• Title/Summary/Keyword: VOC emission

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Evaluation of Basin-Specific CH4 emission flux from Intertidal Flat Sediments of Sogeun-ri, Taean, Mid-west Korea (한국 서해안 태안 소근리 갯벌의 메탄가스 발생량 특성)

  • Lee, Jun-Ho;Jeong, Kap-Sik;Woo, Han Jun;Kang, Jeongwon;Lee, Dong-Hun;Jang, Seok;Kim, Seong-Ryul
    • Journal of Wetlands Research
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    • v.16 no.2
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    • pp.281-291
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    • 2014
  • In March to August 2013, the emission of gases ($CH_4$, VOC, $CO_2$, $O_2$, and LEL) was measured three times from the intertidal flat sediments at Sogeun-ri, Taean-gun, in the Mid-western seashore of Korea by using chamber method. After analyzing gas emission concentrations inside of flux enclosure chamber by using a GC equipped with Agilent 6890. The gas emission fluxes were calculated from a linear regression of the changes in the concentrations with time. The ranges of gas flux during the experimental period were $+0.06{\sim}+0.60mg/m^2/hr$ for $CH_4$, $+58.45{\sim}+95.58mg/m^2/hr$ for $CO_2$, $-0.02{\sim}-0.20mg/m^2/hr$ for $O_2$, and $-0.60{\sim}+0.65mg/m^2/hr$ for VOC, respectively. The flux measurement results revealed that $CH_4$ fluxes during March in the relatively low sediment temperature ($14.5^{\circ}C$) were significantly higher ($+0.60mg/m^2/hr$) than during June and August ($+0.06{\sim}+0.18mg/m^2/hr$) in high sediment temperature ($32.0{\sim}36.8^{\circ}C$). $CH_4$ flux to mean size of sediments and temperature of inner chamber exhibited strong positive correlation ($R^2=-0.97$ and $R^2=-0.89$, respectively).

Scavenging Effect of Injurious VOC from Flooring using Green Tea Leaves Powder (녹차잎분말을 이용한 마루판의 유해 TVOC 제거효과)

  • Kang, Seog Goo;Lee, Hwa Hyoung
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • v.36 no.6
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    • pp.49-58
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    • 2008
  • This research was carried out to use green tea leaves powder for scavenging effects of volatile organic compounds on the UV varnishes and adhesives of fancy cherry veneer overlaid on the PF resin bonded Meranti plywood. The results are as follows: 1) Green tea leaves contained 9.85% of polyphenol compounds. 2) FT-IR results showed green tea leaves had effects to react with benzaldehyde and ethyl hexyl alcohol to form a chemical bond. 3) 2.5% of green tea leaves powder content was proper for scavenging effect on the UV varnishes and adhesives of fancy veneer overlaid on the PF resin bonded plywood 4) 20 liters small chamber test indicated excellent emission speed results such as $0.089mg/m^2hr$ of TVOC and $0.001mg/m^2hr$ of HCHO (on 7th day), as compared with standard (less than $0.1mg/m^2hr$ of TVOC and $0.015mg/m^2hr$ of HCHO emission are the excellent grade).

A Study on Measurement of the Indoor Air Quality in Modular Mock-up Housing (모듈러 목업주택의 실내공기질 실측조사 연구)

  • Chun, Chu-Young;Kim, Jong-Yeob;Bang, Jong-Dae;Kim, Gap-Deug
    • Land and Housing Review
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    • v.6 no.4
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    • pp.231-237
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    • 2015
  • Recently, It has been much interest in modular housing construction. so, The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of the indoor air quality in modular mock-up housing. We measured indoor air quality(formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, styrene) of two modular mock-up units that built-in furniture is installed and uninstalled. As a result, the pollutants of built-in furniture installed unit were emitted more than built-in furniture uninstalled unit. But after bake-out and ventilation, emission concentrations of two modular mock-up units were similar and were below Indoor Air Quality recommendation standards. Built-in furniture is likely to affect the emission concentration of toluene

The Analysis of Spatial Distribution of Ozone in the Southern Coast of Korea using the Aircraft (2009, Summer) (항공기를 이용한 남해안 지역의 오존 공간분포 조사 (2009년, 여름철))

  • Seo, Seok-Jun;Kim, So-Young;Lee, Min-Do;Choi, Jin-Soo;Kim, Su-Yeon;Lee, Seok-Jo;Kim, Jeong-Soo;Lee, Gang-Woong
    • Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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    • v.28 no.1
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    • pp.12-21
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    • 2012
  • The purpose of this study is to understand distribution of ozone concentration in the south coastal region of Korea by evaluating ozone spatial distribution in the upper air using aircraft. Sampling was carried out from May to August in 2009. The average concentration of ozone in the upper air was ranged from 32.3~90.8 ppb with its maximum concentration of 132 ppb. When it comes to the spatial distribution of ozone, ambient concentration was high in the air, 1,000 m and 500 m above the southern sea near the Gwangyang Bay area and emission sources, respectively. Daily mean concentration of NOy was 6.7~24.2 ppb and that of CO was 0.152~0.487 ppm. In addition, the concentration was appeared to be relatively high in the upper air of industrial regions and the southern seas. Meanwhile, the concentration of both $NO_y$ and CO was high in the upper air of the emission sources regardless of latitude. As for PAN, its daily mean concentration ranged between 0.1 and 0.6 ppb with overall mean concentration of 0.2 ppb. The average concentration of VOCs was 48 ppb, and the concentration of toluene and m,p-Xylene were higher than other components.

PM2.5 Simulations for the Seoul Metropolitan Area: (II) Estimation of Self-Contributions and Emission-to-PM2.5 Conversion Rates for Each Source Category (수도권 초미세먼지 농도모사 : (II) 오염원별, 배출물질별 자체 기여도 및 전환율 산정)

  • Kim, Soontae;Bae, Changhan;Yoo, Chul;Kim, Byeong-Uk;Kim, Hyun Cheol;Moon, Nankyoung
    • Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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    • v.33 no.4
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    • pp.377-392
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    • 2017
  • A set of BFM (Brute Force Method) simulations with the CMAQ (Community Multiscale Air Quality) model were conducted in order to estimate self-contributions and conversion rates of PPM (Primary $PM_{2.5}$), $NO_x$, $SO_2$, $NH_3$, and VOC emissions to $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations over the SMA (Seoul Metropolitan Area). CAPSS (Clean Air Policy Support System) 2013 EI (emissions inventory) from the NIER (National Institute of Environmental Research) was used for the base and sensitivity simulations. SCCs (Source Classification Codes) in the EI were utilized to group the emissions into area, mobile, and point source categories. PPM and $PM_{2.5}$ precursor emissions from each source category were reduced by 50%. In turn, air quality was simulated with CMAQ during January, April, July, and October in 2014 for the BFM runs. In this study, seasonal variations of SMA $PM_{2.5}$ self-sensitivities to PPM, $SO_2$, and $NH_3$ emissions can be observed even when the seasonal emission rates are almost identical. For example, when the mobile PPM emissions from the SMA were 634 TPM (Tons Per Month) and 603 TPM in January and July, self-contributions of the emissions to monthly mean $PM_{2.5}$ were $2.7{\mu}g/m^3$ and $1.3{\mu}g/m^3$ for the months, respectively. Similarly, while $NH_3$ emissions from area sources were 4,169 TPM and 3,951 TPM in January and July, the self-contributions to monthly mean $PM_{2.5}$ for the months were $2.0{\mu}g/m^3$ and $4.4{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. Meanwhile, emission-to-$PM_{2.5}$ conversion rates of precursors vary among source categories. For instance, the annual mean conversion rates of the SMA mobile, area, and point sources were 19.3, 10.8, and $6.6{\mu}g/m^3/10^6TPY$ for $SO_2$ emissions while those rates for PPM emissions were 268.6, 207.7, and 181.5 (${\mu}g/m^3/10^6TPY$), respectively, over the region. The results demonstrate that SMA $PM_{2.5}$ responses to the same amount of reduction in precursor emissions differ for source categories and in time (e.g. seasons), which is important when the cost-benefit analysis is conducted during air quality improvement planning. On the other hand, annual mean $PM_{2.5}$ sensitivities to the SMA $NO_x$ emissions remains still negative even after a 50% reduction in emission category which implies that more aggressive $NO_x$ reductions are required for the SMA to overcome '$NO_x$ disbenefit' under the base condition.

An Analysis on Characteristics of the Pollutants and the Real Condition State of the Indoor Air Pollution in Occupied Apartment Units (기존 공동주택의 실내 유해화학물질 오염발생원에 대한 특성 분석)

  • Yoo, Bok-Hee
    • Journal of the Korean housing association
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    • v.21 no.6
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    • pp.11-18
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    • 2010
  • The aims of this study were to grasp the real condition state and clarify the characteristics and influence of pollutants on the indoor air pollution in occupied apartment units. The research method was to measure the pollution levels of indoor air pollution, and investigate characteristics of the pollutants such as the outdoor environment, elapsed time after construction, finished materials, temperature, relative humidity, space extension, purchase with furniture and electric appliances, built-in closets, and method for cleaning the air. And these were made a comparition between industrial and residential area. The VOCs and formaldehyde concentration in indoor air were measured the 6 household in residental area and 5 household in industrial area. In conclusion, the concentration such as benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, xylene, styrene showed the pollution state within permissible levels, however formaldehyde concentration has need a lot of attention as ever. And it turned out that the influence with reference to emission from building materials on indoor air pollution lessened under 18 months elapsed time after construction.

A Sensitivity Analysis of the OZIPR Modeling Result for the Seoul Metropolitan Area (OZIPR 모델링 결과의 민감도 분석)

  • Lee, Sun-Hwa;Jin, Lan;Kim, Yong Pyo
    • Particle and aerosol research
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    • v.7 no.3
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    • pp.99-108
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    • 2011
  • To establish area specific control strategies for the reduction of the ozone concentration, the Ozone Isopleth Plotting Package for Research(OZIPR) model has been widely used. However, the model results tend to changed by various input parameters such as the background concentration, emission amount of NOx and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and meteorological condition. Thus, sensitivity analysis should be required to ensure the reliability of the result. The OZIPR modeling results for five local government districts in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) in June 2000 were used for the sensitivity analysis. The sensitivity analysis result showed that the modeling result of the SMA being VOC-limited region be still valid for a wide range of input parameters' variation. The estimated ozone concentrations were positively related with the initial VOCs concentrations while were negatively related with the initial NOx concentrations. But, the degree of the variations at each local district was different suggesting area specific characteristics being also important. Among the five local governments, Suwon was chosen to identify other variance through the period from April to September in 2000. The monthly modeling results show different ozone values, but still showing the characteristics of VOCs-limited region. Limitations due to not considering long range transport and transfer from neighbor area, limitation of input data, error between observed data and estimated data are all discussed.

The gas sensing characteristic of the porous tungsten oxide thin films based on anodic reaction (양극반응으로 제조된 다공질 WO3 박막의 가스센서 특성)

  • Lee, Hong-Jin;Song, Kap-Duk;Lee, Duk-Dong
    • Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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    • v.17 no.1
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    • pp.9-14
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    • 2008
  • In this paper, the gas responses of tungsten oxide films prepared by anodic reaction was discussed. Sensing electrodes and heating electrodes were patterned by photolithography method on quartz substrate. Porous tungsten oxide was fabricated in electrolyte solutions of 5 % HF (HF :$C_2H_6OH:H_2O$=3 : 2 : 20) by anodic reaction. The anodic reaction with metal (platinum wire) as a cathode and the sensing device as an anode was conducted under the various reaction times (1-10 min) at 10 mA/$cm^2$ The surface structure and morphology of the fabricated sensor have been analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). All the peaks of XRD results were well indexed to the pure phase pattern. The average diameter of the porous tungsten oxide surface were ranged about 100 nm. The fabricaed sensor showed good sensitivity to 200 ppm toluene at operating temperature of $250^{\circ}C$.

Comparative Analysis of Indoor Mixture Gas Patterns and Reference Single Gas Patterns Obtained from E-Nose for Indoor Air Quality Monitoring

  • Choi, Jang Sik;Yu, Joon Boo;Jeon, Jin Young;Lee, Sang Hun;Kim, Jae Hong;Park, Jang Pyo;Jeong, Yong Won;Byun, Hyung Gi
    • Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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    • v.27 no.4
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    • pp.227-231
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    • 2018
  • Indoor air pollution has become a serious issue, affecting the health and comfort of building occupants. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are among the most common indoor contaminants, and are released from numerous indoor emission sources. Among the VOCs, formaldehyde and toluene are toxic chemicals at low levels and are frequently detected indoors. Exposure to formaldehyde and toluene can irritate sensitive tissue and may increase the risk of cancer. Therefore, monitoring formaldehyde and toluene is critical for the health and comfort of residents. In addition, as human indoor activities can generate VOC gases, analysis of their influence on VOCs is needed. In this study, we compared electronic nose (E-Nose) data for formaldehyde and toluene with E-Nose data for indoor mixture gas with consideration for human indoor activities.

Influence of surface morphology and thickness of molecular thin films on the performance of SubPc-$C_{60}$ photovoltaic devices

  • Kim, Jin-Hyun;Gong, Hye-Jin;Yim, Sang-Gyu
    • Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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    • 2011.02a
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    • pp.336-336
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    • 2011
  • Over the past decades, organic semiconductors have been investigated intensely for their potential in a wide range of optoelectronic device applications since the organic materials have advantages for very light, flexible and low cost device fabrications. In this study, we fabricated small-molecule organic solar cells (OSCs) based on chloro[subphthalocyaninato]boron(III) (SubPc) as an electron donor and $C_{60}$ as an electron acceptor material. Recently SubPc, a cone-shaped molecule with $14{\pi}$-electrons in its aromatic system, has attracted growing attention in small-molecule OSC applications as an electron-donating material for its greater open-circuit voltage (VOC), extinction coefficient and dielectric constant compared to conventional planar metal phthalocyanines. In spite of the power conversion efficiency (PCE) enhancement of small-molecule OSC using SubPc and $C_{60}$, however, the study on the interface between donor-acceptor heterojunction of this system is limited. In this work, SubPc thin films at various thicknesses were deposited by organic molecular beam deposition (OMBD) and the evolution of surface morphology was observed using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). We also investigated the influence of film thickness and surface morphology on the PCE of small-molecule OSC devices.

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