through ground surface was 2.9 g/m²/d which is lower than the reported soil CO₂ fluxes in areas with temperate climates. CO₂ fluxes measured in sandy and loamy soil areas were higher (median 5.2 g/m²/d) than those in gravel areas (2.6 g/m²/d). The relationships between CO₂ fluxes and concentrations suggested that the transport of CO₂ from the vadose zone to ground surface was dominated by diffusion in the study area. In gravel areas, the mixing with atmospheric gases was significant. Based on this study result, a soil monitoring procedure has been established for a candidate geologic CO₂ storage site. Also, this study result provides ideas for innovating soil monitoring technologies.