• Applied Microscopy
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.367-376
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• 2000

The observation using an electron microscope shows that the maturation of the oocyte of African giant snail, Achatina fulica, proceeds over three stages. The oocyte of stage 1 is a small elliptic cell $(220\times400{\mu}m)$ whose light nucleoplasm contains two nucleoli. In its cytoplasm, a number of mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticula, and ribosomes are found, while yolk granules are not. The nucleus of the oocyte of stage 2 is relatively large in comparison with the volume of cytoplasm, and contains one nucleolus. In the nuclear envelope comprising inner and outer double membrane, there are found a lot of nuclear pores for materials to pass through. A number of mitochondria, Golgi complex and lipid yolk granules appears in the cytoplasm, and proteinous yolk granules begin to form and mature in the vacuoles of various sizes ($0.8\sim3.0{\mu}m$ in diameter). The oocyte of stage 3 has an enlarged nucleolus. Material transportation through nuclear pore is not found any longer. The cytoplasm in this stage is filled with proteinous and lipid yolk granules. The microvilli are developed around the egg plasma membrane.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.153-166
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• 1988

The fine structure of the salivary glands of the pine moth, Dendrolimus spectabilis Butler, at the last larval period is observed using light and electron microscopes. The moths have single paired tubular salivary glands which openings are connected to the oral cavity through the upper jaw. By the external morphology and its functions, the glands are subdivided into three regions which are anterior reabsorptive region, middle storage region and posterior secretory region. Along the inner canal of the salivary gland two columns of the large glandular cells are connected each other and oriented to ring-like forms. By this cellular orientation, the glands have long and large tubular structure. From anterior to posterior region large nuclei of the glands are ramified like twigs of the tree, and in the cytoplasm of the cell numerous mitochondria and vacuoles are seen. Moreover, basal plasma membranes of the gland cells are heavily infolded. The anterior region of the glands keeps several characteristics related to the reabsorption of the material from the inner cavity to the glandular cells whereas, main salivary material is synthesized and secreted through the long and convoluted posterior region. The apical plasma membranes of the cells are the most heavily invaginated at the posterior regoin, but trachea and tracheoles are distributed only at the middle and posterior regions. In the cytoplasm of the middle region Golgi complexes appeared at the vicinity of the vesicles, and at the posterior region of the salivary glands multivesicular bodies are also observed.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.10-22
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• 1994

To investigate the morphology of the synovial lining cells, synovitis was induced by carrageenin injection into the rat knee joint cavities. Synovial membranes were excised at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days, and histologic, electron microscopic, histochemical (periodic acid Schiff: PAS, toluidine blue), and enzyme histochemical (acid phosphatase: ACP, nonspecific esterase: NSE and endogenous peroxidase) studies were performed. The results are as follows: Carrageenin induced synovial membrane hypertrophy with synovial cell proliferation and granuloma formation. The proliferated synovial lining cells and macrophages in the granulomatous lesion had round to oval nuclei and large, plump cytoplasm with many phagocytotic materials and vacuoles. Electron microscopically, these cells had small number of granular endoplasmic reticulum and many lysosomes, phagosomes and vaculoes. Mitotic figures were observed at early stage of experiment. PAS and toluidine blue stains showed strongly positive reaction in the cytoplasm of the proliferated lining cells and macrophages in granulomatous lesion. ACP and NSE activities were strong positive in the cytoplasm of the proliferated synovial lining cells and macrophages in the granulomatous lesion. But endogenous peroxidase stains were negative in all prolifeative lining cells and macrophages in granulomatous lesion. Conclusively, carrageenin-induced synovitis showed proliferation of synovial lining cells and granuloma formation in deep layer. The macrophages, which consisted of the lesions and have active phagocytic function, were speculated to proliferate by mitosis of superficial synovial A cells and histiocytes in the deep layer of the synovial membrane.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.46-54
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• 1994

In ultrathin section of the tissue of odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV)-infected Cymbidium goeringii Reichenbach, ORSV particles appeared as bundles of irregular aggregates of various length which were called stacked plates or rounded plates. Virus particles were found in the cytoplasm in electron clear zones and they also found between cell wall and plasma membrane. They mainly clustered in parallel aggregates and sometimes oriented randomly. The X-bodies and paramural bodies were observed near the cell membrane and these contained vacuole-like cavities. The cell wall of infected tissue expanded largely. Some chloroplast in ORSV infected cell was irregular. No virus particle was present in mitochondria, nuclei, vacuoles, vesicles or other organelles. The plasmodesmata slightly enlarged, and virus-associated granules were present around it.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.165-176
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• 1983

The hyalinized zone in compressed periodontal ligament seems to be an unavoidable aspect during certain phases of orthodontically produced tooth movement. And these hyalinized zones leads to a standstill of tooth movement. But when hyalinized zones disappears after a certain period of time and tooth movement is established. In the basic aspect of clinical science of orthodontics, it is very important, to study about the process involved and to establish whether a difference of periodontal response by the amount of the applied experimental force exists. The 35 Guineapigs were divided into the control group (5 animals) and the experimental group (Group I-Group VI 30 animals). The experimental tooth movement of Guineapig's maxillary incisors were carried out by rendering continuous force, 5g (Group I, Group II) 35g (Group III, Group IV), 100g (Group V, Group VI) respectively. 15 animals (Group I, Group III, Group V) were sacrificed one week after this experiment. Another 15 animals (Group II, Group IV, Group VI) were sacrificed one week after the removal of active appliences. At the end of the experimental periods, specimens containing tooth and adjacent periodontal structure were obtained and processed for light and electron microscopy. The results were as follows: 1. In Group I, cellular changes of pressured zones showed swollen mitochondria, dilation of rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (RER), vesicles and pyknosis of nucleus. 2. In Group III and Group V, the hyalinized tissues showed cell necrosis accompaning ruptures of cytoplasmic membrane and perinuclear envelope, large cytoplasmic vacuoles and many necrotic cell debris. 3. In Group IV and Group VI, hyalinized tissue were eliminated and the primitive mesenchymal cells and blood capillaries were proliferated. 4. In group V, the destruction of the collagenous fibers were observed, while in group I and group III were not observed. 5. In Croup IV and Group VI, the hyalinized zones were still remained partly.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.29-37
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• 1984

Morphological changes of the epithelium of the endometrium by prolonged treatment of $17{\beta}$-estradiol or progesterone in ovariectomized rats was studied at the ultrastructural level. The epithelium of the endometrium in ovariectomized rats was characterized by the appearance of a number of vacuoles which was contained with the membraneous structures, lipid droplets and the others. The epithelium was low cuboidal, and a few short microvilli were present at the cell surface. Secretory granules are rarely found. After estradiol treatment, the epithelium was high columnar in shape. The mitochondria was appeared throughout the cytoplasm, however, long or swelling mitochondria was often found. Golgi apparatus and rER were relatively well-developed. Relatively long and sparse microvilli were present at the cell surface. After progesterone treatment, the epithelium was characterized by the appearance of numerous vesicles at the apical region and numerous lipid droplets at the subnuclear region. At the cell surface a number of short and blunt microvilli were found. These data indicated that the endometrium was dependent on estrogen and progesterone for changes in both its morphological and functional state and suggested that each hormone exerted a unique effect on the epithelial cells.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.127-159
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• 1990

This study was investigated to elucidate the effect of chlorambucil on the heart in aging rats. Male rat ranging in age from 3 to 36 months were used. Each age groups(3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36 months) included control and chlorambucil treated rats. As a part of the study, the ultrastructural changes in the left ventricular myocardial cells were described by using the qualitative and morphometric techniques. The results are summarized as follows. Age associated ultrastructural changes included: an increase in vacuoles, protrusion of plasma membranes, lipid droplets, and lipofuscins in myocardium of control groups. These changes which begin to occur at 12 months and continue through 36 months. At the 36 months some instance of unusual formation of contraction band and separation of intercalated discs were encountered. Morever, these changes and contents with chlorambucil treatment were remarkably increased in comparison with control groups. Age-dependent changes of control group measured with morphometry were not observed in the volume densities of mitochondria and myofibrils. But there was increase in interstitium. On the other hand decrease in sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-tubule system. In chlorambucil treated groups, volume densities of mitochondria and interstitium were increased in comparison with those of the control groups. But sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-tubule system were remarkably decreased.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.66-80
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• 1984

The organic phosphorus compounds have been widely used as an insecticide, since toxicity of these compounds is especially drastic to the insects than to men and other mammals. The organic phosphates are rapidly hydrolized and hence have little cumulative and ecologic effects. However, due to their acute toxic effects organophosphate have recorded rather high fatalities in men and domestic animals. The organic phosphorus compounds are powerful inhibitors to the carboxylic esterase enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase and pseudocholinesterase. As a result of firm binding characteristics of phosphate radicals to the active sites of enzyme, the activities of these enzymes are inhibited by the organophosphates. The organophosphates such as diazinon is easily observed from skin, gastrointestinal tract, conjunctivas and respiratory tract, and it is converted to more toxic form during metabolism in the liver The present study was carried out in order to investigate the hepatotoxicity of diazinon by observing the changes in the ultrastructure of cytoplasmic organelles of hepatic cells in albino mice. The animals were killed at 6, 12 and 24 hours after administration of 25mg/kg diazinon. The piece of hepatic tissue obtained from each animal was ultrathinly sectioned. The specimens stained by uranyl acetate and lead citrate double contrast methods were observed with JEM model 100B electron microscope. The results obtained were as follows: 1) A prominent dilatation and sacculation of the cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum associated with detachment of membrane bound-ribosomes, and disaggregation of the free ribosomes were recognized. 2) The hypertrophy of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum associated with depletion of the glycogen particles was observed. 3) The atrophy of cisternae of Golgi complex was observed. 4) A large number of secondary lysosomes (autophagic vacuoles and residual bodies) were formed. Consequently it is suggested that diazinon would induce disorganization of the cytoplasmic organelles of hepatocytes in albino mice.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.213-219
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• 1998

Glycogen-rich clear ceil carcinoma of the breast is an unusual variant of carcinoma with a recorded incidence of $1.4{\sim}3%$ of breast carcinomas. The cytologic characteristics have not been well described. We report two cases of glycogen-rich clear cell carcinoma with corresponding fine needle aspiration(FNA) cytologic findings and compare them to infiltrating ductal carcinoma and other clear ceil malignancies with a review of literature. One was a 62-year-old woman exhibiting a palpable mass of the right breast. The smears showed atypical tight cell clusters and individually scattered single cells containing leanly or clear abundant cytoplasm with well defined cytoplasmic margins. Mild to moderate nuclear pleomorphism and a prominent nucleolus were present. The other was a 42-year-old woman who was admitted with a right breast mass. The smears showed moderately cellular, tightly cohesive tumor cells. The cytoplasmic outline was generally well demarcated. The tumor cells Contained foamy to clear abundant cytoplasm with large and small vacuoles. The nuclear pleomorphism was marked. Both tumors resected by modified radical mastectomy, were diagnosed as glycogen-rich clear cell carcinoma. Histologically, the clear cell nature of tumor cells were not characteristic enough to predict this type of the tumor. Some cytologic features can be distinguished other clear cell breast cancer from glycogen-rich carcinoma. Recognition of these unusual patterns in a breast FNAC should raise the suspicion of a clear cell carcinoma including glycogen-rich subtype. Cytological localization of glycogen using PAS and D-PAS staining may permit the correct Identification and differential diagnosis of this tumor.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.317-331
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• 2014

Objectives: The root of Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) has been known to possess a range of pharmacological activities including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant effects. The present study was designed to investigate whether or not PG-induced cell death was connected with autophagy and apoptosis in NCI-H460 human lung cancer cells. Methods: Effects on the cell viability and apoptotic activity were quantified using MTT assays and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. Protein activation was measured by immunoblotting. Autophagy was measured by LC3 immunofluorescence and immunoblotting. ROS production and loss of mitochondria membrane potential (MMP) were checked with flow cytometry analysis. Results: Following exposure to PG, NCI-H460 cell proliferation decreased simultaneously inducing autophagic vacuoles and up-regulation of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 and beclin-1 protein expressions. Interestingly, pre-treated with autophagy inhibitors, 3-methyladenin or bafilomycin A1 further triggered reduction of cell viability. PG treatment also induced apoptosis that was related modulation of Bcl-2 family proteins, death receptors and activation of caspases. In addition, PG stimulation clearly enhanced loss of MMP and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Conclusions: Our results suggest that PG elicited both autophagy and apoptosis by increasing loss of MMP and ROS production. PG induced-autophagy may play a cell protective role.