• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2013년도 제45회 하계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.190.2-190.2
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• 2013

Vanadium dioxide ($VO_2$) has been widely attracted for academic research and industrial applications due to its metal-insulator transition (MIT) temperature close to room temperature. We synthesized VOx film on (0001) sapphire substrate with vanadium target (purity: 99.9%) using DC magnetron sputtering in Ar ambience at a pressure of $10^{-3}$ Torr at $400{\sim}700^{\circ}C$. The VOx film subsequently was annealed at difference temperatures in ambience of Ar and $O_2$ gas mixture at $60{\sim}800^{\circ}C$. The structural properties of the films were investigated using scanning electron microscopic (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements. SEM reveal that small grains formed on the substrates with a roughness surface. XRD shows oriented $VO_2$(020) crystals was deposited on the $Al_2O_3$(006) substrate. From I-V measurements, the electric resistance near its MIT temperature were dramatically changed by ${\sim}10^4$ during heating and cooling the films. We will also discuss the temperature-dependent local structural changes around vanadium atoms using XAFS measurements.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.119-129
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• 2024

We look at Web 3.0 business model canvas (BMC) of metaverse gaming platform, The Sandbox (TS). As results, the decentralized, blockchain-based platform, TS benefits its creators and players by providing true ownership, tradability of decentralized assets, and interoperability. First, in terms of the governance and ownership, The SAND functions a governance token allowing holders to participate in decision and SAND owners can vote themselves or delegate voting rights to other players of their choice. Second, in terms of decentralized assets and activities, TS offers three products as assets like Vox Edit as a 3D tool for voxel ASSETS, Marketplace as NFT market, and Game Maker as a visual scripting toolbox. The ASSETS made in Vox Edit, sold on the Marketplace, can be also utilized with Game Maker. Third, in terms of the network technology, in-game items are no longer be confined to a narrow ecosystem. The ASSETS on the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) are not changed without the owner's permission. LAND and SAND are supported on Polygon, so that users interact with their tokens in a single place. Last, in terms of the token economics, users can acquire in-game assets, upload these assets to the marketplace, use for paying transaction fees, and use these as governance token for supporting the foundation.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.496-502
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• 2021

딥러닝 기반의 심층 화자 임베딩 방식은 최근 문장 독립 화자 검증 연구에 널리 사용되고 있으며, 기존의 i-vector 방식에 비해 더 좋은 성능을 보이고 있다. 본 연구에서는 심층 화자 임베딩 방식을 발전시키기 위하여, 화자의 그룹 정보를 도입한 그룹기반 화자 임베딩을 제안한다. 훈련 데이터 내에 존재하는 전체 화자들을 정해진 개수의 그룹으로 비지도 클러스터링 하며, 고정된 길이의 그룹 임베딩 벡터가 각각의 그룹을 대표한다. 그룹 결정 네트워크가 각 그룹에 대응되는 그룹 가중치를 출력하며, 이를 이용한 그룹 임베딩 벡터들의 가중 합을 통해 집합 그룹 임베딩을 추출한다. 최종적으로 집합 그룹 임베딩을 심층 화자 임베딩에 더해주어 그룹기반 화자 임베딩을 생성한다. 이러한 방식을 통해 그룹 정보를 심층 화자 임베딩에 도입함으로써, 화자 임베딩이 나타낼 수 있는 전체 화자의 검색 공간을 줄일 수 있고, 이를 통해 화자 임베딩은 많은 수의 화자를 유연하게 표현할 수 있다. VoxCeleb1 데이터베이스를 이용하여 본 연구에서 제안하는 방식이 기존의 방식을 개선시킨다는 것을 확인하였다.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전기물성ㆍ응용부문C
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• 제55권10호
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• pp.475-480
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• 2006

Vanadium oxide thin films (VOx) have been deposited by RF magnetron sputtering from $V_2O_5$ target under different oxygen partial pressure ratios(0%, 10%) and substrate temperatures$(27^{\circ}C,\;400^{\circ}C)$. Crystallographic structure and morphology of the films are studied by XRD and SEM. Humidity-sensing properties of resistive sensors having interdigitated electrode structure are characterized through electrical conduction measurements. The films deposited at room temperature are amorphous whereas the ones deposited above foot are polycrystalline. The sensors show good response to humidity over 20%RH to 80%RH. Vanadium oxide thin films deposited with $0%O_2$ partial pressure at $400^{\circ}C$ exhibit greater sensitivity to humidity change than others.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2000년도 하계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.75-78
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• 2000

This paper is estimated to enhance yield improvement and device reliability using PDM(plasma damage monitoring) system capable of in-suit detection about plasma nonuniformity. PDM Tool is the non-contact method of wafer and surface potential electrode(kelvin probe). Its tool measures Vox(oxide barrier) with charge created by plasma. It's possible to inspect the wafer damage generated by plasma charge and analysis of in-situ monitoring data. we obtained the good data which is continuously prevented from plasma damage using its tool for 10weeks. This tool is contributed to preventive steps contemporaneously inspecting the difference of inter-chamber.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2004년도 추계학술대회 논문집 Vol.17
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• pp.448-451
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• 2004

Vanadium oxides have been widely used in a variety of technological applications such electrochromic devices as infrared detectors and are expected as a material suitable for gas sensing applications. Thin films of Vanadium oxide (VOx) have been deposited by r.f magnetron sputtering under different oxygen partial pressure ratios and substrate temperatures. Humidity-sensitive properties of resistive sensors having interdigitated electrode structure are characterized. Our sensors show good response to humidity over 20%RH to 80%RH. Vanadium oxide films deposited with 0% $O_2$ partial pressure at foot exhibit greater sensitivity to humidity change than others.

• 인문언어
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.275-294
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• 2001

This article aims to define the nature of proverbs from a polyphonic point of view and examine different readings of the complement involved in the combination of a proverb with a verb of personal opinion. An utterer of a proverb is not himself the author of the proverb. He may well be a 'speaker' of a proverb, but from a polyphonic view point he is not an 'enunciator' of the principle that underlies it. When we say that a speaker of a proverb is not its enunciator, we do not simply mean that he is not the author of the 'content' of the proverb he speaks: we mean that he is not the author of its 'form' either. The fact that a proverb loses its proverbial character when one paraphrases it proves that its form is not at the speaker's disposal. But a single factor cannot be held responsible for what a proverb is. As an indicator of the 'wisdom of the nation,' or vox populi, a proverb is the achievement of the 'collective enunciator.' The polyphony inherent in the proverb pits a particular speaker against a collective enunciator. This collective character of the proverb as a vox populi comes from its character as a phrasal denomination. Given that a proverb reflects a collective judgment and not a personal opinion, how do we interpret the combination of a proverb with a verb of personal opinion such as I think that ...\ulcorner Such a combination gives rise to readings at distinct levels: two types of metalinguistic reading and a reading based on the content of the proverb. The first level of reading, being applicative in nature, can be local or general, depending on the speaker's opinion as to the applicability of the proverb to a situation, particular or general. These applicative readings always involve polyphonic dissociation between the speaker and the enunciator. The second level of reading, which depends on the content of the proverb, is the result of the operation of deproverbialization, which makes the proverb lose its denominative status to preserve only its status as a generic phrase. The proverb, thus deproverbialized, looks like the series 'NP + VP.' For this reading, the speaker of the proverb takes into consideration the possibility of attributing a predicate to a nominal syntagm. Here occurs an identity between the speaker and the enunciator. It is not the case, however, that one can deproverbialize just any proverbs. In approaching to a locally typifying generic phrase, a proverb admits of being deproverbialized by an opinion verb only when its form does not render it difficult, either syntactically or metaphorically, to incorporate that proverb into the relevant combination, and when the proverb intrinsically possesses the traits that meet the conditions for the use of the opinion verb at hand. One can also maintain, based on the notion of deproverbialization, that a proverb expresses a collective judgment, a deproverbialized individual judgment.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.497-504
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• 2020

화자 검증에서 화자 임베딩 구축은 중요한 이슈이다. 일반적으로, 화자 임베딩 인코딩을 위해 자기주의 메커니즘이 적용되어졌다. 이전의 연구는 마지막 풀링 계층과 같은 높은 수준의 계층에서 자기 주의를 학습시키는 데 중점을 두었다. 이 경우, 화자 임베딩 인코딩 시 낮은 수준의 계층의 영향이 감소한다는 단점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 잔차 네트워크를 사용하여 Masked Cross Self-Attentive Encoding(MCSAE)를 제안한다. 이는 높은 수준 및 낮은 수준 계층의 특징 학습에 중점을 둔다. 다중 계층 집합을 기반으로 각 잔차 계층의 출력 특징들이 MCSAE에 사용된다. MCSAE에서 교차 자기 주의 모듈에 의해 각 입력 특징의 상호 의존성이 학습된다. 또한 랜덤 마스킹 정규화 모듈은 오버 피팅 문제를 방지하기 위해 적용된다. MCSAE는 화자 정보를 나타내는 프레임의 가중치를 향상시킨다. 그런 다음 출력 특징들이 합쳐져 화자 임베딩으로 인코딩된다. 따라서 MCSAE를 사용하여 보다 유용한 화자 임베딩이 인코딩된다. 실험 결과, VoxCeleb1 평가 데이터 세트를 사용하여 2.63 %의 동일 오류율를 보였다. 이는 이전의 자기 주의 인코딩 및 다른 최신 방법들과 비교하여 성능이 향상되었다.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.441-446
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• 2020

본 논문은 심층 신경망을 이용한 화자 인증(Speaker Verification, SV) 시스템에서, 심층 신경망 내부에 존재하는 각 특징 지도(Feature Map)들의 분별력을 강화하기 위해 기존 특징 지도 스케일링(Feature Map Scaling, FMS) 기법을 확장한 α-FMS 기법을 제안한다. 기존의 FMS 기법은 특징 지도로부터 스케일 벡터를 구한 뒤, 이를 특징 지도에 더하거나 곱하거나 혹은 두 방식을 차례로 적용한다. 하지만 FMS 기법은 동일한 스케일 벡터를 덧셈과 곱셈 연산에 중복으로 사용할 뿐만 아니라, 스케일 벡터 자체도 sigmoid 비선형 활성 함수를 이용하여 계산되기 때문에 덧셈을 수행할 경우 그 값의 범위가 제한된다는 한계가 존재한다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 한계점을 극복하기 위해 별도의 α라는 학습 파라미터를 특징 지도에 원소 단위로 더한 뒤, 스케일 벡터를 곱하는 방식으로 α-FMS 기법을 설계하였다. 이 때, 제안한 α-FMS 기법은 스칼라 α를 학습하여 특징 지도의 모든 필터에 동일 값을 적용하는 방식과 벡터 α를 학습하여 특징 지도의 각 필터에 서로 다른 값을 적용하는 방식을 각각 적용 후 그 성능을 비교하였다. 두 방식의 α-FMS 모두 심층 심경망 내부의 잔차 연결이 적용된 각 블록 뒤에 적용하였다. 제안한 기법들의 유효성을 검증하기 위해 RawNet2 학습세트를 이용하여 학습시킨 뒤, VoxCeleb1 평가세트를 이용하여 성능을 평가한 결과, 각각 동일 오류율 2.47 %, 2.31 %를 확인하였다.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.71-77
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• 2020

Background and Objectives OperaVOXTM (Oxford Wave Research Ltd.) is a portable voice analysis software package designed for use with iOS devices. As a relatively cheap, portable and easily accessible form of acoustic analysis, OperaVOXTM may be more clinically useful than laboratory-based software in many situations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the agreement between OperaVOXTM and Multi-Dimensional Voice Program (MDVP; Computerized Speech Lab) to assess voice quality before and after laryngeal microsurgery in patient with vocal polyp. Materials and Method Twenty patients who had undergone laryngeal microsurgery for vocal polyp were enrolled in this study. Preoperative and postoperative voices were assessed by acoustic analysis using MDVP and OperaVOXTM. A five-seconds recording of vowel /a/ was used to measure fundamental frequency (F0), jitter, shimmer and noise-to-harmonic ratio (NHR). Results Several acoustic parameters of MDVP and OperaVOXTM related to short-term variability showed significant improvement. While pre-operative value of F0, jitter, shimmer, NHR was 155.75 Hz (male: 125.37 Hz, female: 183.37 Hz), 2.20%, 6.28%, 0.16, post-operative values of these parameter was 164.34 Hz (male: 129.42 Hz, female: 199.26 Hz), 2.15%, 5.18%, 0.14 Hz in MDVP. While pre-operative value of F0, jitter, shimmer, NHR was 168.26 Hz (male: 135.16 Hz, female: 201.37 Hz), 2.27%, 6.95%, 0.26, post-operative values of these parameters was 162.72 Hz (male: 128.267 Hz, female: 197.18 Hz), 1.71%, 5.36%, 0.20 in OperaVOXTM. There was high intersoftware agreement for F0, jitter, shimmer with intraclass correlation coefficient. Conclusion Our results showed that the short-term variability of acoustic parameters in both MDVP and OperaVOXTM were useful for the objective assessment of voice quality in patients who received laryngeal microsurgery. OperaVOXTM is comparable to MDVP and has high intersoftware reliability with MDVP in measuring the F0, jitter, and shimmer