• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.410-420
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• 1988

This study were performed to investigate effect of dietary cadmium(Cd) and protein levels on growth, body protein metabolism and Cd toxicity in growing rats. Forty eight male rats of Sprague-Dawley weighing 113$\pm$2g were blocked into 6 groups accoridng to body weight. Dietary protein were given at the levels of 7, 15 and 40% of diet and Cd (200ppm)were either added or not. The result obtained were summerized as follow; 1) Food intake, weight gain, FER PER, liver and kidney weight, weight and length of bones, hematocrit, and hemoglobin content in Cd-added groups were low than those in Cd-free groups. 2) Serum total protein showed no significant difference with Cd addition, but it was significantly lower in low protein diet groups. Liver protein in Cd-added groups was lower than Cd-free groups, and was tend to be increased with increasing dietary protein level. 3) Daily urinary and fecal nitrogen excretions in Cd-added groups were lower than Cd-free groups, and were increased with increasing dietary protein level. 4) Cadmium contents in blood, liver, kidney, and femur were tend to be decreased with increasing dietary protein level. Especially, Cd content in kidney of Cd-added groups was significantly decreased with increasing dietary protein level. 5) Daily urinary and fecal Cd excretions were tend to be increased with increasing dietary protein level, and Cd-added-high protein diet group showed the highest Cd excretion among the Cd-added groups, Cd absorption ration and Cd retention ratio were tend to be decreased with increasing dietary protein level.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.47-59
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• 1991

This study wa performed to investigate the effects of dietary protein and fiber on the lead and protein metabolism in lead poisoning rats. Seventy male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain weighing 172$\pm$2g were blocked into 14 gropus according to body weight. Protein(casein) was given at levels of 15 or 40%, and fibers(pectin, cellulose and CMC) were given at levels of 0, 4 or 10%. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Food intake, weight gain and food efficiency ratio(FER) in groups fed high protein diets were higher than those in low protein groups. Liver weight in groups fed no dietary fiber was higher than that of animals fed fiber. Kidney and femur weights were greater in high protein groups. Tibia and femur lengths, and tibia weight were not significantly different among groups. 2. Hemoglobin content and hematocrit values showed no significant differance with dietary factors. 3. Total protein contents of serum and liver showed no significant difference, but tended to increase with increasing dietary protein level. Both daily urinary and fecal nitrogen excretions in high protein groups were higher than those in low protein groups. Especially daily fecal nitrogen excretions in high dietary fiber groups were significantly high. Body nitrogen absorption rate was the highest in animals fed no fiber. 4. Pb levels in blood, liver, kidney and bone tended to decrease with high dietary protein and fiber levels. Especially Pb level of kidney was high in all groups. Daily urinary Pb excretion showed no significant difference with dietary factors, but fecal Pb excretion increased significantly in high protein and fiber groups.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.235-241
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• 1982

Studies were carried out on seven young, adult caucasian males to determine the short-term effects of protein(animal or plant)and calcium intakes on the excretion of urinary calcium. The subjects were studied on a self-selected diet for a period of seven days. Mean daily protein and calcium intakes were $103{\pm}31\;g$ and $1237{\pm}594mg$ respectively. Variation among subjects in the mean urinary calcium excretion per 24 hour was from $121{\pm}40$ to $258{\pm}104mg$. When the protein intake of all aubjcts was divided in to four levels : low (x=53g), medium (87g), intermediate (117g) and high(153g), The mean urinary calcium was $179{\pm}53$, $189{\pm}73$, $184{\pm}55$ and $264{\pm}84mg$, respectively. Urinary calcium increased significantly with an increase in protein intake. The calcium excretion was seriously increased with the protein intake above the intermediate level. Animal protein intake was more closely related to urinary calcium excretion than plant protein. There was a significant difference in the urinary calcium excretion when calcium intakes increased from low(x=544mg) to interne-diate levels (1232 mg). However, the difference between intermediate and high levels (1834mg) was not significant. Urinary calcium was $169{\pm}46mg$ on the low calcium diet, $196{\pm}71mg$ on the medium, and $222{\pm}21mg$ on the intermediate calcium intake, Calcium excretion was more closely related to changes in protein intake than to changes in calcium intake. Some nutritional implications can be drawn from this research. Protein intakes above the intermediate level (117g) are not recommendable. An over intake of calcium, however, may not be a serious problem for the calcium balance.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.266-276
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• 1997

To investigate the effects of dietary protein and calcium levels on calcium and bone metabolism Sprague-Dawley male growing rats weighting approximately 91.4g were divided into four groups and fed one of the following four experimental diets-15% protein 0.2% calcium ; 15% protein 0.5% calcium ; 30% protein 0.2% calcium ; 30% protein 0.5% calcium-for five weeks. Calcium intake and excretion, apparent calcium absorption were measured and bone densities and mineral contents of femur and scapula were analyzed. Calcium excretion through feces and urine was significantly greater in animals receiving diets of higher calcium. Fecal calcium but not urinary calcium excretion was greater when the protein level was increased from 15% to 30%. Apparent calcium absorption rate was significantly higher with lower calcium intakes. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly higher in 0.2% calcium group than in 0.5% calcium group, while urinary hydroxyproline excretion was essentially same among all experimental groups. Weights and mineral contents or protein. Bone weights were greater, but calcium and ash contents of femur and scapula were lower in animals on the diet containing low calcium and high protein, which suggests that bone metabolism may be affected by the interaction between calcium and protein intake. These results indicate that during growth high protein intake might be beneficial to bone health if the diet is sufficient in calcium, however, if the diet fails to provide an optimum amount of calcium, such practice might be detrimental.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.90-103
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• 1987

A study was conducted to measure nitrogen intake and excretion in young korean women on their normal diet and leading normal activity level. Dietary survey by food record, fecal and urinary samples were collected for 3 days in 19 healthy female college students in Korea. On one of the 3 days, duplicate of one-day diet was collected from each subjects. Mean daily intakes of energy and protein were calculated from food recorded. Duplicate diet samples and pooled fecal samples were analyzed for N content. Pooled urine samples were analyzed for total N, urea N, and creatinine content. Apparent N absorption, apparent N balance and urea N/creatinine N were calculated to evaluate protein nutritional status. The results obtained are summarized as following ; 1) Accordingly to food record, mean daily intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrate and far were 1535.2 $\pm$53.78Kcal, 55.95$\pm$2.97g(total nitrogen 8.95$\pm$0.45g), 254.13$\pm$10.31g and 39.24$\pm$2.76 g, providing 14.6%, 66.2%, 19.2% of total energy respectively. 2) Nitrogen intake by chemical analysis was 7.16$\pm$0.31g/day (protein 44.75$\pm$1.94kg/day) providing 82.39$\pm$4.58% of nitrogen intake by food record. The difference of total nitrogen intake between food record and chemical analysis in diets was significant(p<0.05). 3) Mean daily fecal nitrogen excretion was 1.38$\pm$0.10g and then mean apparent digesbility of protein was 80.53$\pm$5.21%. 4) Mean daily urinary nitrogen excretion, urea N excretion and creatinine excretion were 6.03$\pm$0.30g, 4.52$\pm$0.22g, and 0.88$\pm$0.04g respectively. Urinary urea nitrogen was 75.2$\pm$1.38% of total urinary nitrogen excretion and urinary nitrogen was 85.4$\pm$3.56% of total nitrogen intake by chemical analysis. 5) Mean urea N/creatinine N ration was 14.01$\pm$0.77. 6) Mean nitrogen balance was -0.244$\pm$0.33g/day. From the above results, it is concluded that the subjects in this study seem to be in marginal protein nutritional status and therefore should increase dietary protein intake.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.786-796
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• 2001

To assess calcium and sodium and urinary excretion of preschool children in Busan and to evaluate the relationship of intakes of food and nutrient with urinary calcium excretion, calcium and sodium food frequencies of 25 common foods affecting intakes of calcium and sodium per week, nutrient intake by 24hr recall and 24hr urinary calcium and sodium excretion were measured with 97 preschool children. The mean calcium intake was 436.11mg and below RDA. The mean sodium intake was 1890.11mg. The mean urinary calcium and sodium excretion were 42.88mg and 735.25mg respectivery. The mean urinary calcium/creatinine ratio was 0.20. The urinary calcium excretion showed positive significant correlations with weight, intake frequency of pizza consumed per week and urinary sodium excretion (p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.001). The urinary calcium excretion per milligram of creatinine showed positive significant correlations with intake frequencies of pizza and common squid consumed per week(p<0.01, p<0.05) and negative correlation with intake frequencies of pizza and common squid consumed per week(p<0.01, p<0.05) and negative correlation with age(p<0.05). No significant relations were found between urinary calcium and intakes of calcium, protein and phosphorus. Urinary sodium was found to be the most important determinant of urinary calcium excretion. Intake frequency of pizza consumed per week was found to be the most important determinant of urinary calcium excretion per milligram of creatinine. Based on the results, urinary calcium excretion was related to intake frequency of pizza consumed per week and urinary sodium excretion. Low calcium intake and increase of calcium loss in the urine potentiated by sodium intake during growth may reduce peak bone mass. So nutritional education is needed in order to increase calcium intake and decrease sodium intake, especially from food like pizza.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.461-471
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• 1996

This study was performed to investigate the effect of dietary protein and cysteine levels on cadmium toxicity in rats. Seventy-two male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain weighting 171$\pm$3g were blocked into 12 groups according to body weight, and were raised for 30 days. cadmium chloride was given at levels of 0 or 400ppm, protein at levels of 7, 15 and 40%, and cysteine was added(total dietary cysteine contents : 0.45%) to diet or not. The results are summarized as follow. Food intake, weight gain, food were lower than those of cadmium free group. But, these were increased with increasing dietary protein level and cysteine addition. Fecal cadmium excretion was remarkably increased in high protein (40%) groups. Thus, cadmium retention rates were decreased in high protein groups. Metallothionein concentrations in liver and kidney were increased in cysteine addition, and cadmium administration. Especially, these were remarkably increased in cadmium and cysteine added groups. Urinary calcium excretion was increased with cadmium administration, but urinary protein excretion and creatinine clearance were not changed in these animal. In conclusion, food intake, weight gain and organ weights were decreased with administration. Cadmium toxicity was alleviated by increasing fecal cadmium excretion, while cysteine addition increased metallothionein concentrations in liver and kidney. From these results, it was shown that cadmium toxicity was alliviated by synergistic effect of high protein level and cysteine addition.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.857-864
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• 2006

The aim of this study was to apply the Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system (CNCPS) in subtropical Taiwan. This was done by means of 3 trials, viz, in situ, lactation and metabolic trials, the latter using the urinary purine derivatives (UPD) to estimate the ruminal microbial yield. Dietary treatments were formulated according to different nutrient requirement systems including, (1) a control NRC78 group on NRC (1978), (2) a NRC88 group on NRC (1988), and (3) a CNCPS group on Cornell Net carbohydrate and protein system model. Results from the lactation trial showed that DM intake (DMI) was higher (p<0.05) in the NRC78 than the other treatment groups. The treatments did not significantly influence milk yield, but milk yield after covariance adjustment for DMI was higher in the CNCPS group (p<0.05). The FCM, milk fat content and yield were greater in both the NRC78 and the NRC88 group over the CNCPS group (p<0.05). The treatments did not significantly influence the DMI adjusted FCM. The solid-non-fat and milk protein contents were higher in the CNCPS group (p<0.05) with or without DMI covariance adjustment. Lactating efficiency was higher in the CNCPS group (p<0.05) compared to the other groups. The significantly lowest milk urea-N (MUN) with better protein utilization efficiency in the CNCPS group (p<0.05) suggested that less N would be excreted into the environment. Cows in the CNCPS group excreted significantly more and the NRC88 group significantly less urinary purine derivatives (UPD) implying that more ruminal microbial protein was synthesized in the CNCPS over the NRC88 group. The CNCPS could become the most useful tool in predicting the trends in milk yield, microbial yield and MUN.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.711-717
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• 1994

This study was conducted to obtain accurate data on intake, apparent digestibility and nitrogen balance of dietary protein which the korean take in habitually. Subjects were 8 male college students, aged from 20 to 26, and maintained their menu and life pattern as usual during a 4-week study. The same amount of diet that the subjects had consumped, and feces and urine were collected and measured to extract their nitrogen content data by Kjeldahl method. From above data, the apparent digestibility and the body nitrogen balance were estimated by determining daily protein intake and excretion. The daily protein intake measured by Jjeldahil method was 88.3$\pm$ 0.9g(1.45/kg of body weight /day) which marked 8.3% higher than that estimatd by food analysis table. The proportional of animal protein against total protein intake was 50.4$\pm$ 2.3%. Daily fecal protein loss was 14.3$\pm$0.6g and the apparent digestibility was 83.8$\pm$ 0.7%. The urinary nitrogen excretion was 10.30$\pm$0.19g. The nitrogen balance considering nitrogen excretion from feces indicated positive balance of 1.06$\pm$0.20g.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.81-85
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• 2013

Background: Early diagnosis of carcinoma of bladder remains a challenge. Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) protein family, is frequently activated in bladder carcinoma. The objective of this study was to investigate urinary survivin as a marker for diagnosis of urinary bladder. Materials and Methods: We examined urinary survivin concentration in 28 healthy individuals, 46 positive controls and 117 cases of histologically proven TCC prior to transurethral resection, using ELISA, and compared values with findings for urinary cytology. Results: Survivin was found to be significantly higher in the cancer group (P<0.05). A cut off value of 17.7 pg/ml was proposed, with an approximate sensitivity of 82.9% and specificity of 81.1% (P<0.0001), whereas urine cytology had a sensitivity of 66.7% and a specificity of 96.0%. Conclusions: Urinary survivin can be used as a non-invasive diagnostic biomarker for TCC bladder, both for primary and recurrent disease.