• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.113-122
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• 2004

Objective : This study is designed in order to evaluate the therapeutic effect of venesection on acute low back pain. Methods : From Nov. 1st 2003 to Apr. 30th 2004, 40 cases of low back pain patients at acute stage were divided into 2 groups; one group(control group) took only acupuncture therapy, and the other group(test group) took acupuncture and venesection therapy. Pain rating score(PRS) was used to assess the pain for its intensity, frequency, duration, and aggravating factors. And visual analog scale(VAS) was used, too. PRS and VAS was checked twice, before the treatment and after the treatment. Treatment was done twice a day. Results : Both acupuncture therapy and acupuncture with venesection therapy showed good effect on low back pain of acute stage. And the latter group showed better effect on decreasing pain than former. It was proved by the difference between PRS and VAS checked before treatment and what checked after treatment. But it was not proved statistically. Conclusion : Only acupuncture and acupuncture with venesection can be recommended as a useful therapy to treat low back pain of acute stage.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.22-30
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• 2011

Background: Pregabalin has been shown to have analgesic effect in acute pain models. The primary objective was to examine the efficacy a single dose of pregabalin, would have on morphine consumption following lumbar discectomy. Methods: With ethical approval a randomized, placebo-controlled prospective trial was undertaken in 32 patients (ASA I-II, 18-65 years) with radicular low back pain for > 3 months undergoing elective lumbar discectomy. Patients received either oral pregabalin 300 mg (PG Group) or placebo (C Group) one hour before surgery. Pain intensity, the accumulative morphine consumption and adverse effects were recorded for 24 hours following surgery. Functional, psychological and quantitative sensory testing were also assessed. Results: Fourteen patients out of the 32 recruited were randomized to receive pregabalin. Morphine consumption was reduced (absolute difference of 42.3%) between groups with medium effect size. (Mann-Whitney; U =52.5, z-score= 2.84, P = 0.004, r = 0.14). This was not associated with a significant difference in the incidence of adverse effects between the two groups. The median pain intensity (VAS) on movement was not significantly different between groups. Conclusions: A single pre-operative dose of pregabalin (300 mg) did not result in a reduction in pain intensity compared to placebo in this patient cohort but the significant reduction in morphine consumption suggests that a fixed peri-operative dosing regime warrants investigation.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.141-146
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• 2015

Background: An understanding of the features of postoperative pain is essential for optimal analgesic dosing strategies. Using a visual analogue scale (VAS) score and patient controlled analgesia (PCA) infusion pattern analysis, an anesthesiologist can estimate when and how severely patients suffer from pain. Several reports have been published about circadian changes in the pain threshold. Postoperative pain was analyzed retrospectively in 250 patients who underwent orthognathic surgery. Methods: A total of 250 patients were allocated into two groups according to the time of recovery from anesthesia. Patients in the early group (group E) recovered from anesthesia before 06:00 p.m. Patients in the late group (group L) recovered from anesthesia after 06:00 p.m. All patients received intravenous patient controlled analgesia (IV PCA) at the end of the operation. The VAS score of pain intensity was measured. Self-administration of bolus analgesic from the IV PCA device was also analyzed according to actual time and elapsed time. Results: VAS scores showed no difference between the two groups except 36 hours after recovery from anesthesia. On POD1, there were two peaks for self-administration of bolus analgesics in group L and one peak in the morning for group E. Two peaks each in the morning and in the afternoon were shown in both groups on POD2. Conclusions: Diurnal variance in pain should be considered for effective dosing strategies.

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.177-187
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• 2005

Objective : This study is designed in order to evaluate the therapeutic effect of Scalp Acupuncture and Do-ma Acupuncture related with Governer Vessel(Dok) and Bladder Meridian(Chok-taeyang) on acute low back pain Methods : We investigated 10 patients suffering from acute low back pain were treated from Mach. 1st 2005 to Jun. 30th 2005. 10 patients, were diagnosed only straightened curvature on lateral view of lumbar spine X-ray and get Scalp acupunture related with Governer Vessel(Dok) and Bladder Meridian(Chok-taeyang) and Do-ma acupuncture. Pain rating score(PRS) was used to assess the pain for its intensity, frequency, duration, and aggravating factors. And visual analog scale(VAS) was used, too. Results : Both Scalp acupunture related with Governer Vessel(Dok) and Bladder Meridian(Chok-taeyang) and Do-ma acupuncture therapy showed good effect on acute low back pain. It was proved by the difference between PRS and VAS checked before treatment and what checked after treatment. In the evaluation of treatment effect, Exellent was 2(20%), Good was 5(50%), Moderate was 3(30%), Poor was 0(0%). Conclusion : The therapeutic effect of Scalp Acupuncture and Do-ma Acupuncture on acute low back pain can be recommended as a useful therapy to treat acute low back pain.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.219-228
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• 2022

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to suggest a more effective method by comparing the effects of changes in pain intensity, muscle strength, and athletic performance after applying a 6-week eccentric training program (ET-MWM) or concentric training program (CT-MWM) with MWM for high school baseball players with shoulder internal impingement (SII). Methods : A total of 75 participants were randomly assigned to each group and divided into two groups, "ET-MWM group (n=35)" and "CT-MWM group (n=32)" according to the intervention method. Pain intensity, muscle strength (external rotation, internal rotation), and athletic performance were first measured before the intervention, and after the intervention 3 times a week for a total of 6 weeks, both groups were re-measured in the same way. Visual analog scale (VAS) was used for pain intensity, biodex dynamometer for muscle strength (60 °/sec.), and Kerlan-Jobe orthopedic clinic shoulder & elbow score (K-KJOC) for athletic performance. Results : As a result of analyzing the homogeneity of the pre-intervention characteristics and initial measurement variables of the study subjects, there was no significant difference between the two groups in all variable values. Pain intensity (VAS) was significantly reduced in the ET-MWM group than in the CT-MWM group (p<.05). In addition, the maximum muscle strength of external rotation & internal rotation of the shoulder (60 °/sec.) and athletic performance (K-KJOC) were significantly increased in the ET-MWM group than in the CT-MWM group (p<.05). Conclusion : Compared with the CT-MWM training program, the ET-MWM training program reduced shoulder joint pain and further increased the muscle strength required for throwing motion in high school baseball players. As the result showed better athletic performance improvement, the ET-MWM training program can be clinically recommended as a more effective intervention.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권21호
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• pp.9301-9305
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• 2014

Background: Pain is one of the most terrifying symptoms for cancer patients. Although most patients with cancer pain need opioids, complete relief of pain is hard to achieve. This study investigated the factors influencing persistent pain-free survival (PPFS) and opioid efficiency. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 100 patients with cancer pain, hospitalized at the medical oncology clinic of Akdeniz University. Patient records were collected including patient demographics, the disease, treatment characteristics, and details of opioid usage. Pain intensity was measured using a patient self-reported visual analogue scale (VAS). The area under the curve (AUC) reflecting the pain load was calculated from daily VAS tables. PPFS, the primary measure of opioid efficacy, was described as the duration for which a patient reported a greater than or equal to two-point decline in their VAS for pain. Predictors of opioid efficacy were analysed using a multivariate analysis. Results: In the multivariate analysis, PPFS was associated with the AUC for pain (Exp (B)=0.39 (0.23-0.67), P=0.001), the cumulative opioid dosage used during hospitalisation (Exp (B)=1.00(0.99-1.00), P=0.003) and changes in the opioid dosage (Exp (B)=1.01 (1.00-1.01), P=0.016). The change in VAS score over the standard dosage of opioids was strongly associated with current cancer treatment (chemotherapy vs. others) (${\beta}=-0.31$, T=-2.81, P=0.007) and the VAS for pain at the time of hospitalisation (${\beta}=-0.34$, T=-3.07, P= 0.003). Conclusions: The pain load, opioid dosage, concurrent usage of chemotherapy and initial pain intensity correlate with the benefit received from opioids in cancer patients.

• 대한임상전기생리학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2009

Purpose : We investigated the effects of microcurrent(MC) electrical stimulation on each intensity($100{\mu}A,\;200{\mu}A,\;500{\mu}A$ - 30pps frequency was same) on delayed onset muscle soreness(DOMS). Methods : Subjects were assigned randomly divided into three groups of eight for three different treatment protocoals($100{\mu}A,\;200{\mu}A,\;500{\mu}A$-experimental groups). Twenty-four healthy males and females subjects were participated in this study. All subjects performed eccentric exercise of elbow flexor(biceps brachii) until exhausted. The measured items of elbow flexor muscle strength were Nicholas Manual Muscle Taster(NMMT). The measured items of elbow joint range of motion ROM) were Goniometer. The measured items of elbow flexor muscle pain were visual analogue scale(VAS). Treatment were applied at 30 minute exercise after and again at 24 hours and at 48 hours and at 72 hours after. Measurements were taken after treatment. Analysis of Results using repeated measures analysis of variance(ANOVA) and post hoc tests were as follows: two-way ANOVA with repeated measurement for muscle strength, flexion ROM, extension ROM and VAS. Results : This results showed eccentric exercise casused DOMS, DOMS response to eccentric exercise were reduces by microcurrent therapy. DOMS was significant decreased at $100{\mu}A,\;200{\mu}A,\;500{\mu}A$. Muscle strength was significant difference at all intensity. Elbow flexion ROM was significant difference at all intensity but elbow extension ROM was insignificant difference at all intensity. VAS score was significant difference at $100{\mu}A$ and $500{\mu}A$ but insignificant difference at $200{\mu}A$. All experimental groups showed insignificant difference with all intensity MENS. Conclusion : These findings indicate that microcurrent therapy is had effect on recovery from exercise induced muscle damage. In our's suggestion, microcurrent therapy is particularly more appropriate therapeutic modality.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.37-50
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to compare visual analogue scale (VAS), pain threshold (PT), $%RMS_{RVC}$, and EMG gaps before and after applying transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on the upper trapezius muscle at the patients with myofascial pain syndrome (MPS). The subjects were 4 men and 10 women composed of both the inpatients and outpatients who were diagnosed as MPS at Wonju Medical Center. VAS and PT measurements were performed to assess the subjective pain level. The reference voluntary contraction (RVC) test was performed for 15 seconds for normalization on the bilateral trapezius muscle using surface electromyography (sEMG). After 3-minute resting time, the EMG signal was recorded while performing a typing activity for 2 minutes and then TENS was applicated with a comfortable intensity for 10 minutes. The EMG activity of the upper trapezius muscle was recorded during typing for 2 minutes. The results of study were as follows: 1) VAS score was significantly decreased on the more painful side after treatment, however, it was not significantly different on the less painful side. 2) PT was increased after treatment on both sides, however, it was not significantly different between before and after the TENS application. 3) The EMG activity during typing was significantly decreased after treatment, and 4) The EMG gaps were significantly increased after TENS treatment compared to before it. Consequently, the study showed that TENS was effective in decreasing VAS, $%RMS_{RVC}$, and in increasing EMG gaps. The EMG gap analysis could be a useful method to measure pain in patients with MPS in the upper trapezius.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.113-124
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• 2009

Objectives : The aim of this study was to observe the effect of Bong Chuna manual therapy(BCMT) and acupuncture on the Turtle Neck Syndrome(TNS) by the changes of radiological findings and symptoms. Methods : Total twenty-eight patients diagnosed as TNS were evaluated. Twenty patients in experimental group were treated by the combination of BCMT and acupuncture, eight patients in control group were treated by acupuncture only. We measured VAS(Visual analogue scale) as pain intensity and Neck Pain and Disability Scale(NDI) at pre- and post-treatment. Also the four line Cobb's method and Jochumsen method were assessed for evaluating the radiographical changes, additionally we used 'two line method'. Results : VAS score showed statistically significant reduction in pain intensity in both experimental group and control group after 8 weeks treatment, $-44.05{\pm}14.91$ vs $-23.75{\pm}14.08$ respectively. Also NDI score presented $-11.40{\pm}8.63$ reduction in experimental group, and it was significant statistically, however not in control group, $-8.63{\pm}9.84$ reduction after 8weeks treatment. In radiological findings, the four line Cobb's method, Jochumsen method and two line method were reduced after 8weeks treatment, $-9.30{\pm}10.33$, $-0.65{\pm}1.72$ and $-14.35{\pm}5.68$ in experimental group respectively, $-0.75{\pm}1.91$, $-0.25{\pm}0.71$ and $0.38{\pm}2.20$ in control group respectively. However they were statistical significance only in the four line Cobb's method and two line method in both group. Conclusions : Combination treatment of CMT and acupuncture showed better effect on pain reduction, VAS score and the correction of neck anteversion than acupuncture only in TNS. Two line method seems valuable for evaluating the improvement of radiographical changes in TNS.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.141-145
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• 2013

Objectives: Assessment of dental pain severity is very challenging in dentistry. Previous studies have suggested that elevated salivary alpha amylase may contribute to increased physical stresses. There is a close association between salivary alpha amylase and plasma norepinephrine under stressful physical conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between pain severity and salivary alpha amylase levels in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six patients (20 females and 16 males) with severe tooth pain due to symptomatic irreversible pulpitis were selected. The visual analogue scale (VAS) score was used to assess the pain severity in each patient. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected, and the level of alpha amylase activity was assessed by the spectrophotometric method. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 13. Results: The level of alpha amylase was significantly increased in the saliva in association with pain severity assessed by VAS. The salivary alpha amylase was also elevated with increased age and in males. Conclusions: There was a significant correlation between the VAS pain scale and salivary alpha amylase level, which indicates this biomarker may be a good index for the objective assessment of pain intensity.