• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.105-108
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• 2013

Drivers' sitting strategies are considered in car seat design. Existing research has identified representative sitting strategies by visual inspection of seating pressure measurements collected from a small sample size of drivers. The present study recruited 20 female and 20 male participants, measured seating pressure, and classified sitting strategies by cluster analysis. The participants' sitting postures were classified based on seating pressure distribution into mid-back and scapular, mid-back and lumbar, and lumbar sitting strategies for the upper body and hip concentrated, hip and mid-thigh concentrated, and hip and mid-thigh distributed sitting strategies for the lower body. The effects of gender and occupant package layout (OPL) on sitting strategy were nout found significant. The identified sitting strategies would be of use for the design and evaluation of an OPL and a seat.

• 복식
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• 제59권8호
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• pp.49-65
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• 2009

As basic materials in this research, 874 pieces of engraving that recorded the garment produced by diverse authors in the 17-18th century were collected among the collections of male and female garment in the engraving kept by National Library of France and 216 pieces of engraving were classified among them to observe justaucorps as stated in the materials. Since type of justaucorps in the 18th century can be classified by difference in shape and change through the above engraving materials in large quantity and the shape and composition can be compared and analyzed with other materials such as picture, stored garment, written materials without difficulty, the chronology can be composed by single type of justaucorps. Intending to understand the change in composition caused by type classification and pattern making as per analysis of type property of justaucorps, the men's upper garment in France in the 18th century. Checking change in design per from and materials, justaucorps of 1680-1700s was in silhouette where waist in the length above knee was adhered and slightly spread to lower part. In the type of 1710-1750s, waist adhered remarkably and many pleats were made under waist to produce volume of form that spread to lower part like skirt. In the type of 1760-1780s, straight silhouette was attached to whole body and end of front adjustment in slant line turns to rear part. The developmental aspect of construction can be checked by making pattern. Changing the cutting line of body plate to smoothly connect section and to try to adhere to the body, the development of simpler and delicate pattern production technique was confirmed.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.57-75
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• 2010

This study is done in Shanghai area by sample survey of female college students in their lower 20s. Through direct contact survey, this study collected and analyzed information on figure to understand feature of breasts and measurements of body to provide base information to improve product of brassiere for adult female in China. Data was analyzed by using SPSSWIN 13.0 Program and SAS 9.0. 1. From a result of factor analysis on 40 items of measures to derive the components of the shape of the breast, 6 factors were derived such as the factors to show the obesity of the bust, to show the ratio of the upper and lower area of the lower bust, droop and volume, to show the internal shape and broadness of the bust, to show the location and vertical size of the bust, to show the protrusion of the bust and the eternal shape of the bust. 2. From a result of classification on the shape of the breast of the Chinese women in their early 20s, 4 types were selected. Type 1 is the protrusion type that a woman has a broad drooped breast due to the development in the upper and lower parts of the chest as well as the highest height, a high degree of obesity in the bust part, big volume and much protrusion. Type 2 is the hemisphere type that the degree of obesity in the breast is second to Type 1 and a breast is located at a region higher than Type 1 as the degree of obesity in the breast is secondly highest, the lower part of the bust is bigger than the Type 1 and the degree of being broad and drooped is second to Type 1. Type 3 is the cone type with a breast of being drooped and broad a little bit and a certain degree of a volume. Type 4 is the flat type with the smallest value in the item that shows the obesity of the bust area and with the smallest value in the R$\ddot{o}$hrer index to have the small and slender body type for the bust area, which is somewhat flat due to a low slope at the internal side of the bust.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.419-426
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• 2011

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate a work of guards, using an ergonomic method(work analysis and posture analysis). Background: Most studies about guards were conducted in the field of medical, problems of shift, and the physical problems of old workers and social problems. But, guards consist of vulnerability group so it needs an ergonomic research in musculoskeletal disorders. Method: A head of an ergonomic estimation was work analysis(determination of combined task, work tool, work time and frequency of combined task) and posture analysis(upper body and lower body) of workers based on the video. Results: The result showed that combined task of guards was classification of patrolling, security, cleaning and waiting. The security indicated the highest ratio in the work time of combined tasks. The results of posture analysis for guards indicated high value in neutral. But, lower arm indicated high value in bending(left: 59%, right: 50%). Conclusion: The results of ergonomic methods indicated that guards' physical work load was not high during work, but comfortable work environment would be required for old guards. Application: If an ergonomic rule can be integrated into existing work environments, the risk of occupational injuries and stress will be reduced.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.172-182
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• 1992

The binary classification, Yin & Yang, can be shown in our culture. Yin & Yang thinking reveals the Up/Down (Principal/Subordinate) relation in space, and Before/After relation in time, and it shows the sequence of Contrast${\to}$Reconciliation & Unification${\to}$Contrast. For example, a follower is Yin against King, while Yang as a father against his son in our trational cognitive structure. With Left/Right, Front/Rear, and Upper/Lower, In/Out division is a basic body-space term to grasp the space position. In the traditional Korean house, when we go out from the deepest 'In', Anbang to Daechung, we may call Anbang 'In' and Daechung 'Out'. When from Daechung to Anmadang reversely, we call Daechung 'In' and Anmadang 'Out'. Namely, Daechung is both 'In' and 'Out'. This is a fallacy logic in view of western basic conception. 'The In/Out Structure, system of a series of inner spaces, is defined as a transformation of cognitive structure of Yin & Yang thinking to the Korean architectural space. The space structure is one of the important deep structure in Korean society.' The concept of the space structure, apperred in east Asia, can make humane space, for it is not a physical 'type' of typepology but related to cognitive structure of human thinking, The structure is applicable to space design in modern society, for the cognitive structure exists in living culture by transformation.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2011

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between physical impairments and daily activities on the basis of the outcome measurements in stroke patients. Seventy-six stroke patients participated in this study. Two physical therapists evaluated 3 clinical common measurements, i.e., the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and the Functional Independence Measure (FIM). Multiple regression analysis was used, as the dependent variables were the BBS and FIM; the independent variables were post-stroke duration, FMA of Upper Extremity (FMU), and FMA of Lower Extremity (FML). In the regression equation of the BBS, the coefficient of determination ($R^2$) was .383, and the FML was found to be the most important variable for determining the BBS score. In the regression equation of the FIM, $R^2$ was .531, and the FML was found to be the most important variable for determining the FIM. These results suggest that there is a need to determine the function of activities on the basis of the physical impairments of stroke patients. More variable measurement tools on the levels of body function and structure, as well as activity limitations are required.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.405-415
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• 2005

It is difficult to classify tidal flat surface that is composed of a mixture of mud, sand, water and microphytobenthos. We used a Linear Spectral Unmixing (LSU) method for effectively classifying the tidal flat surface characteristics within a pixel. This study aims at 1) detecting algal mat using LSU in the Saemangeum tidal flats, 2) determining a suitable end-member selection method in tidal flats, and 3) find out a habitual characteristics of algal mat. Two types of end-member were built; one is a reference end-member derived from field spectrometer measurements and the other image end-member. A field spectrometer was used to measure spectral reflectance, and a spectral library was accomplished by shape difference of spectra, r.m.s. difference of spectra, continuum removal and Mann-Whitney U-test. Reference end-members were extracted from the spectral library. Image end-members were obtained by applying Principle Component Analysis (PCA) to an image. The LSU method was effective to detect microphytobenthos, and successfully classified the intertidal zone into algal mat, sediment, and water body components. The reference end-member was slightly more effective than the image end-member for the classification. Fine grained upper tidal flat is generally considered as a rich habitat for algal mat. We also identified unusual microphytobenthos that inhabited coarse grained lower tidal flats.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.71-85
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• 1990

673 third-year students of boy's and girl's high schools in Taegu city and Kuni-gun and Youngyang-gun and Euisung-gun in Kyongbuk province were selected and investigated as the subject, of this study on the correlation between Lee Jae Ma's Four Types of Essential Physical Constitution and Physical Form index. The result of the study was found as follows. First, as for Height, the findings were not identical with the expression that "person of shaoyin(minor Yin) Type are short and small -- while person of Taiyin (major Yin) Type are tall and big," cited in classification of four different constitutions in a document named "Dong-Eu-Su-Se-Bo-Won". Comparison of persons of Shaoyang (minor Yang) - Type proved infitness due to the lack of data on Height in documents concerning Lee Jae Ma's four types of essential physical constitution. Second, as for Sitting Height, the correlation was prored between the findings of this study and the expression in the above document describing external physical characteristics of shaoyin-Type persons that "The upper part and' the lower part of the body are well balanced", but in point of Relative Sitting Height, none between the two. Third, as for Chest-Girth and Relative Chest-Girth plus Weight and Relative Weight, the expression that "Persons of Taiyin(major Yin) Type have the largest physique of the lour types of persons in the characteristics of external physical features, and that they also tend to have continental(widechest or large-scaled) character and strong nerve, that they are stoutly-built and fal." proved to have the correlation with the findings of this study. Fourth, in point of Chest-Girth and Relative Chest-Girth, this study found that its findings have the correlation with the phrase that "Chests are well developed upwar -- and sturdy and solid." in describing the characteristics of Shaoyang (minor Yang)-Type person' external physical features, and that with the phrase that "Chests are narrow" in the case of Shaoyin(minor Yin)-Type persons. Fifth, as for Weight and Relative Weight, the correlation was found between the findings and the expression that "shaoyin-Type persons have comparatively less flesh" as a sign of external physical characteristics of Shaoyin-Type persons. The above-cited findings proved that there exist some correlations between external physique of the Lee Jae Ma's four types of essential constitution and physical Form Indexes. Actually, however, in clinical classification, it is desirable that this approach should be consulted only after carefull consideration based on Lee Jae Ma's theory, and it seems imperative to continue the study of objectivization of Lee's theory.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.180-191
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• 2015

본 연구는 만 9~12세의 초등학생 총 20명(남아 11명, 여아 9명)을 대상으로 18가지의 일상생활에서의 대표적인 신체활동에 따른 에너지소비량을 측정하여, 아동의 일상생활에서 수행하는 신체활동에 따른 에너지소비량을 평가하고, 체중이 METs 값에 미치는 영향을 분석해보았다. 1. 연구대상자의 평균연령은 $10.4{\pm}0.6$세였으며, 평균 신장 및 체중은 $145.1{\pm}8.5cm$ 및 $43.6{\pm}10.3kg$ 이었다. 대상자의 허리둘레는 남아와 여아 각각 $73.6{\pm}9.6cm$ 및 $63.5{\pm}7.1cm$로 남녀 간의 유의한 차이를 보였다 (p < 0.05). 2. 연구대상자의 휴식 시 산소소비량 ($VO_2$), 에너지소비량 및 METs 값은 각각 $5.41{\pm}0.89mL/kg/min$, $1.44{\pm}0.17kcal/kg/h$ 및 $1.5{\pm}0.4METs$로 나타났다. 3. 18가지의 신체활동에 따른 METs 값은 앉아서 숙제하기 및 책읽기 ($1.6{\pm}0.3METs$), 앉아서 비디오 혹은 핸드폰으로 게임하기 ($1.6{\pm}0.5METs$), 앉아서 텔레비전 시청하기 ($1.7{\pm}0.5METs$), 서서 비디오 혹은 핸드폰으로 게임하기 ($1.9{\pm}0.6METs$), 빗자루로 방 쓸기 ($2.7{\pm}1.1METs$) 및 보드게임 ($2.8{\pm}2.2METs$)이 가벼운 신체활동에 속하였으며, 진공청소기로 청소하기 ($3.0{\pm}0.2METs$), 피구 ($3.6{\pm}0.9METs$), 삽질하기 ($3.8{\pm}0.4METs$), 계단오르내리기 ($3.8{\pm}1.3METs$), 농구 슛팅 ($4.4{\pm}.1.5METs$), 줄넘기 ($4.6{\pm}2.6METs$), 음악에 맞추어 스트레칭 ($4.7{\pm}2.3METs$), 천천히 걷기 ($4.8{\pm}2.6METs$) 및 배드민턴 ($4.8{\pm}1.0METs$)의 활동이 중간강도의 신체활동에 속하였다. 빨리 걷기 및 달리기는 각각 $6.6{\pm}1.7$ 및 $6.7{\pm}1.5METs$로 6.0 METs 이상의 고강도 신체활동에 속하는 것으로 나타났다. 4. 본 연구결과를 성인 METs 값 및 기존에 보고된 아동 METs 값과 비교하기 위하여 Bland-Altman 분석을 실시한 결과 각각 mean difference $0.18{\pm}1.57$, upper and lower limit of agreement 0.99 and -0.62 및 mean difference $0.28{\pm}1.49$, upper and lower limit of agreement 1.05 and -0.48로 나타났으며, ICC (interclass correlation coefficient)를 통한 일치도 분석결과는 각각 0.815 및 0.837로 성인의 METs 값보다는 기존에 보고된 아동 METs 값과의 일치도가 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 5. 체중이 신체활동에 따른 에너지소비량에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과, 앉아서 게임하기 (METs 1.6), 계단오르내리기 (METs 3.8), 천천히 걷기 (METs 4.8) 및 달리기 (METs 6.6)에서 $R^2$값이 각각 0.116, 0.176, 0.246 및 0.455로 증가하였으며, 활동 강도가 높을수록 체중이 METs 값에 대한 설명력이 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 신체활동은 건강증진 및 질병예방에 중요한 역할을 하며, 특히, 일상생활에서 신체활동을 증진시키는 것은 많은 질병에 있어 최선의 예방책 가운데 필수적인 요소이다. 이러한 면에서 영양 및 운동처방의 목표에 정확하게 도달하기 위해서는 에너지소비량, 특히, 일상생활에서의 신체활동이 정확하게 평가되어져야한다. 결론적으로, 신체활동에 따른 에너지소비량을 평가하기 위해 성인의 데이터가 존재할지라도 아동들의 일상적인 활동에 대한 에너지 cost 자료는 부족한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는 초등학생의 신체활동에 따른 에너지소비량에 대한 데이터를 직접 측정하여 평가하였다는데 큰 의의가 있으며, 추후 연구에서는 더 넓은 범위의 그룹 및 다양한 연령대의 아동을 대상으로 한 연구가 이루어져야 할 것이다.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.132-159
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• 1994

1988년 6월부터 1993년 10월까지 우리나라의 전 치안(治岸)과 제주도(濟州道)에서 채집(採集)된 한국산(韓國産) 붕장어과(科) Congridae 어류를 중심으로 분류학적(分類學的) 주요(主要) 계수(計數), 계측(計測) 형질(形質)과 외부(外部) 형태적(形態的) 형질(形質) 및 골격 형질(形質)들을 면밀히 분석(分析)하여 이들의 분류학적(分類學的) 위치(位置)를 재검토(再檢討)하였다. 지금까지 한국산(韓國産) 붕장어과(科) 어류(魚類)는 6속(屬) 7종(種)으로 보고되었으나 조사(調査) 결과(結果) 꾀붕장어속(屬) Anago에는 꾀붕장어 Anago anago, 갈붕장어속(屬) Ariosoma에는 먹붕장어 Ariosoma anagoides, 흰붕장어 Ariosoma shiroanago shiroanago, 붕장어속(屬) Conger에는 검붕장어 Conger japonicus, 붕장어 Conger myriaster, 은붕장어속(屬) Gnathophis에는 은붕장어 Gnathophis nystromi nystromi, 테붕장어속(屬) Rhechias에는 테붕장어 Rhechias retrotincta, 애붕장어속(屬) Uroconger에는 애붕장어 Uroconger lepturus 등(等) 모두 6속(屬) 8종(種)으로 분류(分類)되었다. 지금까지 우리나라에서 기재(記載)되어 보고되어 온 종(種)중에서 Conger flavirostris는 Ariosoma anagoid로, Astroconger myriaster는 Conger myriaster로, Congrina retrotincta는 Rhechias retrotincta로, Rhynchocymba nystomi는 Gnathophis nystromi nystromi로 확인되어 종전의 7종(種) 중(中) 4종(種)의 학명(學名)이 재정리(再整理)되었다. 이뿐만 아니라 지금까지 서식(棲息)이 보고(報告)되지 않았던 Ariosoma shiroanago shiroanago를 확인(確認)하여 한국산(韓國産) 미기록종(未記錄種)으로 보고(報告)하면서 한국명(韓國名)으로는 "흰붕장어" 라고 명명(命名)하였다. 아울러 한국산(韓國産) 붕장어과(科) 어류(科魚) 6속(屬) 8종(種)에 대한 주요 형태 형질과 계수 형질을 중심으로 각 속(屬) 및 종(種)에 대한 새로운 검색표(檢索表)를 작성 제시(提示)하고 각 속(屬) 및 종(種)들의 분류학적(分類學的) 주요(主要) 형질(形質)을 기재(記載)하면서 이들의 지리적(地理的) 분포(分布)에 대하여 논의(論議)하였다.