• Title/Summary/Keyword: Upper Extremity Pain

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A Case of the Shoulder-Hand Syndrome Caused by a Crush Injury of the Shoulder (견관절부 외상후 발생된 Shoulder-Hand Syndrome)

  • Jeon, Jae-Soo;Lee, Sung-Keun;Song, Hoo-Bin;Kim, Sun-Jong;Park, Wook;Kim, Sung-Yell
    • The Korean Journal of Pain
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    • v.2 no.2
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    • pp.155-166
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    • 1989
  • Bonica defined, that reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) may develop pain, vasomotor abnoramalities, delayed functional recovery, and dystrophic changes on an affected area without major neurologic injury following trauma, surgery or one of several diseased states. This 45 year old male patient had been crushed on his left shoulder by a heavily laden rear car, during his job street cleaning about 10 years ago (1978). At first the pain was localizea only to the site of injury, but with time, it spreaded from the shoulder to the elbow and hand, with swelling. X-ray studies in the local clinic, showed no bone abnormalities of the affected site. During about 10 years following the injury, the had recieved several types of treatments such as nonsteroidal analgesics, steroid injections into the glenoidal cavity (10 times), physical therapy, some oriental herb medicines, and acupuncture over a period of 1~3 months annually. His shoulder pain and it's joint dysfunction persisted with recurrent paroxysmal aggrevation because of being mismanaged or neglected for a sufficiently long period these fore permiting progression of the sympathetic imbalance. On July 14 1988 when he visited our clinic. He complained of burning, aching and had a hyperpathic response or hyperesthesia in touch from the shoulder girdle to the elbow and the hand. Also the skin of the affected area was pale, cold, and there was much sweating of the axilla and palm, but no edema. The shoulder girdle was unable to move due to joint pain with marked weakness. We confirmed skin temperatures $5^{\circ}C$ lower than those of the unaffected axilla, elbow and palm of his hand, and his nails were slightly ridged with lateral arching and some were brittle. On X-ray findings of both the shoulder AP & lateral view, the left humerus and joint area showed diffuse post-traumatic osteoporosis and fibrous ankylozing with an osteoarthritis-like appearance. For evaluating the RSD and it's relief of pain, the left cervical sympathetic ganglion was blocked by injecting 0.5% bupivacaine 5 ml with normal saline 5 ml (=SGB). After 15 minutes following the SGB, the clinical efficacy of the block by the patients subjective score of pain intensity (=PSSPI), showed a 50% reduction of his shoulder and arm pain, which was burning in quality, and a hyperpathic response against palpation by the examiner. The skin temperatures of the axilla and palm rose to $4{\sim}5^{\circ}C$ more than those before the SGB. He felt that his left face and upper extremity became warmer than before the SGB, and that he had reduced sweating on his axilla and his palm. Horner's sign was also observed on his face and eyes. But his deep shoulder joint pain was not improved. For the control of the remaining shoulder joint pain, after 45 minutes following the SGB, a somatic sensory block was performed by injecting 0.5% bupivacaine 6 ml mixed with salmon calcitonin, $Tridol^{(R)}$, $Polydyn^{(R)}$ and triamcinolone into the fossa of the acromioclavicular joint region. The clinical effect of the somatic block showed an 80% releif of the deep joint pain by the PSSPI of the joint motion. Both blocks, as the above mentioned, were repeated a total of 28 times respectively, during 6 months, except the steroid was used just 3 times from the start. For maintaining the relieved pain level whilst using both blocks, we prescribed a low dose of clonazepam, prazocin, $Etravil^{(R)}$, codeine, etodolac micronized and antacids over 6 months. The result of the treatments were as follows; 1) The burning, aching and hyperpathic condition which accompanied with vaosmotor and pseudomotor dysfunction, disappeared gradually to almost nothing, within 3 weeks from the starting of the blocks every other day. 2) The joint disability of the affected area was improved little by little within 6 months. 3) The post-traumatic osteoporosis, fibrous ankylosis and marginal sclerosis with a narrowed joint, showed not much improvement on the X-ray findings (on April 25, 1989) 10 months later in the follow-up. 4) Now he has returned to his job as a street cleaner.

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Thoracoscopic Thoracic Sympathectomy for Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy -One Case Report - (반사성 교감신경 위축증의 흉강경하 흉추교감신경절제술 - 치험 1례 -)

  • Kim, Tae-Sik;Kim, Kwang-Taik;Kim, Hyoung-Mook;Kim, Hak-Jei;Lee, Gun
    • Journal of Chest Surgery
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    • v.31 no.2
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    • pp.208-211
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    • 1998
  • Reflex sympathetic dystrophy is an important clinical entity that is characterized by excessive or prolonged pain, vasomotor and other autonomic disturbances, delayed recovery of function, and trophic changes. This syndrome is among the most frequently encountered problems in clinical medicine, and proper diagnosis and therapy are critical. Accidental or surgical trauma or one of a variety of disease states may become a precipitating factor. Proper recognition and treatment result in rapid elimination of symptoms and complete recovery. A 56-years old male accidented total amputation of the proxomal part of the left index finger in May, 1996. Emergently, complete replantation procedure was successfully performed in the department of reconstructive surgery, medical center, Korea University. Afterward, he began to suffer from uncontrolled, prolonged pain in left index finger, proximally spreading pain to the left upper extremity and limited joint movement of the left shoulder. Although many treatments were used for this syndrom, not all of them were effective. Furthermore, the treatments which proved effective had detrimental side effects. However, thoracoscopic left thoracic sympathectomy was performed in our department. This therapy successfully relieved the pain and improved shoulder joint movement.

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Correlates of Lymphedema in Women with Breast Cancer: a Case Control Study in Shiraz, Southern Iran

  • Honarvar, Behnam;Sayar, Negin;Tahmasebi, Sedigheh;Zakeri, Zeinab;Talei, Asra;Rostami, Sara;Khademi, Sahar;Sarvestani, Amene Sabzi;Sekhavati, Eghbal
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • v.17 no.sup3
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    • pp.81-85
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    • 2016
  • Globally, the burden of breast cancer (BC) continues to increase. BC related lymphedema (BCRL) is currently non curable and as a life time risk it affects at least 25% of BC patients. Knowing more about BCRL and appropriate control of its modifiable risk factors can improve quality of life (QOL) of the affected patients. In this case control study to detect factors, 400 women with BCRL (as the case group) and 283 patients with BC without lymphedema (as the control group) that were referred to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences affiliated BC clinic center were assessed. The data were analyzed in SPSS. The mean age of the case group was $52.3{\pm}11.0years$ and of the control group was $50.1{\pm}10.9years$. In patients with BCRL, 203(50.7%) had left (Lt) side BC and in non- lymphedema group 151 (53.3%) had Lt side BC. Out of all BCRL patients, 204 (51%) had lymphedema in all parts of their affected upper extremities, 100 (25%) had swelling in the arm and forearm and 23 (5.7%) had edema in both the upper extremity and trunk. Edema, heaviness, concern about changing body image, pain and paresthesia were the most common signs/symptoms among patients with BCRL. In BCRL patients, the difference of circumference between the affected upper limb and non-affected limb was $4.4{\pm}2.5cm$ and the difference in volume displacement was $528.7{\pm}374.4milliliters$. Multiple variable analysis showed that moderate to severe activity (OR; odds ratio =14, 95% CI :2.6-73.3), invasiveness of BC (OR =13.7, 95% CI :7.3-25.6), modified radical mastectomy (OR=4.3, 95% CI :2.3-7.9), BMI =>25 (OR=4.2, 95% CI :2-8.7), radiotherapy (OR=3.9, 95% CI :1.8-8.2), past history of limb damage (OR=1.7, 95% CI :0.9-3.1) and the number of excised lymph nodes (OR=1.06, 95% CI :1.02-1.09) were the significant predictors of lymphedema in women with BC. Modifiable risk factors of BCRL such as non-guided moderate to severe physical activity, high BMI and trauma to the limb should be controlled as early as possible in BC patients to prevent development of BCRL and improve QOL of these patients.

The Treatment of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (흉곽 출구 증후군의 치료)

  • Lee, Yoon-Min;Song, Seok-Whan;Choi, Ki-Bum;Rhee, Seung-Koo
    • Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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    • v.20 no.2
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    • pp.102-107
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    • 2011
  • Purpose: As clinical manifestations of thoracic outlet syndrome are vague pain or symptoms in upper extremity, the diagnosis of the disease is delayed or misdiagnosed as cervical HNP, shoulder pathologies, or peripheral neuropathies. In that reason, many patients spend time for unnecessary or ineffective treatments. We report the results of our thoracic outlet syndrome cases, which were treated by conservative care or surgical treatment. Materials & Methods: Twenty five cases, diagnosed as thoracic outlet syndrome since 1999, were reviewed retrospectively. Physical examinations including Adson's and reverse Adson's test, hyperabduction test, costoclavicular maneuver, and Roo's test, plain radiography of shoulder and cervical spine, MRI of neck or brachial plexus, and EMG were checked. If subjective symptoms were not improved after conservative treatments over three months, surgical treatment were performed. Nine patients were performed operative treatment and the others had conservative treatment in outpatient clinic. Postoperative improvement of symptoms and the follow up period, and the results of conservative care were reviewed. Results: Among five physical examinations, mean 1.75 tests were positive, and EMG has little diagnostic value. MRI were performed in twenty cases and compression of brachial plexus were found in 6 cases (30%). Ten patients out of 16 conservative treatment group had excellent improvement of symptoms, and 5 had good results. Eight patients out of 9 operative treatment group had excellent improvement with mean 5.1 months of follow-up period. Conclusion: Diagnosis of thoracic outlet syndrome is difficult due to bizarre and vague symptoms. However if the diagnosis is suspected by careful physical examinations, radiologic studies, or nerve conduction studies, conservative care should be done as initial treatment and at least after three months, reassess the patient's condition. If the results of conservative treatment is not satisfactory and still the thoracic outlet syndrome is suspected, surgical treatment should be considered. Conservative treatment and operative technique are the valuable for the treatment of this disease.

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Results of the Closed Treatment of Displaced Middle-Third Fractures of The Clavicle (전위된 쇄골간부 골절에서 보존적 치료의 결과)

  • Lee Kwang-Won;Song Dae-Hwa;Ong Sang-Suk;You Soo-Guen;Choy Won-Sik
    • Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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    • v.1 no.1
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    • pp.83-92
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    • 1998
  • Fractures of the clavicles are extremely common, accounting for 5 to 10% of all injuries in the adult skeletal trauma. Despite this, nonunions and symptomatic malunions after clavicular fracture are uncommon. When these complications occur, however, they may be associated with 11 pattern of disability that includes not only pain but also impairment of upper extremity function. The purpose of this study was to clarify the outcome of clavicular fractures treated by conservatively, and emphasize treatment and factors that possibly predispose a clavicular fracture to poor function or nonunion. We evaluated 9] consecutive fractures of the middle-third of the clavicle in adults which had been treated conservatively. There were 59 males and 33 females ranging in age from 17 to 80 years (average 36.8 years). Nine of the 91 fractures (10%) had developed nonunion, and 4 fractures (4.4%) reported unsatisfactory results. No patients had significant impairment of range of motion or strength as a result of the injury. We found that initial shortening at the fracture of≥20mm(6 cases) had a highly significantly association with nonunion(P<0.0001). Final shortening of 20mm or more (4 cases) was associated with an unsatisfactory result, but not with nonunion(P<0.0001). Our results have led us to recommend the open reduction and internal fixation of severely displaced fractures of the middle third of the clavicle in adults patients.

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Atypical Giant Cell Tumor: A Case Report (비전형적 거대세포종의 치험례)

  • Hwang, So Min;Ahn, Sung Min;Jung, Pil Ku;Oh, Kyoung Seok;Kim, Jin Hyeong
    • Archives of Plastic Surgery
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    • v.34 no.6
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    • pp.796-798
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    • 2007
  • Purpose: Giant cell tumor is the second most common benign neoplasm in upper extremity. Unlike usual chief complaint of painless mass, an atypical case with giant cell tumor presented a distinguishing characteristics of which accompany pain and tenderness and is histologically giant-cell free. Methods: A 31-year-old male patient complained of a rapid growing painful mass on the proximal phalanx of the left ring finger. Under microscopic operation, a $1.6{\times}1.3cm$ sized mass was found to be surrounded by areolar tissue and attached to a tendon sheath, encircling the digital nerve and artery. Diagnostic confirmation was assisted by positive finding in histologic immunohistochemical stain-CD68. Characteristic pathologic finding is an atypical distribution of spindle cells & histiocytes without giant cells in fascicular pattern. Results: Giant cell tumor was carefully removed under microscopic approach, while preserving digital nerve & artery. In postoperative 13th month, the patient presented with a 6mm of static two-point discrimination test, similar to that of the adjacent fingers. Conclusion: We report an atypical case with painful mass on tendon sheath, surrounding the digital nerve and artery that was diagnosed of giant cell tumor, but without giant cells on pathology. This case provides broader understanding of the giant cell tumor that should not only rely its typical findings of the painless mass and positive sign on H&E stain.

A PNF Intervention Strategy with ICF Tool Applied for Improvement of Dressing in a Patient with Rotator Cuff Syndrome : A Case Report (회전근개 파열 환자의 옷입고 벗기 향상을 위해 ICF Tool을 적용한 PNF 중재전략 : 증례보고)

  • Kim, Jin-Cheol;Lee, Jeong-A
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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    • v.13 no.3
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    • pp.49-60
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    • 2018
  • PURPOSE: This study was conducted to investigate the intervention effect obtained by applying an ICF tool to improve the dressing in a patient with rotator cuff syndrome to schematize the problems and approaching with PNF to solve the problems. METHODS: The subject of this study was a 44-year-old patient who underwent surgery after complete right rotator cuff tear. To treat his symptoms, the processes of clinical practice were implemented in the order of examination, assessment, diagnosis, prognosis, intervention, and outcome. During examination, patient information was collected using the ICF core set. In the assessment, the problems were schematized, and an ICF assessment sheet was used to identify the interaction of the problems. The diagnosis was made by clearly describing the causal relationship derived from the assessment in ICF terms. To solve the problems, the intervention was given in the order of indirect, direct, and task based on the philosophy of PNF. To evaluate the outcome, the differences before and after the intervention were compared. Additionally, the comparison for the ICF qualifier is presented with the ICF evaluation display. RESULTS: The results of the study showed clinical advantages in shoulder strength, eccentric control, range of motion, scapular stability, and shoulder pain. Overall, our patient with rotator cuff syndrome showed improvement in dressing and undressing activity in response to the PNF strategy. CONCLUSION: Application of the PNF intervention strategy after complete rotator cuff tear would have a positive effect on patient upper extremity function.

Surgical Treatments for Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy Associated with Athetoid Cerebral Palsy

  • Lee, Yong-Jeon;Chung, Dong-Sup;Kim, Jong-Tae;Bong, Ho-Jin;Han, Young-Min;Park, Young-Sup
    • Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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    • v.43 no.6
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    • pp.294-299
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    • 2008
  • Objective : To evaluate the clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes of the patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy associated with athetoid cerebral palsy. Methods : The authors reviewed the clinical and neurodiagnostic findings, surgical managements and outcomes in six consecutive patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy associated with athetoid cerebral palsy who had been treated with surgical decompression and fusion procedures between January 1999 and December 2005. The mean age of the 6 patients (four women and two men) at the time of surgery was 42.8 years (range, 31-55 years). The mean follow-up period was 56.5 months (range, 17-112 months). The neurological outcome was evaluated before and after operations (immediately, 6 months after and final follow-up) using grading systems of the walking ability, brachialgia and deltoid power. Results : At immediate postoperative period, after 6 months, and at final follow-up, all patients showed apparent clinical improvements in walking ability, upper extremity pain and deltoid muscle strength. Late neurological deterioration was not seen during follow-up periods. There were no serious complications related to surgery. Conclusion : Surgical decompression and stabilization in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy associated with athetoid cerebral palsy have been challenging procedure up to now. Our results indicate that early diagnosis and appropriate surgical procedure can effectively improve the clinical symptoms and neurological function in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy and athetoid cerebral palsy, even in those with severe involuntary movements.

Range of Motion, Stretching, and Aerobic Exercise in Accelerated Rehabilitation of Knee and Shoulder (슬관절과 견관절의 초기재활과정에서 관절운동범위와 스트레칭, 그리고 유산소성 운동 프로그램)

  • Kim Yong-Kweon;Jin Young-Soo
    • Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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    • v.2 no.1
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    • pp.56-61
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    • 2003
  • This is a review article about range of motion, stretching, and aerobic exercise in accelerated rehabilitation of knee and shoulder. If the joint was immobilized for a long time after injury, it would cause stiffness and atrophy. Therefore, this program includes various exercise techniques; range of motion for joint stiffness, and stretching for muscle relaxation, and cardiovascular training (e.g., swimming, upper body extremity, stationary bicycle) for prevention of cardiopulmonary function decrease. In accelerated rehabilitation, It is very important factor to make interaction between clinical exercise specialist and patients. Also, we recommend that they should discuss with sports medicine doctor as a team members the following; pain, adaptation of exercise, fitness level, and progression of program.

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The Neurological Effect and Mechanism of Mirror Therapy in Adults With Stroke (뇌졸중 환자를 대상으로 한 거울치료의 효과와 신경학적 기전)

  • Kim, Yeong-Jo
    • Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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    • v.2 no.1
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    • pp.24-35
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    • 2013
  • The Purpose of this study was to determine the clinical effectiveness of mirror therapy for stroke. Moreover, this paper was designed to summarize clarified information of neurological plasticity by mirror therapy to finally define the neurological mechanism. Mirror therapy improves the stroke patients' hand and arm motor function. It also has a positive influence on recovering performance of activities of daily living and relieving pain. However, it is not evident that mirror therapy restores visual neglect. There are various ways of recovering stroke. Fundamentally, all the theories are on a bases of restoration of premotor area. Premotor area which is associated with motor control increases the activation of primary motor area and finally improves patients' motor function. If primary motor area is completely damaged, premotor area and supplementary motor substitute for primary motor area. In summary of literature survey, there are not enough evidence to verify the effectiveness and neurological mechanism of mirror therapy. In future, more researches should be conducted to verify the neurological recovery through mirror therapy. Then, mirror therapy will be acknowledged as a clinically effective treatment.