• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.57-68
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• 1986

The present survey was designed to investigate correlations among blood pressure, nutritional intakes, and various environmental factors in Korean adult males, and to observe the difference in dietary intakes between hypertensive patients and normotensive subjects. Two hundred forty-three adult men from Seoul and rural areas were interviewed about their food intakes, dietary patterns, food habits, and general environmental factors from December 20, 1982 to February 15, 1983. Their dietary intakes were surveyed by means of 24-hour recall diet method. Dietary score card was used in order to evaluate the quality of routine diet of the subject. Variables of environmental factors and factors related to hypertension were expressed as percentage, and the differences in nutrient intake and food score of each sub-group were examined by means of t-test. Correlation of all the variables were analyzed by Pearsons Correlation Coefficient. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. 38% of the subjects were between the ages of 40~49, and about one-half of the subjects were middle or high school graduates. 28% of the subjects earned 210, 000~350, 000 Won per month, and income distribution was almost identical to that of the urban population of Korea. 2. There was more overweight or obese found in the hypertensive patients than in the normotensive subjects. About 40% of the hypertensive patients reported a family history of hypertension, and their knowledge about hypertension was rather poor, but slightly better than the normotensive subjects. The patient group had less adherence to smoking and alcohol compared with the normotensive subjects, but no difference was observed in coffee drinking. The mean value of the blood pressure for the normotensive subjects was 127/86mmHg and 175/109mmHg for the hypertensive group. 3. Nutrient intake for the hypertensive group was lower for most of nutrients than in the healthy group. Hypertensive patients on diet therapy consumed less calories and carbohydrates compared with those who do not follow diet therapy. 4. There was no difference intake of these food groups between patients and the healthy group. Food score was strongly related to consumption of animal protein, saturated fats, Calcium, Iron, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, and Vitamin C, which are prone to be deficient in the typical Korean diet. 5. Blood pressure had a strong positive correlation with age, body weight, and socioeconomic level. In addition, monthly income was positively related with age and education level. 6. Three was a positive relationship between blood pressure and consumption of vegetable protein, and a negative relationship with consumption of Calories, Carbohydrates, Calcium, Iron, Vitamin A, Vitamin B1, Niacin, and Vitamin C. Animal protein intake increased as income and education levels increased, but this tendency was opposite for carbohydrates. In summary, nutritional intakes are strongly correlated with various environmental factors and the level of blood pressure. There was no difference between normotensive and hypertensive subjects with respect to the quality of food consumed except restricting energy and carbohydrate in the patient group.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.685-703
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• 2017

Recently, as the number of high-rise building and earthquake occurrence are increasing, it is more important to consider horizontal load such as wind and seismic loads, earth pressure, for the pile foundation. Also, development of underground space in urban areas is more demanded to meet various problem induced by growing population. Many studies on pile subjected to horizontal load have been conducted by many researchers. However, research regarding interactive behavior on pile subjected to horizontal load with tunnel are rare, so far. In this study, therefore, study on the behaviors of ground and horizontal and vertical loads applied to single pile was carried out using laboratory model test and numerical analysis. The pile axial force and ground deformation were investigated according to offset between pile and tunnel (0.0D, 1.0D, 2.0D: D = tunnel diameter). At the same time, close range photogrammetry was used to measure displacement of underground due to tunnelling during laboratory model test. The results from numerical analysis were compared to that from laboratory model test.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.32-43
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• 1974

A steady increase in the aged population poses a great challenge to nurses with their diversities of health care needs, especially of psychological nature, such as an alienation problems among the aged. The purpose of this study is to examine the nature of alienation problems among the aged in urban areas to provide basic informations for a better understanding of aged people. In this study, the investigator has tried to identify causes of alienation in the aged, and to determine the extent of alienation in relation to sex, family structure, religion, economic status and participation in social activities. The survey was done during the period from the last part of August to the end of September 1973. After a day's training, 10 interviewers have interviewed 210 stratified random samples of people over the age of 65 residing in Seoul with the free-ended questionnaire prepared by the investigator. The result of the study was tested by Critical Ratio. Following Hypothesis have guides formulation of the study: I. The extent of alienation in old man would be higher than in old woman, II. The extent of alienation in the aged who live alone would be higher than those living with their family. III. The extent of alienation in the aged who have no spouse would be higher than who live with their spouse. IV. The extent of alienation in the people without religious beliefs would be higher than the people with religious biles. V. The extent of alienation in the aged would be higher in proportion to decreased level of their economic productivity. Ⅵ. The extent of alienation in the aged who do not participate in social activities would be higher than that of the aged who actively participate. The analytic results of the study are as fellows: 1. The extent of alienation in woman was revealed higher than that of man by showing significant difference at P〈0.01 level. (CR=3.66) Accordingly hypothesis I was denied. 2. The extent of alienation in the aged wile live alone was revealed higher than that of the aged who live with their family by showing a significant difference at P<0.01 level. (CR=7.31) So hypothesis II was supported. 3. The extent of alienation of the aged who have no spouse was revealed higher than that of the aged who live with their spouse at the significant level of P <0.01. CR=4.65) Accordingly hypothesis III was supported, 4. There was no significant difference in the extent of alienation between the people with and-without religion. Thus hypothesis IV was rejected. 5. The extent of alienation in the aged was found to be higher in proportion to decreased level of their economic ability. a. The aged with greatest income showed least alienation b. The aged with no income had a greater extent of alienation than the aged with minimal income by showing significant difference at P <0.01 level . (CR=4.82) c. The difference between the greatest income group and the minimal income group was. found to be less significant than the difference between minimal income group and the-people without income. Thus hypothesis V was positively supported. 6. The extent of alienation in the aged who do not participate in social activities was higher than that of the aged who actively participate. (P <0.01, CR=6.24) According1y hypothesis Ⅵ was supported.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.99-107
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• 1991

Drug resistance of M. tuberculosis has been investigated with isolates from patients screened out of the sample population of the nationwide tuberculosis prevalence surveys or from the routine cultures. The results showed a close inverse relationship between prevalence of drug resistance and efficiency of the past or current treatment regimens of NTP. Individual drug resistance also showed a close relationship with the extent of use of the relevant drugs. Drug resistance was found in 38.0% of M. tuberculosis isolates from patients found in 1965 survey and remained unchanged until it increased upto 48.0% in 1980 survey. The resistance prevalence, however, dropped to 30.8% in 1985 and further to 25.3% in 1990 survey. Such decrease was fairly well coincided with a continuous increase of the treatment efficiency (from 60% in 1984 to 77% in 1989) in 1980s. Initial drug resistance also showed a similar trend, namely 26.2% in 1965, 23.9% in 1970, 20.1% in 1975, 30.6% in 1980, 17.4% in 1985, and 15.0% in 1990. The similar figures were observed in M. tuberculosis isolates from patients diagnosed in the routine services. Higher prevalence of initial drug resistance was observed among urban patients than rural patients and among young patients than old patients. These findings signify that a continuous survey on drug resistance permits to monitor efficiency of treatment programme of the country.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.97-115
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to investigate the spatial pattern of retail services and the consumer behaviors. For the purpose we select Jeju Island as the study area, because it retains relatively little distorted retail service systems by it's locational isolation. The retail service systems comprise three types: large-scale modern marts, conventional markets, and periodic markets. This study attempts to examine the interrelationships between these three different types, of retail services, and to figure out the spatial characteristics of consumer behaviors for each of them. We performed questionnaire surveys for getting the data of consumer behaviors. We applied several statistical methods to analyze the survey data. Most of retail services are located in two urban centers, Jeju City and Seoguipo City. We found that the locations of retail services are determined strongly by population size. The selection of market type and the location to go for shopping are related strongly with the types of goods. However, there is a wide difference in the consumer behaviors according to the consumer's socio-economic characteristics. Young wives tend to go shopping to large-scale marts in Jeju City which is the higher level central place, while old wives go shopping to conventional markets and periodic markets. They also show different shopping behaviors according to the household income levels. Low income groups prefer to go conventional markets located near to their residence, middle income groups go to large-scale marts in Jeju, and high income group go out of the Jeju Island. However, the consumer behavior does not show big difference according to the size of family. There are also no difference in the selection for shopping location according to the consumer's resident locations.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.459-475
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• 2008

This study analyzes the network structure of the Metropolitan Seoul subway system by applying complex network analysis methods. For the purpose, we construct the Metropolitan Seoul subway system as a network graph, and then calculate various indices introduced in complex network analysis. Structural characteristics of Metropolitan Seoul subway network are discussed by these indices. In particular, this study determines the shortest paths between nodes based on the weighted distance (physical and time distance) as well as topological network distance, since urban travel movements are more sensitive for them. We introduce an accessibility measurement based on the shortest distance both in terms of physical distance and network distance, and then compare the spatial structure between two. Accessibility levels of the system have been getting up overall, and thus the accessibility gaps have been getting lessen between center located subway stops and remote ones during the last 10 years. Passenger traffic volumes are explored from real passenger transaction databases by utilizing data mining techniques, and mapped by GIS. Clear differences reveal between the spatial patterns of real passenger flows and accessibility. That is, passenger flows of the Metropolitan Seoul subway system are related with population distribution and land use around subway stops as well as the accessibility supported by the subway network.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.347-357
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• 2013

Abstract The objective of this study is to investigate and analyze understanding of residents living in landslide disaster impact areas to landslide mitigation and recovery projects with respect to develop socio-economic damage level standards of landslide disasters. South Korea is one of the representative mountain-side urbanized countries that cities have been developed through mountain-side urbanization due to high population density because mountain areas occupy 64 percent of the total land proportion. South Korea were recently suffered from the massive landslide disasters with significant causality that overcomes the annual drowned causality of flood disasters. Consequently, the total death toll of South Korea landslide disasters including unexpected Mt. Woo-Myun disaster and Chuncheon disaster in 2011 became forty-three persons. The hugh amount of disaster management budget was spent in landslide mitigation and recovery projects of the affected areas. This research performed facility field research and resident surveys for landslide damage conditions and damage factors for Mt. Woo-Myun, Chuncheon, Pusan, and Dongdoochon that were major effect cities of 2011 landslide disasters.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.133-144
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• 2013

It is commonplace to refer to the Nordic countries of Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland and Iceland as a distinctive and homogenous welfare regime. As far as social housing is concerned, however, the institutional heritage of the respective countries significantly frames the ways in which social housing is understood, regulated and subsidized, and, in turn, how housing regimes respond to the general challenges to the national welfare states. The paper presents a historical institutionalist approach to understanding the diversity of regime responses in the modern era characterized by increasing marketization, welfare criticism and internationalization. The aim is to provide outside readers a theoretically guided empirical insight into Scandinavian social housing policy. The paper first lines up the core of the inbuilt argument of historical institutionalism in housing policy. Secondly, it briefly introduces the distinctive ideal typical features of the five housing regimes, which reveals the first internal distinction between the universal policies of Sweden and Denmark selective policies of Iceland and Finland. The Norwegian case constitutes a transitional model from general to selective during the past quarter of a decade. The third section then concentrates on the differences between Denmark, Sweden and Norway in which social housing is, our was originally, embedded in a universal welfare policy targeting the general level of housing quality for the entire population. Differences stand out, however, between finance, ownership, regulation and governance. The historical institutional argument is, that these differences frame the way in which actors operating on the respective policy arenas can and do respond to challenges. Here, in this section we lose Norway, which de facto has come to operate in a residual manner, due to contemporary effects of the long historical heritage of home ownership. The fourth section then discusses the recent challenges of welfare criticism, internationalization and marketization to the universal models in Denmark and Sweden. Here, it is argued that the institutional differences between the Swedish model of municipal ownership and the Danish model of independent cooperative social housing associations provides different sources of resistance to the prospective dismantlement of social housing as we know it. The fifth section presents the recent Danish reform of the governance model of social housing policy in which the housing associations are conceived of as 'dialogue partners' in the local housing policy, expected to create solutions to, rather than produce problems in social housing areas. The reform testifies to the strategic ability of the Danish social housing associations to employ their historically grounded institutional relative independence of the public system.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.225-234
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• 2013

The indices to choose the object countries for developing overseas industrial park were developed and applied in this paper. The results are showing as follows. First, the Korean enterprises are branched out into total 128 countries as of the first quarter of 2010, and the 13 asian countries including China, Vietnam, Japan, and Hongkong shows the majority of precedence 20 countries among the reported during 1980-2010. Second, the 3 steps of selecting the principal region to branch out, establishing assessment indices and criteria, and choosing strategical target counties were developed to choose the countries for developing overseas industrial park. The 38 of 128 countries were selected where the GDP per capita is lower than Korea, and the local reports of incorporation during 2007-2010 are more than 10 times. Then, the 10 countries were excluded where the minimum wages during 2008-2009 are similar to Korean ($815/month). Consequently, the 28 countries including China, Vietnam, and Cambodia etc. were selected as the major target regions. Third, the indices to choose countries for developing overseas industrial park are classified into 5 categories-investment condition, labor market flexibility, potential market demand, population, changing rate of the reported number of manufacturing industry, and detailed indices for each category were selected, then the weight were given with the consideration of importance. Finally, Indonesia, Mongolia, and Uzbekistan were selected as the strategical target counties where acquire the high score in labor market flexibility and investment condition, relatively undeveloped, and friendly to Korea.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.51 no.10
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• pp.929-939
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• 2018

In North Korea, hydropower which occupies about 63% of power generation is a major electric power source, and North Korea has many advantages in the geographical for developing hydroelectric power. In this study, Information on the basin and dam capacity for 33 potential development site of hydroelectric dam was analyzed using DEM, and potential annual power generation was estimated by applying results of long-term runoff simulation with MWSWAT model for recent 30-year. The potential annual power generation at 33 dam was estimated to be about 28% of the current hydroelectric power in North Korea. In addition, a priority of dam development in each province was assessed by estimating the scale of an industry and prospecting the population change in the future. And a priority for dam development within the province was estimated based on the dam capacity and the potential annual power generation. The priority of each province was ranked in order of Pyeongannamdo, Hamgyungnamdo, Hamgyungbukdo, Hwanghaebukdo, Pyeonganbukdo, Jagangdo, Ryanggangdo, Hwanghaenamdo, and Gangwondo. The results of this study can be used as an initial review data for advancing to hydropower development project in North Korea.