• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.1165-1169
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• 2002

Palm kernel cake (PKC), a by-product of oil palm seeds after extraction of their oil. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different levels of PKC on growth performance and blood lipids in rats. A total of 64 Sprague-Dawley (8 weeks of age) male rats were assigned individually to four treatments with different levels of PKC in the diet: 0, 15, 20 and 25%. No differences (p<0.05) were found in daily feed intake (6-8 g/day), body weight, growth rate and epididymal fat weight for all the dietary groups. Plasma protein and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) triacylglycerol (TG) were higher (p<0.05) for 20% PKC fed rats than the control rats. Conversely, the plasma cholesterol and TG and VLDL-phospholipid (PL) concentrations of the control rats were higher (p<0.05) than those of PKC fed rats. The VLDL-protein, total cholesterol, free cholesterol (FC) and cholesteryl ester (CE) were not significantly different (p>0.05) among the treatment groups. Rats fed PKC had greater (p<0.05) ratios of total surface to core lipid components [(FC+PL)/(CE+TG)] than control rats. The results reflect dissimilarities of VLDL particle size between PKC treatment and control rats, where the plasma of the PKC treated rats contained more lipid rich VLDL. In conclusion, there was no adverse effect on growth performance when inclusion of PKC up to 25%. However, fibre content may affect the plasma lipid concentrations.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.378-392
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• 1991

A series of studies in monkeys and hamsters, and reevaluation of published human data, indicate that dietary saturated fatty acids exert a dissimilar metabolic impact on cholesterol metabolism. Myristic acid(14 : 0) appears to have a major cholesterol-raising effect by means of decreasing LDL receptor activity and by increasing the direct production of LDL (from sources other than VLDL-catabolism) Palmitic acid (16 : 0) appears neutral in most cases (plasma cholesterol<200mg/dl) or until the LDL receptor is down-regulated, as with high cholesterol intake or obesity. In such cases. the down-regulated LDL receptors coupled with an increased VLDL production (induced by 16 : 0 and 18 : 1) can divert VLDL remnants to LDL and expand the LDL pool. Furthermore. the cholesterolemic impact of any saturated fatty acid can be countered up to a saturable 'threshold' level by dietary linoleic acid (18 : 2) which up-regulates the LDL receptor. Once above this 'threshold' the major fatty acids (16 : 0, 18 : 0, 18 : 1, 18 : 2, 18 : 3) appear to exert an equal impact on the circulating cholesterol concentration.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.595-601
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• 1995

This study was conducted to investigate dietary lipid intakes and the plasma lipoprotein levels and fatty acid composition of eight healthy young Korean women for 7 days. After an overnight fast, blood samples were taken on the last day of dietary survey. The plasma were fractinated to very low-density lipoprotein(VLDL), low-density lipoprotein(LDL), and high-density lipoprotein(HDL) by ultracentrifugation. From each fraction, the content of triglyceride (TG), phospholipid(PL), cholesterol(CHOL), free fatty acid(FFA) and protein were determined. Fatty acid composition of total plasma lipid was alos analyzed. The subjects consumed 34.7$\pm$2.8g of fat daily. The ingested amounts of EPA and DHA were 0.2 and 0.4g/day, respectively. They also consumed 112.2$\pm$12.9mg of cholesterol per day. The concentrations of VLDL, LDL and HDL in the plasma were 66.5$\pm$6.1, 114.0$\pm$8.8 and 129.4$\pm$5.1mg/dL, respectively, so the percentages of VLDL, LDL, and HDL were 20.7, 44.8 and 34.5%, respectively. The VLDL was composed of 27.5mg/dL of TG, 39.7 of PL, 58.8 of CHOL, 3.1 of FFA, and 22.4 of protein. The HDL had 10.7mg/dL of TG, 23.7 of PL, 18.7 of CHOL, 2.6 of FFA, and 73.7 of protein. In the plasma, linoleic acid was the most abundant fatty acid, followed by palmitic and oleic acid, the percentages of these 3 fatty acids were 30.8, 23.4 and 17.7%, respectively. The result indicated that the plasma levels of lipoprotein in the healthy young Korean women were slightly low and the levels of EPA and DHA were relatively high, compared to the data of other investigatiors. This might be due to the fact that they consumed less fat and cholesterol and higher EPA and DHA.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.1460-1464
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• 2001

This study compared the lipid metabolism of white Leghorn layers between the growing and the laying periods. The study was conducted on thirty layers in the growing period (14 weeks old) and in the initial laying period (36 weeks old; 14 weeks from the onset of laying). Results indicated that all plasma lipid traits were significantly different (p<0.05) between the two periods. The estrogen concentration in the laying period was about 3 fold that in the growing period. Triacylglycerol (TG) concentration in the laying period was about 12 fold that in the growing period. The phospholipids, cholesterol, glycerol and non esterified fatty acid (NEFA) in the laying period were also higher than those in the growing period (p<0.05). Lipogenic enzyme activities in the laying period were higher than in the growing period (p<0.05). High-density lipoprotein (HDL) was the largest lipoprotein portion in growing layers. In laying hens, the major lipoprotein portion was very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). It was also shown that protein is the primary component of HDL and TG is the largest portion of VLDL in both periods. In laying hens, VLDL contained more TG than that in growing layers (p<0.05). The VLDL particle size in laying hens was larger than that in growing layers (p<0.05). This study indicates that the lipid metabolism traits of a layer in the laying period were different from those in the growing period. The lipogenesis related traits in the laying period were markedly greater than in the growing period.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.11-21
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• 1984

The purpose of the study was to find an effect of medium chain triglyceride (MCT)diet on the serum lipids and lipoprotein of Sprague-Dawley rats when the were fed with cholesterol. All experiment-groups were fed with different diet such as soybean oil, shortening,MCT and MCT mixed with oil respectively. After fed to each group, the levels of serum lipids and lipoprotein among fed rats were examined and the data from the experiment were compared with a control group. The results obtained from the study are as follows : (1) The average boby weight gain in MCT diet and soybean oil diet groups were lighter than that of the control group, while the food efficiency ratio in each experimental diet group was almost same as than in the control group. (2) Total cholesterol levels in serum of all experimental diet groups were lower than that of the control group except the level in shortening diet group. Especially, the levels of total cholesterol in MCT diet and soybean oil diet groups were significantly lower than that of the control group. (3) VLDL, LDL-cholesterol levels of all experimental groups were almost same except the case of the MCT diet and soybean oil diet group which was significantly low. (4) The ratio of VLDL, LDL-cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol, so called, atherogenic index in serum of MCT and soybean oil diet groups were significantly lower than that of the control group. (5) The ratio of total cholesterol to phospholipids in serum of MCT diet group was decreased, because total cholesterol levels were decreased more than phospolipid levels. (6) The ratio of the serum VLDL, LDL to HDL in MCT diet group. in MCT and soybean oil mixed diet group, and in soybean diet group was decreased. In other wards, it means that the decrease of the serum VLDL, LDL in each group and the increase of the serum HDL.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.407-417
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• 2003

This study was performed to investigate nutritional intake, the dietary behaviors and plasma lipid profile between smokers and non-smokers of college male students in the Gyeonggi Area. Dietary behaviors and attitude toward smoking were investigated by questionnaires. The result obtained were as follows: There was no significant difference in anthropometric measurements between smokers and nonsmokers. There was no significant difference in dietary behaviors. However, smokers tended to eat more snacks and desserts than nonsmokers. In plasma lipid levels, smokers had higher levels of plasma triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol than that of non-smokers(p<0.05). HDL-cholesterol level of smokers was a lower than that of non-smokers although the difference was not significant. AI(Atherogenic Index), Total /HDL cholesterol ratio and LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio of smokers were significantly higher than that of non-smokers(p<0.01). BMI and SBP showed positive correlation with triglyceride(p<0.01) and VLDL-cholesterol(p<0.01). DBP showed positive correlation with triglyceride(p<0.001) and VLDL-cholesterol(p<0.01).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.9
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• pp.1274-1281
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• 2011

Dietary protein restriction affects lipid metabolism in rats. This study was performed to determine the effect of a low protein diet on hepatic lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity in growing male rats. Growing rats were fed either a control 20% protein diet or an 8% low protein diet. Feeding a low protein diet for four weeks from 8 weeks of age induced a fatty liver. Expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, a key lipogenic enzyme, was increased in rats fed a low protein diet. Feeding a low protein diet decreased very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion without statistical significance. Feeding a low protein diet down-regulated protein expression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, an important enzyme of VLDL secretion. Feeding a low protein diet increased serum adiponectin levels. We performed glucose tolerance test (GTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT). Both GTT and ITT were increased in protein-restricted growing rats. Our results demonstrate that dietary protein restriction increases insulin sensitivity and that this could be due to low-protein diet-mediated metabolic adaptation. In addition, increased adiponectin levels may influences insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, dietary protein restriction induces a fatty liver. Both increased lipogenesis and decreased VLDL secretion has contributed to this metabolic changes. In addition, insulin resistance was not associated with fatty liver induced by protein restriction.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.819-828
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• 1993

The reaction of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase(LCAT) and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) are important in cholesterol esterification and transfer for the reverse cholesterol transport(RCT) system. The purpose of this study were to assess the effects of fatty acid unsaturation on RCT system. After 12 female human subjects consumed a prescribed high saturated fat diet prior to the period, two groups of six subjects were provided with a high PUFA(corn oil) or a high SFA(butter) as major fats in a 40 en % fat diet. Butter feeding increased plasma total-(34%), esterified-(96%), HDL_3$-(23%), LDL-(20%), and VLDL plus LDL(35%) cholesterol while corn oil feeding decreased esterified-(25%), LDL(15%) cholesterol and TG(27%). There were significant differences of fats on total-(p=0.0001), esterified-(p=0.0001), total HDL-(p=0.005), $HDL_2$-(p=0.01)and LDL-(p=0.0001) cholesterol. LCAT activity did not change during the period but highly correlated to apo A-I in HDL which was increased in the corn oil group. The 2.5 fold increased CETP activity in the butter group during the period might be related to changes in plasma VLDL plus LDL cholesterol level which were increased in the butter group.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nutrition Society Conference
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• 1996.11b
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• pp.46-46
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• 1996

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.217-223
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• 1984

Twenty three healty women on self - selected diet were given 800IU of tocopherol daily for 4 weeks. The levels of tocopherol in plasma and red blood cells( RBC ) and total choles terol, TG, HDL- chol, HDL subfractions and lipoprotein pattern in serum were determined pre-and postregimen at 2 and 4 weeks. No significant change was noted in VLDL, LDL, HDL fraction and LDL/HDL ratio separated by electrophoresis, even though HDL fraction was decreased at 2 wk but slightly increased at 4 wk. There were also no significant changes in the relative amount of HDL-chol and VLDL-chol when cholesterol content of each lipoprotein fraction was assayed. A transient increase in LDL-chol was observed at 2 wk but returned to the pretreatment level. Plasma and RBC tocopherol levels were significantly ( p ^lt;0.05 ) increased and decreased respectively, at both 2 and 4 wk, and LDL-chol was positively correlated to plasma tocopherol level ( p<0.05 ) but not to RBC tocopherol. However HDL-chol fractionated by heparin-Mn was increased at 2 and 4 wk by a significant increase in $HDL_{2}$-chol but no change in $HDL_{3}$-chol, which resulted in a significant reduction of $HDL_{3}$/HDL ratio and increase of $HDL_{2}/HDL$ and $HDL_{2}/HDL_{3}$ ratios. HDL- chol was negatively correlated to the levels of LDL-chol ( p<0.05), VLDL-chol (p<0.01), and T-chol/HDL ratio ( p<0.01 ). Serum TG was significantly decreased ( p <0.05 ) but total cholesterol was decreased only at 4 weeks.