• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.340-347
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• 1999

Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) capable of inducing the primary T cell response to antigen. Although tumor cells express target antigens, they are incapable of stimulating a tumor-specific immune response due to a defect in the costimulatory signal that is required for optimal activation of T cells. In this work, we describe a new approach using tumor-DC coculture to improve the antigen presenting capacity of tumor cells which does not require a source of tumor-associated antigen. Immunization of a weakly immunogenic and progressive tumor cocultured with none marrow-derived DCs generated an effective tumor vaccine. Immunization with the cocutured DCs was able to induce complete protectiv immunity against tumor challenges and was effective for the induction of tumor-specific CTL (cytotoxic T lymphocyte) activity. Furthermore, high NK cell activity was observed in mice in which tumors were rejected. In addition, immunization with tumor-pulsed DC s induced delayed tumor growth, but not tumor eradication in tumor-bearing mice. Our results demonstrate that coculture of DCs with tumors generated antitumor immunity due to the NK cell activation as well as tumor-specific T cell. This approach would be used for designing tumor vaccines using DCs when the information about tumor antigens is limited.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2002

Recently, the rabies cases have been reported in Paju- and Yangju-gun, Gyeonggj province near Seoul metropolitan area. The Pukhansan national park, nearly located from the cities, is suspected to be a high risk area for incidence and spread of the rabies to metropolitan area. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence rate for rabies antibody of dogs near the Pukhansan national park and in some other districts in Seoul metropolitan city. From march to october 2001, a total of 306 serum samples were taken from dogs for breeding(189) md pet dogs(117) in 4 districts near the Pukhansan national park and other districts of Seoul. Rabies virus antibodies in sera were detected by neutralizing peroxidase - linked as say (NPLA). Of the 306 sera of dogs tested, 74 (24.2%) were positive to rabies virus antibody. The prevalence rates of rabies antibody in Pukhansan national park area and in the other districts of Seoul city were 23.7% and 25.3%, respectively There was no significant difference in the prevalence rate between these two districts. The prevalence rates of rabies antibody in pet dogs and dogs for breeding were 40.2% and 14.3% respectively. The prevalence rates of rabies antibodies in less than 1 year, 1∼<2 years, 2∼<3 years, and over 3 years old dogs were 14.5%, 22.4%, 32.6%, and 27.1%, respectively, and overall 24.2% in the dog population. In addition, we found that dogs less than 1 year old had lower antibody prevalence than those over 1 year old. It was concluded that enhancement of vaccination is important in the prevention of the rabies, and that rabies vaccines should not be less supplied than the population of the dog.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.55-61
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• 2005

Serum samples of 1,175 pigs from 148 Korean swine farms not using Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo) vaccines were collected for seroepidemiological study of M. hyo infection by indirect ELISA method. Informations of each farm were provided about province where the farm was located and season when blood samples were collected. Then, the selected farms were divided into farm units which had 5 serum samples according to production stages : sow, suckling piglet (<30 days old), nursery pig (30-70 days old), and growing pig (>70 days old). Seroprevalence of M. hyo infection according to production stages, province, and season was investigated by using ELISA-positve rate of the selected samples for each study. This study showed that 85.34% (78.94-91.78%, 95% CI) of farms were positive to M. hyo infection and 34.81% (32.09-37.53%, 95% CI) among pigs were sero-positive to M. hyo infection in Korean swine farms. In the study of seroprevalence by production stage, most farms had sows and growing pigs which were sero-positive to M. hyo infection (sow: 83.05%, growing pigs: 87.72%) and most pigs seemed to be naturally infected by M. hyo at 8-10 weeks of age. Also, M. hyo infection showed seasonal pattern that most pigs were infected in late fall to early winter. However, in the study of seroprevalence by province, there was no significant correlation between province and M. hyo sero-positive rate.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.128-133
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• 2000

This study was designed to verify the efficacy of garlic extracts for protecting the infecton of influenza and Japanese B encephalitis virus. Influenza virus (AO/PR8 strain) and Japanese B encephalitis virus (JaGAr O1 strain) were used to attack mouse through nasal route and each vaccines were injected subcutaneously. 0.002 and 0.2 mL/day of garlic extracts were orally administered to mice. The blood and serum samples were taken from the mice to measure LD50, Defense Index (DI), virus-neutralizing antibody for comparing virus influence inhibiting activities. Defense indices of the male and female mice were not significantly different at every experiment. Vaccination effectively inhibited the influence of influenza virus and 0.002 mL/day garlic extract (0.55$\pm$0.05) resulted in significantly higher DI than the control (0$\pm$0.05) (p<0.05). Although 0.002 mL/day garlic extract (0.55$\pm$0.05) resulted in significantly lower DI than the vaccination (1.10$\pm$0.05), 0.2 mL/day garlic extract (2.05$\pm$0.05) resulted in 10 times higher DI than the vaccination (1.10$\pm$0.05). Garlic extract did not affect DI in Japanese B encephalitis virus influence of the vaccinated mouse, but significantly reduced DI of the non-vaccinated mouse (p<0.05). Garlic extracts did not affect the production of the neutralizing antibody against influenza by vaccination. However, neutralizing antibody production of Japanese B encephalitis was accelerated by vaccination. Consequently, the current study proved the efficacy of garlic on inhibition of influenza virus. Finally, it is very hard to show the higher preventing effect on flu through ingestion of garlic as a food than vaccination.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제29권11호
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• pp.1042-1048
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• 2006

Plasmid DNA vaccines encoding the hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface and hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope antigens, respectively, were constructed, and attempt were made to find the possibility of a divalent vaccine against HBV and HCV. The expression of each plasmid in Cos-1 cells was confirmed using immunocytochemistry. To measure the induced immune response by these plasmids in vivo, female BALB/c mice were immunized intramuscularly with $100\;{\mu}g$ of either both or just one of the plasmids. Anti-HBV and HCV-specific antibodies and related cytokines were evaluated to investigate the generation of both humoral and cellular immune responses. As a result, specific anti-HBV and anti-HCV serum antibodies from mice immunized with these plasmids were observed using immunoblot. The levels of IL-2 and RANTES showing a $Th_{1}$ immune response were significantly increased, but there was no change in the level of IL-4 ($Th_{1}$ immune response) in any of the immunized groups. Compared with each plasmid DNA vaccine, the combined vaccine elicited similar immune responses in both humoral and cell-mediated immunities. These results suggest that the combined DNA vaccine can induce not only comparable immunity experimentally without antigenic interference, but also humoral and $Th_{1}$ dominant cellular immune responses. Therefore, they could serve as candidates for a simultaneous bivalent vaccine against HBV and HCV infections.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.251-263
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• 2020

Flagellin, a major structural protein of the flagellum found in all motile bacteria, activates the TLR5- or NLRC4 inflammasome-dependent signaling pathway to induce innate immune responses. Flagellin can also serve as a specific antigen for the adaptive immune system and stimulate anti-flagellin antibody responses. Failure to recognize commensal-derived flagellin in TLR5-deficient mice leads to the reduction in anti-flagellin IgA antibodies at steady state and causes microbial dysbiosis and mucosal barrier breach by flagellated bacteria to promote chronic intestinal inflammation. Despite the important role of anti-flagellin antibodies in maintaining the intestinal homeostasis, regulatory mechanisms underlying the flagellin-specific antibody responses are not well understood. In this study, we show that flagellin induces interferon-β (IFN-β) production and subsequently activates type I IFN receptor signaling in a TLR5- and MyD88-dependent manner in vitro and in vivo. Internalization of TLR5 from the plasma membrane to the acidic environment of endolysosomes was required for the production of IFN-β, but not for other pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, we found that anti-flagellin IgG2c and IgA responses were severely impaired in interferon-alpha receptor 1 (IFNAR1)-deficient mice, suggesting that IFN-β produced by the flagellin stimulation regulates anti-flagellin antibody class switching. Our findings shed a new light on the regulation of flagellin-mediated immune activation and may help find new strategies to promote the intestinal health and develop mucosal vaccines.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.415-420
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• 2004

전 세계적으로 암의 발병률의 증가하고 있고 또한 그 수는 해마다 증가하는 실정이다. 암은 성장양상에 따라 악성종양과 양성종양으로 나뉘는데 암으로 구분되는 악성종양을 치료하기 위한 여러 가지 치료법들이 시행되고 또 개발되고 있다. 그중에서 dendritic cells (DCs)는 인체 내 면역반응을 이용하여 암을 치료하는 방법으로 적응면역에 관여하는 cytotoxic T cell (CTL)에 항원을 제시하여 CTL로 하여금 종양세포를 직접적으로 공격하도록 도움을 주는 역할을 한다. 그러나 여기에는 여러 가지 단점이 있다. 이 단점을 보완하기 위한 새로운 방법으로 artificial antigen-presenting cell (aAPC)을 이용한 치료법이 개발되고 있다. 가용성의 human leukocyte antigen-immunoglobulin fusion protein (HLA-Ig)를 기초한 aAPC은 DCs의 단점을 보완한 항원제시세포로써 DCs보다 더욱 효과적으로 CTL반응을 유도해 낼 것으로 기대한다. 본 총설에서는 이 DCs의 역할과 이들을 이용한 암 치료법에 대해서 논하고 그 개발 가능성에 대해서 알아보도록 하겠다.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.266-275
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to ascertain current status of pneumococcal vaccination for the elderly and their knowledge, awareness and preventive behaviors for the vaccination and to verify the relationship between results. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed using a questionnaire. Data were collected from 114 elderly people over 65 years at one community center from October to November in 2011. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS. Results: The vaccination rate of the elderly was as low as 19.3%. The most common reason for no vaccination was 'Because I did not know about it' (64.0%), and the intention to vaccination was to ascertain in 77.2%. The scores of knowledge, awareness and preventive behavior for vaccination were 0.31/1, 1.15/3 and 1.48/2, respectively. The knowledge for vaccination was significantly different by gender and education. The awareness of vaccination showed statistically significant difference by religion, perceived health status and experience of vaccination. A positive correlation was observed between both knowledge and awareness and awareness and preventive behavior for vaccination. Conclusion: The pneumococcal vaccination rate of the elderly was relatively low. To develop, therefore, the educational program for improving awareness and preventive behavior regarding pneumococcal vaccination of the elderly is necessary.

• 정보처리학회논문지C
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• 제8C권6호
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• pp.741-756
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• 2001

컴퓨터 시스템의 발달에 따라, 시스템에 대한 새로운 악성 프로그램의 위협이 급속히 증가하고 있다. 이러한 위협들에 대하여, 현재 컴퓨터 백신 프로그램이 널리 사용되고 있으나, 알려지지 않은 새로운 유형의 악성 프로그램을 발견하는 것이 어렵다는 것과 악의적 행위가 수행되기 전에 악성 프로그램을 발견하는 것이 항상 가능하지는 않다는 약점을 지니고 있다. 그리고 기존의 개인 컴퓨터 보안 시스템은 효율적인 보안 모델의 부재로 인하여 정상적인 사용자 행위임에도 불구하고 많은 False-positive 경고가 발생하는 문제점이 있다. 따라서 악성 프로그램에 대한 백신 프로그램과 개인 컴퓨터 보안 시스템의 제약점을 보완하기 위하여, 다양한 악성 프로그램에 의한 위협들을 신속하게 발견하고 대처할 수 있는 개선된 보안 프로그램의 개발이 중요하게 되었다. 본 논문에서는 컴퓨터 시스템에 대한 각종 위협을 커널 레벨에서 실시간으로 필터링 하고 대처할 수 있는 개선된 보안 모델의 설계와 보안 프로그램의 설계 및 구현에 대해 기술하였다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.23-28
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• 2016

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a porcine enteropathogenic coronavirus, causes lethal watery diarrhea in piglets, resulting in large economic losses because of high mortality. In November 2013, PEDV reemerged in Korea, and these outbreaks have since continuously occurred. In the present study, we determined the full-length nucleocapsid (N) gene sequences of three Korean PEDV field isolates collected in 2014-2015. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of N genes revealed that recent prevalent Korean PEDV isolates were very closely related to the US PEDV isolates in 2013. Interestingly, the phylogenetic tree based on the nucleotide sequencing of the PEDV N gene was similar to the tree topology of the PEDV complete genomes. Therefore, our data provide a better understanding of the genetic diversity and contribute to the accurate diagnosis and development of vaccines against PEDV.