• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2020.06a
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• pp.216-217
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• 2020

As the fire inside the building grows rapidly, ejected flame from an opening occurs due to flashover. As a result, the number of cases where the flame spreads to the exterior of the building and rapidly expands to the upper floor is increasing. In particular, in the case of the fire in the Daebong Green Apartment, Uijeongbu in 2015, it was a case where the flame spread to adjacent buildings due to the opening eruption flame from the first ignited building, causing great damage to three apartments. Therefore, this study is to introduce an international standard under development that estimates the shape and properties of the ejected flame from an opening and quantitatively evaluates the radiant heat flux received by the exterior wall of the building by assuming the occurrence of the ejected flame from an opening.

• Proceedings of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea Conference
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• 1998.04a
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• pp.173-179
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• 1998

This research investigates the hysteretic behavior of composite beams with web opening near the beam end. The objective of this research is to intend a ductile failure around the web opening subjected to cyclic loading prior to the potential brittle failure at the beam-to-colum connection. Experimental tests of two specimens having different location of opening were conducted resulting in better performance of strength and ductility at the specimen of middle opening compared with that of upper opening. Also, comparisons of experimental and theoretical results were carried out.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.147-156
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to identify the difference of vertical movement of mandible according to Angle's molar relationship and by skeletal factors affect to vertical movement of mandible. 172(age ranged from 20 to 30) subjects who go to college within territory of Kwangju city without any experience of temporomandibular disorder, extraction and orthodontic treatment. were selected for this study. The subjects were classified into class I(male:30, female:49), class II(male:18, female:24) and class III(male:18, female:33) according to Angle's molar relationship. The distance was measured between incisal edge of maxillary and mandibular central incisor and between bottom of central fossa of maxillary and mandibular 1st molar with ruler. The arch length and width were measured on the diagnostic cast. Cephalometrics were taken and then traced. Landmarks were identified and analyzed. 1. Maximal interincisal opening of male is larger than that of female in class I, class II and class III. Among each group maximal interincisal distance is the largest in class III. Maximal intermolar distance of male is superior to that of female in class I, class II, and class III, but there is no siginficant difference among them. 2. On maximal opening movement of Angle's classification class I and class II, total mandibular length, mandibular ramal length, madibular inferior border length and upper arch width were important variables and facial length, upper arch length and lower arch length had negative relationship to that. On maximal opening movement of Angle's class III, the upper arch length, the lower arch length and anterior facial length were important variables especially when compared with class I and II, and upper arch width had negative relationship. These results suggest that maximal opening movement is affected by facial morphology in all classes, but each group is affected by different facial skeletal variables. Accordingly, facioskeletal variables might be considered as diagnosis and treatment to improve the amount of mouth opening.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.79-80
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• 2016

In the event of a fire on the outer walls of an architectural structure, through real scale experiments with the purpose of estimating the Flame Trajectory, the behavior and risks of expanded combustion to an upper architectural compartment of the Fire Plume Ejected from an Opening according to changes in the aspect ratio of the opening were examined. The results showed that the more the heat release rate of the fire source increased, the heat capacity of the Fire Plume Ejected from the Opening also increased, and for the case of heptane when compared with methanol or ethanol, the results showed a trend for a significant amount of unburned gas to remain. The results also showed that the larger the aspect ratio was, the more likely it was for the Flame Trajectory to approach the outer walls and rise up. In each of the experiment conditions, as the flame rose from the lower part of the wall to the upper part of the wall, a steady decrease was shown for the temperature distribution. Also by quantitatively analyzing the amount of unburned gas that remained, a method to estimate the temperature of the Fire Plume Ejected from an Opening for a traverse opening was implemented.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.93-104
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• 2015

As interest grows in nursing-wear in accordance with dissemination of breast-feeding, a study on opening of nursing-wear is needed to enhance convenience of breast-feeding regardless of location. In this study, the items on nursing-wear were classified and each characteristic was analyzed. The types and characteristics of opening on nursing-wear were identified and the characteristics of nursing brassier closely related to the nursing-wear were also identified. Top 5 companies for the nursing-wear and nursing-brassier were selected by ranking top 5 in NAVER with the search word 'nursing-wear' and 'nursing-brassier'. 732 one-piece and top (t-shirt and blouse) which have the highest portion in the nursing-wear were selected as the subject. Based on the photo, product explanation on the internet and in-depth interview of designer, the types and characteristics of openings for each item were identified. 732 nursing-brassier were selected to study the types and openings in breast-feeding. The result is as follows. Firstly, the item of nursing-wear can be classified into top, one-piece, package of top and the bottom, and sleeveless. Top and one-piece have the highest production rate. Secondly, the types of the openings are either covering or opening types. There are vertical-slit and horizontal-slit in covering type, and vertical-zipper, horizontal-zipper, and button types in opening type, and overlap and pocket type for the rest. Thirdly, the commercially available nursing-brassier according to the opening manner can be classified into upper-opening, middle-opening, and overlap types. Most largely produced product is upper-opening type as it minimizes the exposure of the breast in breast-feeding. When producing the nursing-brassier, the measurement of the lower breast and cup size are considered.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.145-157
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• 1993

This study aimes to investigate the garment ease of pe-school children's clothing in accordance with arm movement. The experiment was done with 4 per-school children fro mage 3 to age 5, and 3 types of experimental clothes were made ; sleeveless, half sleeve, and long sleeve. The waist pattern and the sleeve pattern of each experimental clothes has no garment ease. And experimental clothes were examined to obtain the necessary ease of armcye line and waist lien by cross-cut method. The results of investigation can be summarized as follows ; 1. The resulting movement ranges of experimental clothes with no garment ease were 131.5°(sleeveless), 71.75°(half sleeve), and 62.25°(long sleeve). 2. The size order of cross-cut opening of waist lien movement were (side>front>back), and (half sleeve>long sleeve>sleeveless). 3. When the base point of measurement was set to armpit point by arm the latitudinal length of cross-cut opening of armcye line by arm movement was (anterior armpit part > posterior armpit part), and longitudinal length of cross-cut opening was (upper part>lower part).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.109-112
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• 2000

The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the basic upper-limb involved in products manipulation. Upper-limb muscular deformations and electromyography (EMG) measurements are used as indexes for estimated motion: hand opening and closing, wrist extending and flexing, pronation and supination, grasping conditions. Measured values are analyzed by multivariate analysis and a regression equation is obtained for estimating the characteristics of upper-limb performance. Muscular deformation is defined as a change in shape, such as a pressure changes when the hand or wrist moves. hand opening and closing can be discriminated at a higher percentage of accuracy by muscular deformation data than by EMG data. Muscular deformation measurements using air-pack pressure sensors were verified to be effective in motion estimation applications.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.162-169
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• 2016

When we construct a road near an apartment complex, we consider a soundproof wall. To make residential places quieter, we may consider a soundproof road tunnel. Such a tunnel, however, would become highly concentrated with soot from vehicles whenever a traffic jam might occur. To create an optimum design, this study utilizes the PHOENICS-VR software. The work considers three cases: (1) no openings (2) openings at 30m intervals, and (3) openings at 60m intervals on the upper side of the tunnel. The study finds that in the second case shows CO concentration distributions were 15% less than those without openings. And the CO concentration distributions of the second and third cases are almost the same. The findings suggest that we should make the soundproof tunnel to reduce construction fees.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.528-537
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• 1995

Natural convective flow and heat transfer characteristics in a partially opened enclosure fitted with a horizontal divider are investigated numerically. The enclosure is composed of a lower hot and a upper cold horizontal walls and adiabatic vertical walls. A divider is attached perpendicularly to the vertical insulated wall. The governing equations are solved by using the finite element method with Galerkin method. The computations have been carried out by varying the length of divider, the opening size, and the Rayleigh number based on the temperature difference between two horizontal walls and the enclosure height for air(Pr=0.71). As result, when the opening size is fixed, the intensity of the secondary flow is weaken as the length of divider increases. The maximum heat transfer rate over the upper cold wall occurs at a position bounded on the opening. However, when the length of divider is increased considerably, its maximum occurs at the right wall. The stability and frequency of oscillation are affected by the Rayleigh number and length of divider. The Nusselt number is increased with the increase of the opening size and the increase of Rayleigh number.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Structure & Construction
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to experimentally evaluate the effect of improving seismic performance by applying the details of seismic reinforcement to the reinforced concrete frame with non-seismic details while maintaining the original opening shape. In this study, based on CF specimens with specific seismic details, a total of four full scale specimens were designed and fabricated. The main variables are the width and spacing of steel dampers installed in the upper and lower parts of seismic reinforcement details, and the presence or absence of torsion springs installed in the hinges. As a result of the test, it was evaluated to be helpful for seismic retrofit and opening isolation of steel dampers installed at the upper and lower parts of the seismic reinforcement details and torsion springs installed at the joints. In particular, CFR2S specimens with torsion springs showed the best performance in terms of strength, stiffness and energy dissipation capacity with increasing displacement angle.