• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
• /
• 제7권2호
• /
• pp.59-68
• /
• 2011

The objective of the study was to investigate the main factors that contribute the variation of $PM_{10}$ concentration of Seoul and to quantify their effects using generalized additive model (GAM). The analysis was performed with 3 year air pollution data (2004~2006) measured at 27 urban sites and 7 roadside sites in Seoul, a background site in Gangwha and a rural site in Pocheon. The diurnal variation of urban $PM_{10}$ concentrations of Seoul showed a typical bimodal pattern with the same peak times as that of roadside, and the maximum difference of $PM_{10}$ level between urban and roadside was about $14{\mu}g/m^{3}$ at 10 in the morning. The wind direction was found to be a major factor that affects $PM_{10}$ level in all investigated areas. The overall $PM_{10}$ level was reduced when air came from east, but background $PM_{10}$ level in Gangwha was rather higher than the urban $PM_{10}$ level in Seoul, indicating that the $PM_{10}$ level in Gangwha is considerably influenced by that in Seoul metropolitan area. When hourly variations of $PM_{10}$ were analyzed using GAM, wind direction and speed explained about 34% of the variance in the model where the variables were added as a 2-dimensional smoothing function. In addition, other variables, such as diurnal variation, difference of concentrations between roadside and urban area, precipitation, month, and the regression slope of a plot of carbon monooxide versus $PM_{10}$, were found to be major explanatory variables, explaining about 64% of total variance of hourly variations of $PM_{10}$ in Seoul.

• 한국환경생태학회지
• /
• 제28권2호
• /
• pp.128-141
• /
• 2014

본 연구는 송파구의 도시녹지 네트워크 강화와 도시녹지 확충을 위한 가로녹지 개선계획 수립을 목적으로 수행하였다. 송파구 네트워크 가로를 선정하기 위해 선행연구를 바탕으로 송파구 관내 공원, 녹지축 현황을 분석하고, 가로변녹지 현황, 보도폭 현황을 분석하였다. 분석결과 가로변에 위치한 19개 공원과 녹지축 연계가 가능한 13개 가로를 도출하였다. 가로변 녹지는 자연녹지 및 조성녹지와 연계된 가로가 56,546m이었고, 보도폭은 추가적인 띠녹지 확보 및 보식 가능한 보도폭 5m 이상의 가로가 8,600m이었다. 이를 종합하여 도시녹지 네트워크 가로로 올림픽로, 송파대로, 남부순환로, 위례성길을 선정하였다. 네트워크 가로의 가로녹지 조성 현황을 분석하여 가로녹지 조성 및 가로수 식재량 증진 방안을 도출하였다. 가로녹지 개선은 관목 위주 가로녹지의 녹지구조 다양화, 가로변 녹지를 활용한 가로녹지 보완을 제시하였다. 가로수 식재량 증진은 가로녹지 개선계획을 바탕으로 수목 보완 식재를 통해 식재량 증진이 가능한 가로를 대상으로 하였다. 송파구 네트워크 가로 중 아교목 보식(1주) 가능 구간은 전체 길이 34,206m중 63.6%이었다. 녹지 네트워크 가로별 식재량 증진계획에 따른 주수변화를 산정한 결과 4,708주의 추가식재를 통해 전체 9,518주로 증가할 것으로 예측되었다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
• /
• 제6권2호
• /
• pp.27-38
• /
• 2003

This study aimed to provide basic data for future management of roadside trees by analyzing problems associated with plantation and management of roadside trees through categorization of functions and organizational structure, plantation and management, and management regulations and generating improvement opportunities based on the result of a survey on the awareness of government officials who are directly in charge of managing roadside trees in 31 cities & counties within Kyonggi province. The summary of key results of this study is as follows. First, "roadside tree-related function" is still not considered to be independent. About a half of government officials in charge did not majored in this field and they spent only about "2.09hours", in average, in the roadside tree-related function out of 8 working hours per day. Second, regarding problems and improvement opportunities in roadside tree-related function, lack of time was considered to be the biggest problem in overall management of roadside trees. As for improvement opportunities, "increase of dedicated manpower" and "system development" to facilitate efficient processing were suggested. Third, an annual budget for roadside tree-related affairs was merely 92 million won per city/county. A registry for management of roadside trees was kept manually. As for the roles of roadside trees, improvement of landscape and securing of green area itself were valued highly. Fourth, Ginkgo biloba, Zelkova serrata, and Prunus yedoensis were suggested to be the most appropriate species for roadside tree and Platanus occidentalis, Populus albaglandulosa, Populus euramericana, and Robinia pseudo-acacia were mentioned to be the least appropriate species.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제14권12호
• /
• pp.1081-1085
• /
• 2005

This study is carried out for obtaining the basic materials for presentation of creation and desirable management of urban roadside trees through analyse the existence effect of trees on people who operate th commercial areas along the streets. Roadside tree and green areas are recognized comfort space in addition to simple planting area. Therefore various trees and flowering plants should be introduced in addition to roadside facilities for convenience. Planted roadside trees should be maintained. We will propose an method that residents plant and manage the trees and flowering plants on the two lane of one way road. However main lines more than four lane of one way have more public property beside the residents space. Therefore these should be maintained mainly by related government agencies.

• 대한토목학회논문집
• /
• 제33권4호
• /
• pp.1619-1629
• /
• 2013

지구 온난화와 도시 열섬 현상, 그리고 도시 및 교통 환경과 도시민의 건강은 상호 직 간접적인 관계로 이어져 있다. 특히 도시 폭염 및 폭우 등과 같은 이상 기온현상은 도시민의 삶의 질과 관련되어 부정적인 영향을 미치고 있어 그 현상을 파악하기 위한 연구가 최근 다양하게 수행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 도시 피복율이 높은 도로의 기하구조 및 교통조건이 도로 주변부 기온에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위하여 서울시 도로 5개의 서로 상이한 도로 기하구조를 가지고 있는 지점의 기온, 습도, 풍속, 교통량, 평균 통행속도, 중앙분리대 설치 여부, 가로 식재 설치 여부 등 도로의 환경(미기상적) 조건과 더불어 도로 및 교통 현황을 조사하였다. T-test 분석 결과 기온의 특성상 오전, 낮, 밤의 기온이 서로 상이하다고 밝혀졌기 때문에 도로 주변부 기온 분석 모형은 시간대별로 각각 구축되어 타당한 결과가 도출되었다. 도로 기하구조면에서는 시간대와 상관없이 식생 중앙분리대가 설치된 도로의 경우는 설치하지 않은 도로에 비해 $1.3{\sim}2.2^{\circ}C$정도의 기온 저감효과를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 교통조건면에서는 평균통행속도가 낮아질수록, 차로당 교통량이 많을수록 도로 주변부 기온이 올라가는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 따라서 교통 운영면에서 소통을 원활하게 하는 정책을 수행한다면 도로 주변부 기온을 낮추는 효과도 가질 수 있다고 판단된다.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제24권7호
• /
• pp.875-882
• /
• 2015

In 2013, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) concluded that outdoor air pollution is carcinogenic to humans, with the particulate matter component of air pollution most closely associated with sufficient evidence of increased cancer incidence by exposure to particulate matter component of air pollution. Motor vehicles are one of a major emission sources of fine particle ($PM_{2.5}$) in urban areas. A large number of epidemiological studies have reported a positive association of morbidity or mortality with distance from the roadside. We conducted this study to assess the association of $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations measured at roadside hotspots with those at adjacent residential sites using real-time $PM_{2.5}$ monitors. We conducted real-time $PM_{2.5}$ measurements for rush hour periods (08:00~10:00 and 18:00~20:00) at 9 roadside air monitoring Hotspot sites in metropolitan Seoul over 3 weeks from October 1 to 21, 2013. Simultaneous measurements were conducted in residential sites within a 100 m radius from each roadside air monitoring site. A SidePak AM510 was used for the real-time $PM_{2.5}$ measurements. Medians of roadside $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations ranged from $9.8{\mu}g/m^3$ to $38.3{\mu}g/m^3$, while corresponding median values at adjacent residential sites ranged from $4.4{\mu}g/m^3$ to $37.3{\mu}g/m^3$. $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations of residential sites were 0.97 times of hotspot roadside sites. Distributions of $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations in roadside and residential areas were also very similar. Real-time $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations at residential sites, (100 m adjacent), showed similar levels to those at roadside sites. Increasing the distance between roadside and residential sites, if needed, should be considered to protect urban resident populations from $PM_{2.5}$ emitted by traffic related sources.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
• /
• 제1권1호
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2007

Vehicle exhaust is a dominant source of air pollutants in urban areas. Since people are easily exposed to vehicle exhaust particles while driving a car and/or traveling via public transportation, air pollution near traffic has been extensively studied in developed countries. In this paper, investigations on vehicle-related fine particulate air pollution at roadsides and on roads in Seoul, Korea were reviewed to understand air pollution near traffic. Comparison of $PM_{10}$ concentrations in Seoul showed that roadside air is more contaminated than urban air, implying that exposure levels near vehicular emissions are more critical to sensitive persons. Concentrations of ultrafine particles and BC (black carbon) at roadsides of Seoul fluctuate highly for short durations, responding to traffic situations. Diurnal variations of ultrafine particles and BC concentrations at roadsides seem to be affected by traffic volume, mixing layer height, and wind speed. Concentrations of ultrafine particles and BC decrease as distance from the road increases due to dilution during transport. On-road air pollution seems to be more severe than roadside air pollution in Seoul. Since nearby traffic air pollution has not been well understood in Seoul, further studies including various vehicular air pollutants and representative locations are needed.

• 한국조경학회지
• /
• 제50권6호
• /
• pp.30-41
• /
• 2022

본 연구는 여름철 도시 공원의 열환경 개선효과를 측정하고 지점별 기상 측정 결과의 차이를 살펴보기 위하여 서울숲 공원 내외부에 측정 장비를 설치하고 측정값을 분석하였다. 특히 공원의 지점별 기상 측정값의 차이를 정밀하게 살펴보기 위하여 서울숲 광장부와 수변부, 공원 주변 도로부 3곳에 기상 측정 장비를 설치하고, 7월 9일에서 7월 30일 까지의 미기상 관측 자료를 측정하였으며 열 쾌적성 지표를 살펴보는 UTCI 분석을 통해서 공원의 지점별 열환경 개선 효과를 살펴보았다. 분석의 결과는 다음과 같다. 전체 측정 기간을 기준으로 서울숲의 온도는 광장부와 수변부가 주변의 도로부와 각각 2.7℃ 및 2.9℃ 낮은 것으로 나타났으며, 온도가 높은 10시에서 16시 사이 시간대를 기준으로 비교하였을 때에는 각각 5.5℃ 및 7.4℃로 매우 큰 차이가 나타났다. 또한 UTCI 분석을 통한 열 쾌적성 비교에서는 도로부와 공원부, 녹지부 사이의 유의미한 차이가 발견되었으며 또한 강한 햇볕으로 기온이 높은 10시에서 16시 시간대에 더욱 큰 차이가 나타났다. 이 외에 함께 측정된 미기상 자료들 중 미세먼지의 경우 측정 기간인 22년 7월 전체적으로 높은 날이 없었기 때문에 큰 차이가 나타나지는 않았으나 수변부, 광장부, 도로부 순으로 낮게 유의미한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났고, 이산화탄소 농도의 경우 광장부, 도로부, 수변부 순으로 높게 나타났다. 종합적으로 공원 내 두 지점에서는 시간대에 날씨에 따라 미기상 측정 결과와 열 환경 개선효과의 차이가 다르게 나타났으나, 공통적으로 공원 내 녹지부, 수변부는 모두 공원 도로부 지점과 비교하여 온도와 열 쾌적성 측면에서 유의미한 개선 효과가 나타났다.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
• /
• 제7권2호
• /
• pp.65-71
• /
• 2013

Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollinosis is the most popular pollinosis in Japan. It has been reported that Cryptomeria japonica pollen allergenic species are suspended as fine particles in the urban atmosphere. These allergenic fine particles are responsible for inducing asthma by breaking into the lower respiratory tract. It has also been found that pollinosis symptoms on the sufferers appear mainly at night-time by the results from epidemiological studies. However, the exact reason for these phenomena is not yet clarified. In this study, the diurnal and nocturnal behaviours of Cryptomeria japonica pollen grains and their allergenic species in the urban area of Saitama city of Kanto Plain were investigated. Airborne pollen grains and allergenic Cry j 1 concentrations in total suspended particulate matter (TSP) were investigated at two sampling sites, a heavy traffic road (roadside site) and at the balcony of the $10^{th}$ floor of the Building of Research and Project of Saitama University (general urban site). The latter sampling site where located about 300 m away from the roadside site was used as a general urban site unaffected by automobile traffic. The airborne pollen counts were measured with a real-time pollen monitor. Cry j 1 particles were collected with two high volume air samplers, and these concentrations were measured by surface plasmon resonance method with a Biacore J system. The diurnal variation of the airborne pollen counts was similar to the trends of temperature and wind speed during the day-time; whereas its tendency with wind speed trend was not observed during the night-time. Airborne pollen counts were lower with northern wind than with southern wind because the pollen comes from the mountainous areas, and the mountains in the south are closer, about half the distance to the northern mountains. It is suggested that the peaks of airborne pollen counts during night-time in the sampling site occurred by transport of pollen grains released during day-time in the mountainous forest areas, located c.a. 100 km away from the sampling site. On the roadside site the allergenic Cry j 1 concentrations were higher than at the general urban site, nevertheless pollen grains counts were lower. These results suggested that worsening of pollinosis symptoms during night-time in urban area was caused by transport of pollen grains during day-time in the mountainous forest areas. Moreover, pollen allergenic species become different morphology from pollen grain at roadside site, and the subsequent pollen grains re-suspension by automobile traffic.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제40권3호
• /
• pp.204-214
• /
• 2014

Objectives: Vehicular emissions are one of the main sources of air pollution in urban areas. Correlation analysis was conducted between air pollutants and traffic volume in order to identify causes of air pollution in Gwangju. Methods: Using traffic volumes and air quality monitoring data from 2002 to 2012 from nine stations (seven urban areas, two roadside areas), especially at three sites where traffic volumes were high, the correlation coefficients were obtained between air pollutants as PM-10 (particulate matter), $NO_2$, $SO_2$, CO and $O_3$ at the stations and traffic volumes near the air monitoring stations. Results: Due to traffic volume and distance between the station and the traffic road, concentrations of pollutants at roadside areas were higher than at urban areas, with the exception of $O_3$. The concentration of $O_3$ showed statistically significance with those of other gas materials as $NO_2$, $SO_2$, and CO in winter (p<0.001) and spring (p<0.05). During the period of October 7 to 20, 2012, excluding periods of yellow dust, smog and rainy season, the ratio of $NO/(NO+NO_2)$ showed the highest value 0.57 and 0.40 at Unam and Chipyeong of two roadside stations, followed by 0.35 at Nongseong with vehicular effects. The correlation coefficient between traffic volume and $O_3$, CO, $NO_2$ became higher when the data on mist and haze days were excluded, than when all hourly data were used in that period, at the three sites of Unam, Chipyeong, and Nongseong. Conclusions: Air quality showed a considerable effect from vehicles at roadside areas compared to in urban areas. Air pollutant diminishment strategies need to be aggressively adopted in order to protect atmospheric environment.