• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.19-28
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• 2021

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to apply manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) and high-frequency diathermy (HFD) to patients with axillary web syndrome (AWS), one of the side effects of breast cancer surgery, and to treat upper extremity pain, volume, function of the upper extremity, (joint range of motion; ROM, disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand; DASH) and quality of life before and after treatment. It is to determine the effect of treatment by checking the level change. Methods : This study is a case series. A total of 5 patients diagnosed with AWS after breast cancer surgery voluntarily participated in this study. The intervention program consisted of stretching, MLD and HFD. It was conducted 3 times a week for 30 minutes for 4 weeks. In order to compare the effects of pain (numeric pain rating scale; NPRS), volume, upper limb function (ROM, DASH) and quality of life (the European organization for research and treatment of cancer quality of life questionnaire-breast, EORTC QLQ-BR23) evaluations were compared before and after 4 weeks of intervention. All measured variables were analyzed and expressed as mean, standard deviation and percentage. Results : The shoulder NPRS level of the subjects in all case groups decreased, the volume decreased and the shoulder flexion, abduction ROM increased. It showed improvement in DASH and quality of life, QLQ-BR23. Conclusion : After breast cancer surgery, we confirmed the possibility that MLD and HFD treatments could be effective in improving pain, decreasing volume, increasing upper extremity function, and quality of life for patients who have difficulties with AWS. The possibility has been confirmed, and additional research is needed by increasing the number of participants in the experiment in the future.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.129-136
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• 2022

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of applying intensity on the muscle activity and muscle hardness of the upper trapezius muscle in adult males when TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) was applied. In addition, this study intends to prepare the scientific basic data of TENS for the purpose of relaxation based on the experimental results. Methods : Eighty-seven healthy adult males participated in the experiment, and they were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group. All subjects in this study were healthy subjects without musculoskeletal or nervous system damage. All subjects were subjects who voluntarily consented to the purpose and method of the experiment. All subjects were provided with a load by typing for 20 minutes, and muscle activity and muscle hardness of the upper trapezius muscle were measured immediately. Afterwards, TENS was given to each groups for 15 minutes, and the experimental group received stimulation at the motor threshold level, and the control group received a placebo stimulation. After stimulation, muscle activity and muscle hardness of the upper trapezius muscle were measured in the same method. The measured data were compared between groups through an independent t-test and dependent t-test. The statistical significance level was set at .05. Results : The application of TENS statistically significantly decreased the muscle activity and muscle hardness of the trapezius muscle in the experimental group, and the results showed a significant difference from the control group. Conclusion : Application of TENS significantly decreased the muscle activity and muscle stiffness of the upper trapezius muscle. The application of TENS of applying intensity that induces muscle contraction may induce relaxation by reducing the muscle activity and muscle hardness of the trapezius muscle.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.44-50
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• 2022

Background: This study compares and analyzes the degree of oral health information literacy by 25% for upper and lower grades to assess how differences in mothers' oral health information literacy affect infants' oral health behavior. Methods: The study surveyed 201 mothers with infants and children using a 36 question survey tool. Cross-analysis was conducted to determine the difference in oral health information literacy between the upper and the lower 25%. Results: Comparing 25% of the upper and lower grades of verbal oral health information literacy scores, the word with the most significant difference in the correct answer was resin. An item asking about the time to eat after fluoride varnish application showed the most significant difference in the correct answer on the functional oral health information literacy scale. Mothers' oral and functional oral health information literacy scores showed that verbal literacy was statistically significant for brushing guidance after children's meals, brushing guidance before children's bedtime, food intake restrictions before bedtime, and restrictions on consumption of cavity-inducing foods (p<0.05). Functional literacy was statistically significant in the post-brushing test of children and the correct brushing method map items (p<0.05). Conclusion: As a result of comparing and analyzing the upper and lower 25% of the mother's oral health information literacy, it was found that the mother's oral health information literacy affected the infant's oral health behavior. Therefore, systematic education is needed to raise literacy by grasping the level of oral health information literacy of mothers, and oral health education by level according to oral health information literacy should be developed.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.180-189
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• 2002

Background and Purpose : The hemiplegic upper extremity is affected in many stroke patients, and recovery is often poor. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of electroacupuncture (EA) in enhancing the upper extremity motor and functional recovery of ischemic stroke patients. Subjects and Methods : Forty ischemic stroke patients (the upper extremity Fugl-Meyer motor scale (FM) score lower than 46, lesion location within middle cerebral artery territory) within 2 weeks of stroke onset were randomly allocated to either an EA group that received EA treatment or a control group that received only routine ward care. The EA was applied at Quchi-Shousanli (LI11-LI10), Waiguan-Hegu (TE5-LI4) points on the hemiparetic side six times per week for 4 weeks. The frequency of stimulation was 25-50Hz and the intensity was set at a level sufficient to induce muscle contraction. EA treatment was given for 30 minutes and all patients of both groups received standard rehabilitation program. Outcomes were assessed, in a blind manner, before treatment began and at 4 weeks after treatment, with the FM, the Motor Power score (MP) for shoulder/elbow, and the subsection of the Modified Barthel Index (MBI) for drinking/feeding/dressing upper body/grooming. Results : These 2 groups had comparable clinical characteristics, lesion location, lesion size, and pretreatment impairment scores. By the end of treatment, the EA group showed significantly more improvement than the control group in the subsection of the FM for shoulder/elbow/coordination (6.4 vs. 3.7; P=0.047) and the MP for shoulder/elbow (5.3 vs. 3.3; P=0.008). The subsection scores of the MBI for drinking/feeding/dressing upper body/grooming were not significantly different between two groups. No adverse effects due to treatment were found Conclusion : These results suggest that EA enhances the upper extremity motor recovery of acute stroke patients. However, this study failed to demonstrate any significant functional benefit related with upper extremity. Future study should be carried out in a larger sample size and use the functional outcome measure that is more specific and sensitive to the upper extremity.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.560-572
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• 2005

This study investigates the characteristics of atmospheric circulation and the heat source $(Q_1)$ related to the winter cold surge in Korea from 1979 to 1999. The occurrence frequency of cold surge is about one event per year and $60\%$ of the total events occurred during the former period, before 1989. During the cold surge, the pressure pattern shows more dominant east-west dipole circulation pattern in the lower troposphere and the effect of upper level trough is stronger than normal cases. Temperature falling pattern over Korea shows that the pattern opposite to the temperature structure over Lake Baikal and temperature change has opposite signs between the low-middle level and upper level, with the boundary at 400 hPa. The analysis of heat source shows that atmospheric cooling by cold advection during the cold surge is balanced by adiabatic warming due to downward motion, indicating that the movement path of cold core is associated with that of heat sink. Therefore, the movement mechanism of the heat source and sink should be well known for understanding the maintenance mechanism of cold surge and predicting cold surges.

• Atmosphere
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.29-43
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• 2021

In this study, two-step statistical approach including Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) was employed, and main meteorological factors explaining the high-PM2.5 episodes were identified in two regions: Seoul and Busan. We first performed PCA to isolate the Principal Component (PC) that is linear combination of the meteorological variables observed at two levels: surface and 850 hPa level. The employed variables at surface are: temperature (T2m), wind speed, sea level pressure, south-north and west-east wind component and those at 850 hPa upper level variables are: south-north (v850) and west-east (u850) wind component and vertical stability. Secondly we carried out MLR analysis and verified the relationships between PM2.5 daily mean concentration and meteorological PCs. Our two-step statistical approach revealed that in Seoul, dominant factors for influencing the high PM2.5 days are mainly composed of upper wind characteristics in winter including positive u850 and negative v850, indicating that continental (or Siberian) anticyclone had a strong influence. In Busan, however, the dominant factors in explanaining in high PM2.5 concentrations were associated with high T2m and negative u850 in summer. This is suggesting that marine anticyclone had a considerable effect on Busan's high PM2.5 with high temperature which is relevant to the vigorous photochemical secondary generation. Our results of both differences and similarities between two regions derived from only statistical approaches imply the high-PM2.5 episodes in Korea show their own unique characteristics and seasonality which are mostly explainable by two layer (surface and upper) mesoscale meteorological variables.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.17 no.32
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• pp.113-120
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• 1994

This study presents a two level-parallel type inventory systems with one upper level facility in the first echelon and n-lower level facilities in the second echelon. The stocks at the lowest facilities can become unbalanced with the random variations in the demands. This paper deals with the imbalance by considering redistribution and backorder. The system with redistribution and the system with backorder and redistribution are analized. The comparison of two cases shows that the system with redistribution and backorder gives smaller stocks than the system with redistribution.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.348-352
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• 1987

A 51 year-old male was admitted with the chief complaints of swallowing difficulty and pain on neck and upper chest for 2 months prior to admission: He was taken biopsy under esophagoscopy, and the result was squamous cell carcinoma. Preoperatively we studied the esophagogram and chest CT. On these, we found the main appreciable mass at midesophagus easily. But, we missed the upper cervical unexpected mass. So we performed the esophagectomy and lymph node dissection from upper clavicle level to the esophagogastric junction by thoracic approach as wide as possible, and cervical esophagostomy and feeding gastrostomy also. At that evening we reviewed the studied films in detail, and we found another mass lesion at C4-C6 level of cervical esophagus. We performed the 2nd operation e.g. cervical esophagectomy on next morning without hesitation. Between these two masses, there was almostly normally looking skip area grossly. The squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus could be multicentric in character and may have skip area. But, we heard little reports until now. The two masses could be different in origin or be same probably by submucosal spreading. Anyway, it was an alarming case to the surgeon not to neglect the another possible lesions in squamous cell type. Postoperative course was uneventful, he took G-tube feeding with no problems on 7th postoperative day. Now he took the postoperative irradiation at out patient department.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.648-655
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the level of interpersonal attachment styles and love styles and to identify the differences of love styles according to interpersonal attachment styles among nursing students. Methods: Data were collected from 510 nursing students using a self-report questionnaire and analyzed by frequencies, Fisher's exact test, t-test, and ANOVA using the SPSS program. Results: In terms of interpersonal attachment styles, secure style was the most prevalent, and fearful style was the second highest in nursing students. There were significant differences in interpersonal attachment styles between upper and lower level nursing students, indicating the highest rate of secure style in the lower grade and the highest rate of fearful style in the upper grade. In love styles, the mean scores for eros and pragma style in nursing students were significantly higher in the upper grade than the lower grade. Love styles according to interpersonal attachment styles showed a significant difference for eros style. Conclusion: Our results might help nursing educators increase their understanding of interpersonal attachment styles and love styles in nursing students and counsel nursing students in interpersonal and romantic relationships. In addition, educational programs addressing interpersonal attachment styles should be developed and applied to nursing students.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.91-99
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• 2014

The purpose of the study is to apprehend the preference of occupants to colors and installation locations for DSC combined windows and doors, and suggest a concept to optimize the design and function of windows and doors. A miniature model was made applying green, blue, and red colored DSC windows and doors to survey preference about DSC colors and applied location. And a survey was accomplished to 140 subjects by showing pictures of the model and the result of the survey became the basis for suggesting a concept to design DSC integrated windows and doors. Through the survey, blue color and upper part were chosen as the highest level of satisfaction in the situation of external brightness and residence. On the contrary to this, red color was chosen as the lowest level of preference when applied to both of upper and lower parts of winders and doors. Therefore, it's expected that, if various patterns of texture are developed for blue colored DSC, and installation is arranged based on upper part of windows and doors where lighting condition and comfort are less affected, then, conditions of brightness, view, and residents satisfaction will be equally fulfilled.