• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.347-355
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences of salivary lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) concentrations, using ASV analysis, after various pre-treatment procedures. 10 unstimulated whole saliva samples of non-exposed subjects to Pb and Cd were collected. Each sample was divided into 6 aliquots and centrifugation was performed in only 3 aliquots. After centrifugation, 3 different types of pre-treatment procedures were carried out. Also, these pre-treatment procedures were carried out for another 3 aliquots, without centrifugation. Pre-treated aliquots were analyzed electrochemically, by ASV. The results are as follows: 1. Mean concentration of Pb in saliva after centrifugation was significantly higher than that of non-centrifugation. 2. In the detection sensitivity of Pb in saliva, those of simple dilution technique by HCl and acid digestion technique by nitric acid were significantly higher than that of simple dilution technique by electrolyte. 3. Mean concentration of Cd in saliva after centrifugation was significantly higher than that of non-centrifugation. 4. In the detection sensitivity of Cd in saliva, those of simple dilution technique by HCl and acid digestion technique by nitric acid were higher than that of simple dilution technique by electrolyte. But, there were no significant differences between them.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.331-343
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• 2001

Advances in medical procedures and utilization of medication have resulted in expanding aged population, which leads to increased aged patients with salivary hypofunction and its associated symptoms in dental clinic. The purpose of this study was to investigate clinical characteristics of patients with dry mouth and its correlation with their salivary flow rate. Forty dry mouth patients (7 males, 33 females, mean age 42.0 years) whose flow rate of unstimulated whole saliva was less than 0.15 ml/min were included and their gender- and age-matched controls (7 males, 33 females, mean age 42.9 years) who did not report any complaints, suggestive of salivary gland dysfunction and had the flow rate of greater than 0.20 ml/min were included for comparison. The salivary flow rate was measured in both unstimulated and stimulated conditions. Dry mouth-related clinical information including history, dry mouth associated symptoms, exacerbating and relieving factors, drugs, systemic diseases, and family history was investigated using questionnaires. The differences in distribution of patients and control subjects to each question and their relation to the salivary flow rate were analyzed and we came to following conclusions. 1. There were statistically significant differences in the distribution of patients and controls to the following questions: the period and frequency of suffering from dry mouth; severity of dry feeling during a meal; severity of discomfort during swallowing; necessity of sipping liquids during swallowing dry foods, severity of discomfort in usual life due to dry feeling; self-assessment of residual salivary volume; taking medications. 2. The patients had more stress-related medical histories including indigestion, insomnia, and gastritis compared with controls. The patients took many kinds of medications to control their systemic diseases. 3. There were statistically significant differences in the salivary flow rate between different groups of patients to following questions: severity of dry feeling during a meal; severity of discomfort during swallowing; necessity of sipping liquids during swallowing dry foods. The difference was more significant in the case of stimulated salivary flow rate rather than unstimulated one. 4. The salivary flow rate of patients taking medications was significantly less than that of patients who did not take medications. The difference was more significant in the case of stimulated salivary flow rate rather than unstimulated one.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.262-274
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• 1999

Several alternatives for increasing the fluoride concentration in the mouth, such as water fluoridation, ingestion of fluoride supplements, fluoride paste, fluoride mouthrinse, application of fluoride gel are available. There is an impressive body of evidence that the topically deliverd fluorides are clinically effective in inhibiting the progression of dental caries. Recent studies on the cariostatic action of fluoride have indicated the importance of fluoride in the fluid environment of the teeth. The fluoride levels in unstimulated whole saliva can be considered indicative of F in the aqueous phase available for interaction with the tooth surface at a given time. The retention of F in the mouth after topical fluoride treatment is considered to be an important factor in the clinical efficacy of F. The aim of this study was to determine the elevation and clearance of fluoride in whole saliv after the following topical flouride treatments using HMDS-diffusion technique and fluoride ion electrode. The obtained results were as follow: 1. Average salivary fluoride concentration in the unstimulated whole saliva was $0.0152ppm{\pm}0.0091ppm$. Unstimulated salivary flow rate was between 0.34-0.36ml/min and there was no statistically significant difference among the groups(p>0.05). 2. Except for the immediate time after treatment, fluoride levels followed as APF gel>neutral gel>F-rinse>F-paste. There was no statistical difference between the salivary F concentration of F-paste group and that of control group after 2 hours. In case of F-rinse group, after 3 hours the concentration had dropped to baseline value. But there was statistically significant difference among the F concentraion of F gel groups and that of control group(p<0.05). 3. The mean $AUC_{0-120min}$ values were followed as neutral gel>APF gel>F-rinse>F-paste, and the values of the two former groups were significantly higher than those of the two latter groups(p<0.05).

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.109-117
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• 1998

Fixed orthodontic appliances for the treatment of malocclusion has iatrogenic side effect such as demineralization of enamel, gingivitix and gingival hyperplasia. The purpose of this study is to longitudinally investigate the salivary microorganisms and immunoglobulin A after delivery of fixed orthodontic appliances for 10 months. Eight orthodontic patients were included in this study and the author has investigated the numbers of general bacteria, Streptococcus mutans Staphylococcus aureus and concentration of immunoglobulin A from unstimulated whole saliva. The author examined these parameters at prebracketing, 1 month after, 4 months after, 7 months after and 10 months after delivery of fixed orthodontic appliances. The obtained results were as follows : There were significant increases in the number of salivary general bacteria, Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus after delivery of fixed orthodontic appliances The numbers of general bacteria were significantly increased at 1 month after (p<005), 4 months after (p<0.05), 7 months after (p<0.01), compared with prebracketing. However it showed no difference at 10 month after compared with 7 months after bracketing. The Numbers of Staphylococcus aureus were significantly increased at 1 month after (p<0.05), 4 months after(p<0.01), 7 month(p<0.01), compared with prebracketing. However it showed decreasing pattern at 10 months after compared with 7 months after bracketing. There was no significant difference in the concentration of immunoglobulin A after delivery of fixed orthodontic appliances.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.72-80
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• 2017

Purpose: Pilocarpine as a salivation stimulant in pill form has mostly been used to relieve oral dryness for xerostomic patients but its use may often be limited due to variable side effects from systemic absorption. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of pilocarpine mouthwash on salivation according to the variable concentration and duration for healthy volunteers. Related adverse effects and subjective assessment on its effects on salivation were also examined. Methods: This study was performed as placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Thirty healthy volunteers (male=23, mean age=22.2 years) were randomly allocated to 6 groups with the different concentration of pilocarpine mouthwash (placebo, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%). The whole experiment consisted of 3 sessions according to the duration of mouthwash, i.e., 1, 3, and 5 minutes with the mean wash-out period ${\geq}2$ days between the sessions. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected before and after gargling with a mouthwash. Results: Salivation of the higher concentration groups ${\geq}1%$ significantly increased than those of lower concentration group. The application period of mouthwash did not cause any changes of salivary flow rate at the higher concentrations ${\geq}1.0%$. The lower concentrations of 0.5% and 0.1% had no effects on salivation even after 5-minute mouthwash. There was no significant difference between blood pressure and pulse rate before and after use of mouthwash. Conclusions: From the results of the current study, pilocarpine mouthwash with at least 1.0% concentration more than a minute might be clinically effective in salivation without any serious side effects. Dose of mouthwash rather than duration seems to be a critical factor to salivation.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.10-16
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• 2015

Purpose: Pilocarpine has the effects on improvement of salivary flow and subjective symptoms for xerostomic patients. Because of unwanted side effects following its systemic administration, topical pilocarpine has been paid attention as an alternative. This study aimed to investigate effects of pilocarpine solution as mouthwash on salivary flow and adverse effects compared to systemic administration of 5 mg pilocarpine tablet in healthy subjects. Methods: The study was a double blind, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial. Five milligrams pilocarpine tablets, 4 mL of 2% pilocarpine solution and placebo solution were given to 12 healthy volunteers (6 males and 6 females) in a predetermined order with wash-out period of at least two days and unstimulated whole saliva was collected before and after administration of each drug. Blood pressure and pulse rate was also measured and subjective effect and potential side effects were evaluated by a self-administrated questionnaire. Results: Systemic (5 mg tablet) and topical (2% solution) use of pilocarpine significantly increased salivary flow rate in healthy subjects compared to placebo (p<0.001). In both the pilocarpine solution and tablet groups, salivary flow rates at 120 minutes after administration remained increased. Subjective effect on salivation was the largest in the pilocarpine tablet group, followed by the pilocarpine solution group (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in blood pressure and pulse rate after administration of all three drugs. Fewer side effects reported in the pilocarpine solution group than in the tablet group. Conclusions: Two percents pilocarpine solution as mouthwash increases salivary flow rate, definitely superior to placebo solution and comparable to pilocarpine tablet, with fewer side effects in healthy subjects. It indicates a possibility of pilocarpine solution as a useful alternative of pilocarpine tablets for the xerostomic patients with systemic diseases.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.25-30
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• 2019

Purpose: The exact causes of burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is unclear so far. There are many studies to elucidate the relation between oral disease and genetic predisposition. In this study, we first tried to investigate salivary exosomal genetic components that could play an important role for diagnosing and elucidating the progression of BMS. Methods: We compared salivary exosomal micro RNAs (miRNAs) of BMS Patients to those of control using next generation sequencing (NGS). Unstimulated whole saliva from 15 patients with BMS and 10 control subjects were divided into two sets. Isolated exosomes and their total RNAs were subject to NGS for the screening of miRNAs. Results: There were up-regulated 10 exosomal miRNAs (hsa-miR-1273h-5p, hsa-miR-1273a, hsa-miR-1304-3p, hsa-miR-4449, hsa-miR-1285-3p, hsa-miR-6802-5p, hsa-miR-1268a, hsa-miR-1273d, hsa-miR-1273f, and hsa-miR-423-5p) and down-regulated 18 exosomal miRNAs (hsa-miR-27b-3p, hsa-miR-16-5p, hsa-miR-186-5p, hsa-miR-142-3p, hsa-miR-141-3p, hsa-miR-150-5p, hsa-miR-374a-5p, hsa-miR-93-5p, hsa-miR-29c-3p, hsa-miR-29a-3p, hsa-miR-148a-3p, hsa-miR-22-3p, hsa-miR-27a-3p, hsa-miR-424-5p, hsa-miR-19b-3p, hsa-miR-99a-5p, hsa-miR-548d-3p, and hsa-miR-19a-3p) in BMS patients comparing with those of control subjects. Conclusions: We show that there are 28 differential expression of miRNAs between the patients with BMS and those of control subjects. The specific function of indicated miRNAs should be further elucidated.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권14호
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• pp.5773-5777
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• 2015

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is thought to develop from precancerous dysplastic lesions through multistep processes of carcinogenesis involving activation of oncogenes and loss of tumor suppressor genes. The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her-2/neu [erbB-2]), a cell membrane glycoprotein, is a growth factor receptor that has receptor tyrosine kinase activity. Her2/neu activation plays a central role in cell proliferation and survival. It has been shown that overexpression of Her2/neu increases the rate of cell division and growth, leading to precancerous changes. The aim of the present study was to compare the serum and salivary Her2/neu levels between cases with premalignant and malignant oral lesions. Materials and Methods: Fasting blood samples and unstimulated saliva by passive drooling were collected from three groups of healthy control (n=20), premalignant disorder (PMD) (n=20) and OSCC (n=25) subjects. The HER2 extracellular domain (HER2 ECD) levels were measured using ELISA. Results: The levels of serum Her2/neu showed no significant differences between any of the groups but on the other hand salivary Her2/neu levels were found to be significantly (p<0.05) higher when compared between control (median 68.7 pg/ml, range: 21.5 - 75.8) and OSCC (median 145.6 pg/ml, range: 45.1-191.1). A similar trend was observed when comparing between PMD (median 43.3, range: 22.1 -94.7) and OSCC with a statistical significance of p<0.05. Conclusions: Our study provided evidence of increased salivary Her2/neu in OSCC when compared to PMD and control which was not the case for serum levels. This suggests that probably Her2/neu is not highly amplified as in breast cancer so as to be reflected in serum. Since saliva is in local vicinity of the OSCC, even a mild increase might be mirrored. On the whole, this study proposes Her2/neu as marker for distinguishing premalignant and malignant conditions.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.89-97
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to investigate fluoride release in the oral cavity from polymer adhesive tape which is NaF coated PVA. 45 healthy adults were divided into 3 groups by the type of topical fluoride applied: 60seconds taste$^{(R)}$ APF gel (group 1), FluoroDose$^{(R)}$ varnish (group 2) and NaF-PVA (group 3). Topical fluoride was applied to the facial surface of maxillary 12 teeth and unstimulated whole saliva was collected to measure fluoride release after 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours. Fluoride-sensitive electrode was used for measuring the fluoride concentration in the saliva samples. All three groups showed significantly higher value for fluoride concentration than the baseline after 1 and 3 hours (p < 0.05). After 6 hours, group 3 showed significantly higher fluoride concentration than the baseline (p < 0.05) and also showed significantly higher value for fluoride concentration than group 1 and group 2. Between group 1 and group 2, however, there was no significant difference statistically with respect to fluoride concentration value (p > 0.05).

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.341-351
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• 2009

There is tremendous variability in the ways patients present with taste problems. Because of complex and multifactorial etiological background, it is not simple to evaluate patients with taste disorders. Accurate assessment of patients' status by prudent, thorough history taking and symptom analysis is the most essential for exact diagnosis of taste disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of patients with taste problems as a primary complaint. Consecutive series of 50 patients (12 males and 38 females, mean age $53.6\;{\pm}\;14.7$ years) were included for the present study. All subjects were requested to complete a comprehensive questionnaire. Clinical evaluation procedures included oral examination, interview, questionnaire analysis, panoramic radiography, blood test and measurement of salivary flow rate. The obtained results were as follows: 1. Among the patients, 36 patients (72%) complained of oral mucosal pain or burning sensation. Of these patients, 18 patients (36%) were diagnosed as burning mouth syndrome. 2. Nineteen patients (38%) complained of subjective oral dryness. The flow rate of unstimulated whole saliva was less than 0.1 mL/min in 14 patients (28%) and 17 (34%) had a stimulated whole salivary flow rate of less than 0.5 mL/min. 3. Among the types of taste disorders, hypogeusia, the most frequently reported, was found in 25 patients (50%), dysgeusia in 18 patients (36%), phantogeusia in 15 patients (30%), hypergeusia in 10 patients (20%), and ageusia in 5 patients (10%). Nineteen patients (38%) reported more than one type of taste disorder and the most frequent combination was dysgeusia + hypogeusia (n=6, 12%). 4. Based on data from the medical and dental histories and examinations, the patients were assigned to 12 probable causal categories. Taste disorders due to oral mucosal diseases and idiopathic taste disorder were the most frequent (n=9; 18%, each), followed by psychogenic taste disorder (n=8; 16%), drug-induced taste disorder (n=7; 14%), and taste disorder due to dry mouth (n=6; 12%). These 5 categories of taste disorder accounted for 78% of all cases in this study.