• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.635-641
• /
• 2014

Archaeological waterlogged woods require a process of dimensional stabilization for their conservation. PEG is the most widely used in the conservation of archaeological waterlogged wood. One of the easiest and commonly used methods is the impregnation of 40% polyethylene glycol followed by vacuum freeze drying. However, the waste fluid produced from the PEG treatment is black in color and has a severe odor due to the organic matter extracted from the wood. Thus It cannot be recycled and it was just thrown out. Color of waste fluid can be decolored with oxidation reaction by hydrogen peroxide. Properties of PEG before and after preservation treatment, and after oxidation with $H_2O_2$ were not changed. Dimensional stability of archaeological waterlogged Salix koreensis Andersson was studied with pure or recycled PEG. The ratio of impregnation solutions were 10:0, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7, 0:10 (pure PEG : recycled PEG). Impregnation process was carried out by putting the wood specimens 10% PEG solution for 5days, 20% for 5 days, 30% for 5 days finally 40% for 5 days. All of the specimens showed the weight change rate of 25%. SEM results provided that the dimensional change of were less than 4% PEG impregnated specimens. Comparing with pure PEG impregnation system, conservation precess mixed PEG also showed no significant changes. Conclusively, the recycled PEG can be used for archeological waterlogged wood conservation precess.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
• /
• 2011.08a
• /
• pp.213-213
• /
• 2011

Gold catalysts supported on TiO2 have shown a unique catalytic behavior on CO oxidation, depending on surface effects. Particle size has an influence on the surface activity. To make monodisperse Au nanoparticles, organic capping ligands, such as alkylthiols, were used by a "greener" synthesis method [1,2] and Au nanoparticles were deposited on TiO2. However, organic capping ligands must be removed for high catalytic activities by the Au nanoparticles without changing the Au size [3]. We used UV ozone treatment to decompose thiol ligands. The samples have been characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to examine the surface modification by UV ozone treatment. We show the size distribution of the gold nanoparticles by light scattering analysis and transmission electron microscopy. Au/TiO2 have been prepared using the wetness impregnation method. The catalytic performance of CO oxidation over Au supported on TiO2 under oxidizing reaction conditions (40 Torr CO and 100 Torr O2) were tested. The results show that the catalytic activity depends on particle size and the time of UV ozone exposure, which suggests the role of sulfur bonding in determining the catalytic activity of Au/TiO2 catalysts.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.2 no.3
• /
• pp.3-16
• /
• 1974

One of the disadvantages of. wood and wood products is their hydroscopicity or dimensional instability. This is responsible for the loss of green volume of lumber as seasoning degrade. Dimensional stabilization is needed to substantially reduce seasoning defects and degrades and for increasing the serviceability of wood products. Recently, considerable world-wide attention has been drawn to the so-called Wood-Plastic Composites by irradiation-and heat-catalyst-polymerization methods and many research and developmental works have been reported. Wood-Plastic Composites are the new products having the superior mechanical and physical properties and the combinated characteristics of wood and plastic. The purpose of this experiment was to obtain the basic data for the improvement of wooden materials by manufacturing WPC. The species examined were Mulpurae-Namoo (Fraxinus, rhynchophylla), Sea-Namoo (Carpinus laxiflora), Cheungcheung-Namoo (Cornus controversa), Gorosae-Namoo (Acermono), Karae-Namoo(Juglans mandshurica) and Sanbud-Namoo (Prunus sargentii), used as blocks of type A ($3{\times}3{\times}40cm$) and type B ($5{\times}5{\times}60cm$), and were conditioned to about 10~11% moisture content before impregnation in materials humidity control room. Methyl methacrylate (MMA) as monomer and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator are used. The monomer containing BPO was impregnated into wood pieces in the vacuum system. After impregnation, the treated samples were polymerized with heat-catalyst methods. The immersed weights of monomer in woods are directly proportionated to the impregnation times. Monomer impregnation properties of Cheungcheung-Namoo, Mulpurae-Namoo and Seo-Namoo are relatively good, but in Karae-Namoo, it is very difficult to impregnate the monomer MMA. Fig. 3 shows the linear relation between polymer retentions in wood and polymerization times; that is, the polymer loadings are increasing with polymerization times. Furthermore species, moisture content, specific gravity and anatomical or conductible structure of wood, bulking solvents and monomers etc have effects on both of impregnation of monomer and polymer retention. Physical properties of treated materials are shown in table 3. Increasing rates of specific gravity are ranged 3 to 24% and volume swelling 3 to 10%. ASE is 20 to 46%, AE 14 to 50% and RWA 18 to 40%. Especially, the ASE in relation to absorption of liquid water increases approximately with increase of polymer content, although the bulking effect of the polymerization of monomer may also be influential. WPCs from Mulpurae-Namoo and Cheungcheung-Namoo have high dimensional stability, while its of Karae-Namoo and Seo-Namoo are-very low. Table 4 shows the mechanical properties of WPCs from 6 species. With its specific gravity and polymer loading increase, all mechanical properties are on the increase. Increasing rate of bending strength is 10 to 40%, compression strength 25 to 70%, ;impact bending absorbed energy 4 to 74% and tensile strength 18 to 56%. Mulpurae-Namoo and Cheungcheung-Namoo with high polymer content have considerable high increasing rate of strengths. But incase of Karae-Namoo with inferior monomer impregnation it is very low. Polymer retention in cell wall is 0.32 to 0.70%. Most of the polymer is accumulated in cell lumen. Effective. of polymer retention is 58.59% for Mulpurae-Namoo, 26.27% for Seo-Namoo, 47.98% for Cheungcheung-Namoo, 25.64% for Korosae-Namoo, 9.96% for Karae-Namoo and 25.84% for Sanbud-Namoo.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
• /
• v.37 no.6
• /
• pp.569-575
• /
• 2000

Fabrication of carbon fiber reinforced composites was carried out by hand lay-up method. Carbon nanofibers and SiC nanofibers were used as filler in the composites fabrication. Carbon nanofibers, one of the new carbon materials, have 5∼500 nm in diameter and 5-10 nm in length. SiC nanofibers were modified by silicon monoxide vapor with carbon nanofibers. The composites were carbonized at 1000$^{\circ}C$ in a nitrogen atmosphere, and then densified by molten pitches impregnated in vacuum. Multiple cycles of liquid pitch impregnation and carbonization were carried out to obtain a desired density. The composites were characterized by density, microstructure. The inter-laminar shear strength (ILSS) test was performed for mechanical properties. For the new application, the microwave reflective proeprty of composites was investigated. Dielectric constant and permeability spectrum were measured in 12∼18 GHz frequency ranges. On the basis of the wave propagation theory in a lossy media, the reflection loss from the composite inter-layer was predict as a function of frequency.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.56-60
• /
• 2000

A new porous carbon material "woodceramics" was developed by carbonizing wood or woody materials impregnated with thermosetting resin. Steamed board and non-steamed board were made from thinned small log of Aomori Hiba (Thujopsis dolabrata S. et. Z. var. hondae M.). They were impregnated with phenol resin and sintered in a vacuum furnace at $650^{\circ}C$. In this paper, the manufacturing method of woodceramics and changes of dimension, weight and compressive strength were investigated. The changes of dimension, weight and compressive strength depend on the types of board and density.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
• /
• 2006.07b
• /
• pp.907-908
• /
• 2006

The energy storage systems are being widely researched for the electric power. The operations running in a vacuum chamber mainly consists of a composite flywheel rotor, superconductor bearings, a motor/generator and its controller. Among composed the apparatus, the floating magnet bearing consists of the ring-type permanent magnets with epoxy resin impregnation for reinforcement and surface protection. In order to storage as much energy as possible, the flywheel is supposed to be rotated with very high speed. The magnetic field is analyzed by using the Maxwell 2D/3D for the simulations.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
• /
• v.49 no.8
• /
• pp.589-595
• /
• 2011

Laminated glass fiber-reinforced plastic (GFRP) composites were applied to an insulating structure of a magnet system for a nuclear fusion device. Decreased inter-laminar strength by a strong repulsive force between coils which is induced a problem of structural integrity in laminated GFRPs. Therefore, it is important to investigate the inter-laminar characteristics of laminated GFRP composites in order to assure more reliable design and better structural integrity. Three types of the laminated GFRP composites using a high voltage insulating materials were fabricated according to each molding process. To evaluate the grade of the fabricated composites, mechanical tests, such as hardness, tensile and compressive tests,were carried out. The autoclave molding composites satisfied almost of the mechanical properties reguested at the G10 class standard, but the vacuum impregnation (VPI) and Prepreg composites did not.

• Conservation Science in Museum
• /
• v.14
• /
• pp.7-12
• /
• 2013

The conservation has been conducted for the fragments of an wooden boat in the Neolithic Age, excavated from Bibong-ri, Changnyeong, Korea. The vacuum-freeze drying have been applied to mostly to the small relics, such as wooden lacquerwares or small wooden goods etc.. Therefore, the large objects like a wooden boats have been treated almost by air-drying after impregnation with aqueous PEG solution. The air-drying is needed to impregnate with PEG aqueous solution during long period and run the risk of the fault generation. This report explain an example adapted for the fragments of the wooden boat by humidity-controlled drying(HCD) with slow adjusting moisture content. We did the chemical pre-treatment, PEG aqueous solution. The concentration of the aqueous solution was increased gradually from 10% to 80%. After the impregnation, the objects were dried by the HCD. The dimensional stability of the fragments after treatment was good.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.115-120
• /
• 2002

Woodceramics are new porous carbon materials obtained by burning wood or woody materials impregnated with thermosetting resin in a vacuum furnace. In this paper, the change of dimensions and bending strength of woodceramics which were made from medium density fiberboard have been investigated to examination the possibility of utilization as a woodceramics materials. 1) An increasing rate of dimension in impregnated board increased with increasing resin impregnation rate. And increasing rate of thickness was higher than that of length. 2) When the resin impregnation rate increased, the bending strength of impregnated board had a tendency to increase. 3) The rates of weight loss, length and thickness reduction of woodceramics showed a slight increase with increased burning temperature. 4) The density of woodceramics showed a increase from at 500℃ till at 800℃ with increasing burning temperature but decrease at 1,000℃ 5) When the burning temperature increased, the bending strength of woodceramics had a tendency to increase.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.14-34
• /
• 1985

One of the techniques for altering the properties of wood that has received considerable attention in the last twenty years is the formation of a wood-polymer composite (WPC) by irradiation and heat-catalyst polymerization of a monomer incorporated into the wood matrix. Wood-polymer composites are the new products having the superior mechanical and physical properties and the combinated characteristics of wood and plastic. The purpose of this experiment was to obtain the basic data for the improvement of wooden materials by manufacturing WPC and Staypak. The species examined was Hyunsasi-Namoo (Populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa) which had not been utilized yet. Methylmethacrylate (MMA) as monomer, benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator and methyl alcohol as bulking agent were used. The monomer containing BPO was impregnated into wood pieces by the dipping and the vacuum process for 2 hours. After impregnation, the treated samples were polymerized on the hot press with pressure and heat-catalyst methods. The results obtained were summarized as follows 1. The monomer loading into wood by the dipping process was 12.13 percent and 29.99 percent by the vacuum. The polymer loading into wood by the dipping process was 6.79 percent and 15.44 percent by the vacuum. 2. Comparing with Staypak, antishrink efficiency (ASE) of WPC was 12.5 to 13.6 percent on the radial direction and 14.70 to 18.63 percent on the tangential. Antiswelling efficiency (AE) was 14.40 to 17.22 percent on the radial direction and 17.18 to 42.1 8 to 42.14 percent on the tangential. Reduction in water absorptivity (RWA) was 8.19 to 15.5 percent. As a whole, the vacuum process was better than the dipping. 3. The specific gravity of control, Staypak and WPC were 0.44, 0.66 and 0.61 to 0.62, respectively. 4. In the bending strength test, the strength in case that the load direction is on the radial surface was greater than that which the load direction is on the tangential. 5. Increasing rate of stress at proportional limit in compression perpendicular to grain was 72.26 percent in case of WPC by the dipping process, 78.93 percent by the vacuum and 99.09 percent in case of Staypak.