• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.147-154
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• 1999

Objectives: To construct basic data to develop strategies for achieving higher Pap test coverage rate by evaluating factors associated with the use of Pap test through population-based survey. Methods: 16.4%(671) of the 4,090 women, who were eligible population for this study, in 3 Myens of Chung-ju City participated in this study voluntarily from July 21 to 26, 1997. After basic physical examination by trained doctors, they were interviewed with structured questionnaire by well-educated interviewers. Results: It shows that only 54.3% of study participants experienced Pap test. The strongest factor which is related with the use of Pap test was the history of having breast screening tests(aOR=8.71, 95% CI=4.25-17.84). Probability of ever having Pap test was also higher in married women(aOR of single=0.46, 95% CI=0.29-0.72), younger(Ptrend<0,051, more educated (Ptrend<0.001), non-smoker (aOR of smoker=0.25, 95% CI=0.12-0.55), women of ever having Hepatitis test(aOR=2.60, 95% CI=1.73-3.88) in multiple lineal logistic analysis. Conclusions : This study suggests that several factors significantly associated with the use of Pap test, and especially, high-risk population for cervical cancer such as women of older ages, less educated, living alone are less likely to have the Pap test. We should concentrate on encouraging high-risk women in the use of Pap test to improve Pap test coverage rate.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.539-551
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in factors on unmet dental scaling rate before and after the national health insurance. Methods: This study used the $2^{nd}$ data from the Community Health Survey. The study participants numbered 209,341 in 2011 and 219,517 in 2013.The average age was $51{\pm}17$ in 2011 and $52{\pm}17$ in 2013. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, chi -squared test and logistic regression using SPSS 23.0. Results: The scaling experienced rate of Korean adults has fallen by 3.5% from 66% to 69.5%. Logistic regression analysis showed that 2.7 times more 'people who were educated at elementary school level or lower' did not use dental scaling compared to higher educated children. Agriculture, forestry and fisheries workers did not use scaling at 2.0 times. Local residents with an income of less than one million won did not use 1.7times scaling. Local residents of 'no private insurance' did not use scaling at 1.5 times. In the case of the predisposing factors, the 20s had less than 1.8 times scaling compared to 50s. In the case of needs factor, local residents who experienced 'bad oral health status' and 'dental calculus' were treated scaling 1.3 times less compared to people with good oral health status and normal periodontal symptoms. Conclusions: In Korea, local residents are less frequently treated scaling due to enabling factors such as accessibility. In addition, predisposing factors such as age and sex, and oral health status and periodontal symptoms were related to not using the dental scaling. Therefore, the universality of health care services should be considered so that people who need periodontal care can use scaling.

• 수도
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• 제24권5호통권86호
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• pp.29-44
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• 1997

Sewage sludge produced in Korea was 1,275,800 tons (dewatered sludge cake) per year in 1996, which is 3,495 tons per day, 0.303% of 11,526,100 tons per day of sewage treated in 79 sewage treatment plants. Sludge production has been and will be increasing in accordance with construction of new facilities for sewage treatment. Most of the sludge is currently disposed by landfill and ocean dumping, but it is becoming difficult to find suitable sites for landfill, particularly in big cities such as Seoul. In addition, rapid increase of landfill cost is anticipated in a near future. Current trend for sludge disposal in advanced countries is land application. Over the past 10 to 20 years in the United States, sludge management practices have changed significantly, moving from disposal to beneficial use. They use biosolid for utilization instead of sludge for disposal. Under the Clean Water Act of 1972, amended in 1987 by Congress, the U.S. EPA was required to develop regulations for the use and disposal of sewage sludge. The EPA assessed the potential for pollutants in sewage sludge to affect public health and the environment through a number of different routes of exposure. The Agency also assessed the potential risk to human health through contamination of drinking water sources or surface water when sludge is disposed on land. The Final Rules were signed by the EPA Administrator and were published (Federal Register, 1993). These rules state that sewage sludge shall not be applied to land if the concentration of any pollutant in the sludge exceeds the ceiling concentration. In addition, the cumulative loading rate for each pollutant shall not exceed the cumulative pollutant loading rate nor should the concentration of each pollutant in the sludge exceed the monthly average concentration for the pollutant. The annual pollutant loading rate generally applies to applications of sewage sludge on agricultural lands. The most popular beneficial use of sewage sludge is land application. The sludge has to be stabilized for appling to land. One of the stabilization process for sewage sludge is lime stabilization process. The stabilization process is consisted of the stabilizing process and the drying process. Stabilization reactor can be a drum type reactor in which a crossed mixer is equipped. The additive agents are a very reactive mixture of calcium oxide and others. The stabilized sludge is dried in sun drier or rotary kiln.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제60권1호
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• pp.75-81
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• 2017

Objective : Spinal deformity surgery has the potential risk of massive blood loss. To reduce surgical bleeding, the use of tranexamic acid (TXA) became popular in spinal surgery, recently. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of intra-operative TXA use to reduce surgical bleeding and transfusion requirements in spinal deformity surgery. Methods : A total of 132 consecutive patients undergoing multi-level posterior spinal segmental instrumented fusion (${\geq}5$ levels) were analyzed retrospectively. Primary outcome measures included intraoperative estimated blood loss (EBL), transfusion amount and rate of transfusion. Secondary outcome measures included postoperative transfusion amount, rate of transfusion, and complications associated with TXA or allogeneic blood transfusions. Results : The number of patients was 89 in TXA group and 43 in non-TXA group. There were no significant differences in demographic or surgical traits between the groups except hypertension. The EBL was significantly lower in TXA group than non-TXA group (841 vs. 1336 mL, p=0.002). TXA group also showed less intra-operative and postoperative transfusion requirements (544 vs. 812 mL, p=0.012; 193 vs. 359 mL, p=0.034). Based on multiple regression analysis, TXA use could reduce surgical bleeding by 371 mL (37 % of mean EBL). Complication rate was not different between the groups. Conclusion : TXA use can effectively reduce the amount of intra-operative bleeding and transfusion requirements in spinal deformity surgery. Future randomized controlled study could confirm the routine use of TXA in major spinal surgery.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.153-162
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• 2016

Microwave and millimeter waves are considered suitable frequency ranges for diverse applications. The prediction of rain attenuation required the 1-min rainfall rate distribution, particularly for data obtained locally from experimental measurement campaigns over a given location. Rainfall rate data acquired from Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) for nine major sites are analyzed to investigate the statistical stability of the cumulative distribution of rainfall rate, as obtained from a 10-year measurement. In this study, we use the following rain rate conversion techniques: Segal, Burgueno et al., Chebil and Rahman, exponential, and proposed global coefficient methods. The performance of the proposed technique is tested against that of the existing rain rate conversion techniques. The nine sites considered for the average 1-min rain rate derivation are Gwangju, Daegu, Daejeon, Busan, Seogwipo, Seoul, Ulsan, Incheon, and Chuncheon. In this paper, we propose a conversion technique for a suitable estimation of the 1-min rainfall rate distribution.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.176-184
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• 2011

Objectives: Understanding recent trends in cigarette smoking among adolescents is important in order to develop strategies to prevent cigarette smoking. The aim of this study was to compare recent trends in cigarette smoking for adolescents living in rural areas, small towns and metropolitan cities in Korea. Methods: The raw data from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBWS) from 2005 to 2009 were used. Data were analyzed by using the method of complex survey data analysis considering complex sampling design. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate significant linear time trends in cigarette smoking. The indicators of cigarette use behaviors were 'current smoking rate', 'frequent smoking rate', 'heavy smoking rate' and 'smoking experience rate before 13 years of age'. All analyses were conducted according to gender. Results: Statistically significant increasing trends in current smoking rate and frequent smoking rate were observed and borderline significant increasing trends in heavy smoking rate were shown among rural boys. Among metropolitan city boys, statistically significant increasing trends were also seen for frequent smoking. Statistically significant decreasing trends in current smoking rate were observed among small town and metropolitan city girls. Smoking experience rate before 13 years of age for rural girls decreased significantly. Conclusions: Cigarette smoking prevalence among adolescents in the rural areas has increased in the last five years especially among boys. Our findings suggest that anti-tobacco program for adolescents should be conducted primarily for those in rural areas.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2020

Interest rate spreads indicate the conditions of the economy and serve as an indicator of the recession. The purpose of this study is to predict Korea's interest rate spreads using US data with long-term continuity. To this end, 27 US economic data were used, and the entire data was reduced to 5 dimensions through principal component analysis to build a dataset necessary for prediction. In the prediction model of this study, three RNN models (BasicRNN, LSTM, and GRU) predict the US interest rate spread and use the predicted results in the SVR ensemble model to predict the Korean interest rate spread. The SVR ensemble model predicted Korea's interest rate spread as RMSE 0.0658, which showed more accurate predictive power than the general ensemble model predicted as RMSE 0.0905, and showed excellent performance in terms of tendency to respond to fluctuations. In addition, improved prediction performance was confirmed through period division according to policy changes. This study presented a new way to predict interest rates and yielded better results. We predict that if you use refined data that represents the global economic situation through follow-up studies, you will be able to show higher interest rate predictions and predict economic conditions in Korea as well as other countries.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.207-212
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• 2015

The use of groundwater and ground_heat is one of the ways to use natural and renewable energy, and it has been considered as a technology to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase energy-saving. There are a few researches on the optimum design for the open-loop geothermal system. In this study, to develop the optimal design method numerical simulation of the open-loop geothermal system with two-wells was performed by a groundwater and heat transfer model. In this paper, a study was performed to analyze the system performance according to well distance and pumping flow rate. In the result, average heat exchange rate and heat source temperature were calculated and it was found that they were dependent on the pumping rate.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제7권9호
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• pp.20-27
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• 1999

The proportion of diesel vehicle is very high in this country . PM and NOx emitted from diesel-posered vehicle is severely ;affecting to be air quality . Especially, diesel particulate matters(DPM) including black smoke are hazardous air pollutants to human health and environment. In order to reduce the exhaust emissions from diesel engines, it is necessary to analyze the characteristics of exhaust emissions from diesel engines in various driving conditions. Recently, there are occasion to increase the fuel consumption rate to engine power up. So, in this study we have tested a diesel engine detached from in use -diesel vehicle and analyzed exhaust emission by driving condition and fuel dispersion rate. From this results, we will prepare the comprehensive management plan for exhaust emissions from diesel vehicles and contribute to the improvement of air pollution in urban area.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2002년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.169-172
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• 2002

A vision sensor measure range data using laser light source. This sensor generally use patterned laser which shaped single line. But this vision sensor cannot satisfy new trend which feeds foster and more precise processing. The sensor's sampling rate increases as reduced image processing time. However, the sampling rate can not over 30fps, because a camera has mechanical sampling limit. If we use multi line laser pattern, we will measure multi range data in one image. In the case of using same sampling rate camera, number of 2D range data profile in one second is directly proportional to laser line's number. For example, the vision sensor using 5 laser lines can sample 150 profiles per second in best condition.