• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.831-841
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• 2001

Objective : Somatosensory evoked potentials(SSEPs) have been used widely both experimentally and clinically to monitor the function of central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. Studies of SSEPs have reported the various recording techniques and patterns of SSEP. The previous SSEP studies used scalp recording electrodes, showed mean vector potentials which included relatively constant brainstem potentials(far-field potentials) and unstable thalamocortical pathway potentials(near-field potentials). Even in invasive SSEP recording methods, thalamocortical potentials were variable according to the kinds, depths, and distance of two electrodes. So they were regarded improper method for monitoring of upper level of brainstem. The present study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of somatosensory evoked field potentials(SSEFPs) of the cerebral cortex that evoked by hindlimb stimulation using ball electrode and the pathways of SSEFP by recording the potentials simultaneously in the cortex, VPL nucleus of thalamus, and nucleus gracilis. Methods : In the first experiment, a specially designed recording electrode was inserted into the cerebral cortex perpendicular to the cortical surface in order to recording the constant cortical field potentials and SSEFPs mapped from different areas of somatosensory cortex were analyzed. In the second experiment, SSEPs were recorded in the ipsilateral nucleus gracilis, the contralateral ventroposterolateral thalamic nucleus(VPL), and the cerebral cortex along the conduction pathway of somatosensory information. Results : In the first experiment, we could constantly obtain the SSEFPs in cerebral cortex following the transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the hind limb, and it revealed that the first large positive and following negative waves were largest at the 2mm posterior and 2mm lateral to the bregma in the contralateral somatosensory cortex. The second experiment showed that the SSEPs were conducted by way of posterior column somatosensory pathway and thalamocortical pathway and that specific patterns of the SSEPs were recorded from the nucleus gracilis, VPL, and cerebral cortex. Conclusion : The specially designed recording electrode was found to be very useful in recording the localized SSEFPs and the transcutaneous electrical stimulation using ball electrode was effective in evoking SSEPs. The characteristic shapes, latencies, and conduction velocities of each potentials are expected to be used the fundamental data for the future study of brain functions, including the hydrocephalus model, middle cerebral artery ischemia model, and so forth.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• v.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2006

This paper develops a complete methodology for the mitigation of ionosphere spatial anomalies by GBAS systems fielded in the Conterminous U.S. (CONUS). It defines an ionosphere anomaly threat model based on validated observations of unusual ionosphere events in CONUS impacting GBAS sites in the form of a linear ‘wave front’ of constant slope and velocity. It then develops a simulation-based methodology for selecting the worst-case ionosphere wave front impact impacting two satellites simultaneously for a given GBAS site and satellite geometry, taking into account the mitigating effects of code-carrier divergence monitoring within the GBAS ground station. The resulting maximum ionosphere error in vertical position (MIEV) is calculated and compared to a unique vertical alert limit, or $VAL_{H2,I}$, that applies to the special situation of worst-case ionosphere gradients. If MIEV exceeds $VAL_{H2,I}$ for one or more otherwise-usable subset geometries (i.e., geometries for which the 'normal' vertical protection level, or $VPL_{H0}$, is less than the 'normal' VAL), the broadcast ${\sigma}_{pr_{-}gnd}$ and/or ${\sigma}_{vig}$ must be increased such that all such potentially-threatening geometries have VPL$_{H0}$ > VAL and thus become unavailable. In addition to surveying all aspects of the methods used to generate the required ${\sigma}_{pr_{-}gnd}$ and ${\sigma}_{vig}$ inflation factors for CONUS GBAS sites, related methods for deriving similar results for GBAS sites outside CONUS are suggested.

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.279-279
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• 2007

• 한국정보교육학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.01a
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• pp.347-352
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• 2010

현장에서 프로그래밍 교육은 교수 학습 방법 외에도 교육실습 환경을 위한 프로그래밍 교육용 시스템의 준비나 사용면에서도 어려움이 많다. 특히 C언어의 경우 적당한 교육용 시스템이 없어 일반 상업용 개발 툴을 이용하는데 그렇지 않아도 어렵다고 인식되는 C언어 교수 학습에 소프트웨어 도구마저 복잡하여 작지 않은 걸림돌이 되고 있다. 다양한 프로그래밍 언어가 있지만 현재는 구문 교육 및 논리 표현의 수월함과 결과 확인의 편리함에 우위를 가진 로고 계통의 언어 도구가 교육에서 많이 활용되고 있다. 이러한 점에 착안하여 본 연구에서는 기존 C언어 교육 환경을 개선하고 C언어를 효과적으로 교수 학습할 수 있도록 VPL요소로써 순서도 편집 및 자동 구현과 실행 시간 중 각종 흐름과 변수의 실시간 누적 시각화 시스템을 내포한 C언어 인터프리터와 학습 모듈 관리 및 사용자간 및 교수자와 교류하는 기능이 합쳐진 웹 기반 C 프로그래밍 언어 교육을 위한 시스템을 설계하였다.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.60-73
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• 2023

The need for adopting automation technologies to improve inefficiencies in interior finishing modeling work is increasing during the Building Information Modeling (BIM) design stage. As a result, the use of visual programming languages (VPL) for practical applications is growing. However, undefined or incorrect space designations in BIM models can hinder the development of automated finishing modeling processes, resulting in erroneous corrections and rework. To address this challenge, this study first developed a rule-based automated interior finishing detailing module for floors, walls, and ceilings. In addition, an automated space integrity checking module with 86.69% ACC using the Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) model was developed. These modules were integrated into a design automation module for interior finishing, which was then verified for practical utility. The results showed that the automation module reduced the time required for modeling and integrity checking by 97.6% compared to manual work, confirming its utility in assisting BIM model development for interior finishing works.

• Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
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• v.1
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• pp.69-90
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• 1999

Die vorliegende Arbeit setzte sich zum Ziel, deutsche verbale Phraseolexeme(vPL) auf der Grundlage einer Mehrebenenbeschreibung syntaktisch sowie semantisch zu untersuchen. Dabei $st\"{u}tzten$ wir uns vor allem auf die Valenz- und Kasustheorie sowie das 6-Stufen-Modell von G. Helbig(1983) und das Mehrebenenmodell $f\"{u}r$ vPL von B. Wotjak(1992), das seinerseits vom methodischen Ansatz her in engem Zusammenhang zu dem Beschreibungsansatz steht. Aber Wir modifizierten teilweise das Modell yon B. Wotjak(1992) und stellten einige vPL exemplarisch dar. Dieser Untersuchung lag eine verbozentrische Auffassung des Satzes zugrunde: Das Verb bildet das organisierende Zentrum des Satzes und ist fur die Grundstruktur des Satzes verantwortlich. Das Verb als $Valenztr\"{a}ger\;er\"{o}ffnet$ um sich herum bestimmte Leerstellen, deren Zahl und Art letztlich von der Verbbedeutung her determiniert sind. Auch vPL kann als $Valenztr\"{a}ger$ - wie das Verb - das strukturelle Zentrum des Satzes darstellen, d.h. vPL bildet als Ganzes das $Pr\"{a}dikat$, das wendungsextern eine bestimmte Zahl von Leerstellen $er\"{o}ffnet$ und determiniert im Satz mit seinen $inh\"{a}renten$ semantischen Merkmalen seine semantische und syntaktische Umgebung. Bei der Analyse von vPL gingen wir von der Auffassung von B. Wotjak aus, $da\ss$ Modelle zur Beschreibung von Verben prinzipiell auch auf die Beschreibung von verbalen PL anwendbar sind. In dieser Untersuchung verwendeten wir - in Anlehnung an B. Wotjak(1996:4f.) - den Terminus 'Phraseologismus' als Oberbegriff, der a) Kollokationen, $b)\;Funktionsverbgef\"{u}ge\;(FVG)$, c) Wortidiome (wortwertige idiomatische Redewendungen oder Phraseolexeme), d) Satzidiome(satzwertige idiomatische Redewendungen bzw. kommunikative Formeln/ Routineformeln), e) $Sprichw\"{o}rter\;umfa{\ss}t$. Wir $beschr\"{a}nkten$ uns den Gegenstand unserer Untersuchung auf verbale Phraseolexeme(vPL), d.h. wie oben genannte Wortidiome. VPL lassen sich $prim\"{a}r$ in bezug auf das wendungsexterne ($\"{a}u{\ss}ere$) Aktantenpotential(PLe) und $sekund\"{a}r$ in bezug auf die interne Kom­ponentenstruktur des PL(PLi) klassifizieren. Unsere Studie soil nicht nur Hintergrundwissen $f\"{u}r$ Lexikonein­tragungen vertiefen helfen, sondern auch $f\"{u}r$ den Fremdsprachen­unterricht von Nutzen sein.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.129-133
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• 2007

Background and Objectives: Nasometry is an easy, noninvasive method to obtain objective data regarding the function of velopharynx. However, because articulation errors may affect the results of nasometry, the examiner should interpret the nasalance score based on appropriate speech stimuli. The purpose of this study is to examine the difference of nasalance score between glottal and oral articulations in patients with velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI). Materials and Method: Nineteen children between 3.4 and 12.1 years of age (mean age 5.7 years) with a confirmed VPl showing hypernasality and articulation errors (glottal stops) were included. Nasalance scores were obtained for two speech patterns of glottal and oral stops. In addition, the velopharyngeal functions were analyzed in four subjects using video nasopharyngoscopy. Results: The $mean{\pm}S.D$ nasalance scores of the glottal stops and oral stops were $42.54{\pm}16.26%$ and $25.47{\pm}16.51%$ respectively (p=.000). Six of 19 patients achieved normal nasalance scores when glottal stops changed to oral stops by the trial speech therapy. Video nasopharyngoscope confirmed that large velopharyngeal gaps can be decreased into tiny gaps or complete closure when compensatory articulations were corrected for some cases. Conclusion: Compensatory articulation errors must be corrected for the reliable interpretation of the nasalance scores that are obtained in children with velopharyngeal insufficiency, which would facilitate to make a better decision for further management of these patients.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.26-34
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• 1995

In this study, polysulfone was carboxylated(CPSf), as a method of introducing carboxyl group to polymer main chain using direct lithiation reaction. Then, poly(1-alkyl-4-vinylpyridinium iodide-co-divinylbenzene) (MeVpI-DVB) containing pyridinium cation which has an anion selectivity as a fixed carrier was synthesized. And polymer membranes were prepared by mixing CPSf and MeVpI-DVB. Characteristics and permeation of membranes were investigated. As a result of synthesizing CPSf/MeVpI-DVB, blend was formed, not new copolymer. As the content of CPSf amount increasing, thermal stability of membranes was increasing. Ion exchange capacity was 1.0~1.8(meq/g dry mem.) and water content was 0.16~0.26(g $H_2{O}$)/g dry mem.) and fixed ion concentration was 6.4~7.3(meq/g $H_2{O}$) in synthetic membranes. The $Cl^-$ flux showed an increase due to the increase of CPSf content.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.44-51
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• 2005

To provide more accurate and reliable positioning and timing services to Korean nationwide users, the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of Korea is implementing Korean NDGPS (Nationwide DGPS), which is operational partly. And it also has a plan to construct WADGPS (Wide Area Differential GPS) system using sites and equipments of the NDGPS reference stations. For that, Seoul National University GNSS Laboratory is implementing and testing prototypes of WRS (Wide-area Reference Station) and WMS (Wide-area Master Station). Until now, because there are not enough installed WRSs to be used for computing wide area correction information, we cannot test algorithms of WMS with the data processed actually in WRSs. Therefore to evaluate the performance of the algorithms, we made a MATLAB program which can process RINEX (Receiver INdependent Exchange) format data with WADGPS algorithm. Using that program which consists of WRS, WMS and USER modules, we processed the data collected at NDGPS reference stations, which are saved in RINEX format. In WRS module, we eliminate the atmospheric delay error from the pseudorange measurement, smooth the measurement by hatch filter and calculate pseudorange corrections for each satellite. WMS module collects the processed data from each reference stations to generate the wide area correction information including estimated satellite ephemeris errors, ionospheric delays at each grid point, UDRE (User Differential Range Error), GIVE (Grid Ionosphere Vertical Error) and so on. In USER part, we use the measurements of reference stations as those of users and estimate the corrected users' positions and protection levels (HPL, VPL). With the results of estimation, we analyzed the performance of the algorithms. We assured the estimated UDRE /GIVE values and the protection levels bound the corresponding errors effectively. In this research, we can expect the possible performance of WADGPS in Korea, and the developed modules will be useful to implementation and improvement of the algorithms.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.285-293
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• 2004

FMDV is a viral pathogen that caused foot-and-mouth disease in animals. VP1 is a major capsid protein of FMDV. It is known as one of best materials for the FMDV diagnosis and for the development of protein vaccine. In this study, 633 bp of VP1 gene was modified for the expression of VP1 in plant, based on the VP1 DNA sequence from FMDV taiwan O type and from FMDV isolated vietnam. The. deduced DNA fragment was artificially synthesized using the multiple fragment extension with long-nucleotides. A new plant transgenic vector system, pCAMBIA139011 was constructed on the basis of pBI12l and pCAMBIA1390. Using this vector system and GFP gene or modified VP1 gene, each target gene was introduced into Nicotiana tabacum. The insertion of whole target gene was successfully confirmed in each transgenic plant named GFP-A7 and VP1-4, respectively. The expression level of each gene was estimated by RT-PCR and Real-Time PCR using VP1, GFP specific primers.