• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.55-61
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• 1988

가톨릭 의과대학 강남성모병원 방사선치료실에서는 1983년 4월부터 1987년 12월까지 4년 8개월 동안에 국소 재발성 또는 진행된 직장암환자 46예의 외부 방사선 치료를 실시하였다. 방사선 치료는 6MV선형가속기를 사용하였으며 전후 2대문조사 및 4문조사를 혼합 사용하였고, 매일 $160\~180cGy$색 주 5회 분할조사하여 총 $4,500\~6,000rad/5\~7$주를 시도하였다. 필요시는 수술창 및 회음부에 격일로 Bolus를 사용하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었기에 보고하는 바이다. 1. 총 46명중 남자 25명, 여자는 21명이었고, 연령 분포는 22세부터 79세까지였다(중앙연령 : 54세). 2. 수술 후 재발된 직장암이 28예였고, 수술 불가능한 경우가 18예였다. 3. 재발된 예 28명에서 Astler-Coiler's Modification of Duke's Method 분류상 C2가 20명이었는데 그중 12명이 수술 후 12개월 내에 재발하였다. Bl 명기에서는 24개월 내 재발한 예는 전혀 없었다. 4. 방사선 치료에 대한 반응으로 통증을 주소로 했던 30명중 22명$(73\%)$에서, 종괴를 주소로 한 14명중 12명$(86\%)$에서, 출혈을 주소로 한 22명 중 17명$(77\%)$에서 각각 반응을 보였다. 5. 합병증은 건성 쪼는 습성 피부탈락과 홍반성 색소침착, 요도-방광염이 $61\%,\;35\%,\;17\%$에서 각각 관찰되었고, 2예에서는 수술을 요하는 장유착이 있었다. 6. 수술 후 2년과 3년 생존율은 각각 $43\%,\;22\%$였고, 방사선 치료 후 2년 생존율은 $13\%$였다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.173-180
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• 1995

Purpose: Unresectable rectal cancer has a grave prognosis. regardless of the therapy used and median survival is less than 1 rear. Also, it is reported by many authors that $50-80\%$ of unresectable lesions were rendered resectable by radiation therapy and the median survival time for the completely resected patients were better than that of the unresected patients. So we analyzed retrospectively our data for the better treatment outcome in these patients. Materials and MEthods:From 1980 to 1992, 45 patients with initially unresectable tumors in the rectum were treated with radiation therapy with/without surgery in Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center 10 MV radiation and multiple field technique (box or AP/PA) were used. The total dose was 28-70 Gy and median dose was 48 Gy. We evaluated the lesion status at 45-50 Gy for operability. If the lesions appeared to be resectable, the Patients were operated on 4-6 weeks after radiation therapy. But if the lesions were still fixed, the radiation dose was increased to 60-65 Gy. Results: For all patients, the 2-year actuarial survival was $13.3\%$ and median survival was 9.5 months. Of 6 patients who had received less than 45 Gy, only $17\%$ of patients responded, but in the patients who had received more than 45 Gy, $60\%$ of response rate was achieved Six of the 24 patients$(25\%)$ underwent surgical resections following RT. For patients undergoing curative resection. the two-rear survival was $50\%,$ but that of the patients without resection was $9.5\%$ (p<0.01). Survival of patients with complete response following RT was $50\%$ at 2 years. Survival of patients with partial response, stable disease and progressive disease after RT was $13.4\%,\;15.4\%,\;0\%$ respectively (P<0.05). Conclision: Our data suffests that the efforts which can increase the response rate and aggressive surgical approach are needed to achieve the better local control and survival in unresectable rectal cancers.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.127-132
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• 1993

Total of 53 patients of unresectable and recurrent rectal cancer treated with neutron beam during the period from Oct.1987 to Apr.1992 were analyzed. Dose fractionation for the neutron only group was 1.5 Gy per fraction,3 fraction per week,21 Gy/41/2 wks for 42 patients out of 53 ($76{\%}$). Neutron only but modified fractionation schedule ($10{\%}$ more or less of total dose) was applied for 9 patients, and mixed beam (neutron boost) was for 4 patients, Complete tumor response was obtained in 40 patients ($76{\%}$, response rate). Local control rate was 28 out of 53 ($53{\%}$). Statistically significant better prognostic factors for local control were age below 49 years old (15/22, $68{\%}$) than above 50 years old (13/31, $42{\%}$), male (20/32, $63{\%}$) than female (8/21, $38{\%}$), tumor size less than 5 cm and non-metastatic (16/24, $67{\%}$) than size more than 5 cm or metastatic (12/29, $41{\%}$). Major complication had developed in 7 patients ($13{\%}$). Two year overall survival rate by Kaplan-Meier method was $30{\%}$, but it was rised to, $47{\%}$ when the turner was less than 5 cm non-metastatic.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.235-246
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• 1988

A total of 93 patients with rectal cancer treated with radiotherapy at department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center between January 1974 and December 1983 are retrospectively analysed. The patients are divided into three groups as follows: I. Postoperative radiotherapy, II. Postoperative recurrent, III. Unresectable or Inoperable group. In postoperative radiotherapy group, overall 5 year survival rate is $34.8\%$ and prognostic factors are presence of obstruction and degree of differentiation. In postoperative recurrent group, overall 2 year survival rate is $7.4\%$ with median survival of 13 months and prognostic factors are RT responsiveness and sex, and the local failure rate is $22.7\%$. In unresectable or inoperable group, overall 2 year survival rate is $19.8\%$ with median survival of 12.6 months and prognostic factors are RT responsiveness and RT dose. The complications for RT are not significant and are acceptable in all patients.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.71-77
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• 2017

Purpose: Although the technical developments of radiotherapy have been remarkable, there are currently few reports on the treatment results of radiotherapy for local recurrence of rectal cancer treated with surgery alone as initial treatment in this three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy era. Thus, we retrospectively evaluated the treatment results of radiotherapy for local recurrence of rectal cancer treated with surgery alone as the initial treatment. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two patients who underwent radiotherapy were enrolled in this study. The dose per fraction was 2.0-3.5 Gy. Because the treatment schedule was variable, the biological effective dose (BED) was calculated. Results: Local control (LC) and overall survival (OS) rates from the completion of radiotherapy were calculated. The 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year LC rates were 51.5%, 24.5%, 19.6%, 19.6%, and 13.1%, respectively. LC rates were significantly higher for the high BED group (${\geq}75Gy_{10}$) than for the lower BED group (<$75Gy_{10}$). All patients who reported pain achieved pain relief. The duration of pain relief was significantly higher for the high BED group than for the lower BED group. The 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year OS rates were 82.6%, 56.5%, 45.2%, 38.7%, and 23.2%, respectively. There was a trend toward higher OS rates in with higher BED group compared to lower BED group. Conclusion: For patients with unresectable locally recurrent rectal cancer treated with surgery alone, radiotherapy is effective treatment. The prescribed BED should be more than $75Gy_{10}$, if the dose to the organ at risk is within acceptable levels.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.293-299
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• 2000

목적 :직장암에서 완치를 기대할 수 있는 치료는 수술요법이다. 진행성 병변으로서 근치절제가 불가능한 경우에 있어서는 수술 전 보조요법을 통해 절제연이 음성인 근치절제율을 높이고자 하는 노력이 시도되고 있다. 이에 저자들은 수술 전 방사선 및 항암화학 동시요법으로 근치 절제율을 높여 치료성적을 향상시키기 위하여 전향적 임상 연구를 시행하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 1995년 1월부터 1998년 6월까지 국소적으로 진행된 직장암으로 내원하여 수술전 병기결정 검사를 통하여 근치적 절제가 불가능하다고 판단된 37명의 환자가 본 연구에 포함되었다. 수술전 병기결정은 직장수지검사, 경직장초음파, 컴퓨터단층촬영, 자기공명영상 등을 이용하였다. 방사선 치료는 3 문 내지 4 문 조사식으로 총 45$\~$50.4 Gy를 시행하였으며, 방사선 치료 첫째 주와 다섯째 주에 항암화학요법(5-Fluerouracil, 370$\~$450 mg/m$^{2}$, IV bolus, 5 days; Leucovorin 20 mg/m$^{2}$, IV bolus, 5 days)이 동시에 투여되었다. 방사선 치료 후 4$\~$6주 후에 근치적절제술을 시행하였다. 전체 37명의 환자 중 31명에서 계획된 방사선 및 항암화학 동시요법 후 근치적 수술이 시행되었고, 나머지 6명은 환자 이해부족으로 치료가 중단 된 경우 4예, 치료중 진행성 병변(Peforation)으로 응급수술을 시행한 후 방사선 단독치료를 한 경문 1예, 그리고 1예에서는 방사선 및 항암화학 동시요법을 시행 후 수술하기 전에 폐전이가 발견되어 전신항암화학 요법만을 시행하였다. 결과: 계획된 치료가 시행된 환자 중 94$\%$ (29/31)에서 절제연 음성인 완전근치절제가 가능하였으며, 병리적 완전관해율은 6$\%$ (29/31), 임상적 완전관해율은 23$\%$ (7/31)이었다. 수술 전 병기 감소율은 68$\%$에서 관찰되었다. 수술은 2예에서 국소 절제술, 14예에서 저위전방절제술, 8예에서 복회음부 절제술, 4예에서 하트만씨 절제술, 3예에서 부분 내용제거술을 시행되었다. 치료와 연관된 급성 독성으로는 Grade III & IV의 백혈구 감소증 각각 4예(13$\%$), 2예(6$\%$)를 제외하고는 대부분 경미하였다. 결론: 국소적으로 진행되어 근치적 절제가 어려운 직장암에서 계획된 수술 전 방사선 및 항암화학 동시요법을 통해서 수술 후 병기 감소(68$\%$)와 높은 완전근치절제율(94$\%$)을 얻을 수 있었다. 치료에 따른 독성도 대부분 경미하여 좋은 순응도를 보였다. 나아가 이러한 치료를 통해 얻어지는 국소 제어율과 전체 생존율에 대해서는 향후 추적 관찰을 통해 분석해 나갈 예정이다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.3941-3944
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• 2013

Background: The use of preoperative chemoirradiation is the commonest treatment strategy employed in Malaysia for locally advanced rectal cancer. We need to determine the local control and survival rates for comparison with established rates in the literature. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study analyzed all newly diagnosed patients with rectal adenocarcinoma who underwent long course preoperative radiotherapy (RT) at the Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Kuala Lumpur Hospital (HKL) between $1^{st}$ January 2004 and $31^{st}$ December 2010. The aim of the study was to determine the radiological response post radiotherapy, pathological response including circumferential resection margin (CRM) status, 3 years local control, 3 years overall survival (OS) and 3 years disease free survival (DFS). Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software. Kaplan-Meier and log rank analysis were used to determine survival outcomes. Results: A total of 507 patients with rectal cancer underwent RT at HKL. Sixty seven who underwent long course preoperative RT were eligible for this study. The median age at diagnosis was 60 years old with a range of 26-78 years. The median tumour location was 6 cm from the anal verge. Most patients had suspicion of mesorectum involvement (95.5%) while 28.4% of patients had enlarged pelvic nodes on staging CT scan. All patients underwent preoperative chemo-irradiation except for five who had preoperative RT alone. Only 38 patients underwent definitive surgery (56.7%). Five patients were deemed to be inoperable radiologically and 3 patients were found to have unresectable disease intraoperatively. The remaining 21 patients defaulted surgery (31.3%). The median time from completion of RT to surgery was 8 weeks (range 5.6 to 29.4 weeks). Fifteen patients (39.5%) had surgery more than 8 weeks after completion of RT. Complete pathological response was noted in 4 patients (10.5%). The pathological CRM positive rate after RT was 18.4%. With a median follow-up of 38.8 months, the 3 year local control rate was 67%. The 3 years rate for CRM positive (<2 mm), CRM clear (>2 mm) and pCR groups were 0%, 88.1% and 100% respectively (p-value of 0.007). The 3 year OS and DFS were 57.3% and 44.8% respectively. Conclusions: In conclusion, the approach of long course preoperative chemoirradiation for rectal cancer needs to be re-examined in our local setting. The high rate of local recurrence is worrying and is mainly due to patient defaulting post-preoperative chemoirradiation or delayed definitive surgery.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.30-36
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• 2006

목적: 방사선치료와 항암제치료의 급성부작용은 환자 개인에 따라 차이가 많다는 것은 임상경험을 통하여 널리 알려져 있다. 그러나 아직 이를 미리 예측할 수 있는 인자로 알려진 것은 없다. XRCC1 유전자는 DNA base-excision repair에 관여하는 유전자로 알려져 있다 저자들은 대장 직장암 환자를 대상으로 방사선치료와 항암제치료로 인한 급성부작용과 XRCC1 유전자의 다형성이 관련이 있는지를 알아보고자 본 연구를 수행하게 되었다. 대상 및 방법: 1997년 7월부터 2003년 6월까지 인하대학교병원에서 치료를 받은 대장 직장암 환자 85명을 대상으로 하였다. 대장암이 2명, 5자결장암이 13명, 직장암이 71명이었다 병기는 B기가 22명, C기가 50명, D기가 8명이었고 절제 불가능한 경우가 6명이었다 방사선치료 범위는 골반강만 조사된 경우가 81명, extended field로 조사된 경우가 5명이었고 방사선량은 일일 1.8 Gy로 주 5회 조사하여 총 $30.6 Gy{\sim}59.4 Gy$ (중앙값: 54 Gy)를 조사하였다. 항암제치료는 전 환자에서 5FU를 근간으로 한 약제를 투여받았고 방사선 치료기간 중에 시행된 횟수는 1회가 24명, 2회가 45명이었고 17명은 동시에 투여 받지는 않았다. 치료의 급성부작용은 상부위장관과 하부위장관으로 나누어 기록하였고 증상이 전혀 없는 경우를 0, 증상이 있으나 투약이 필요하지 않은 경우를 1, 투약이 필요한 경우를 2, 투약에도 불구하고 증상이 심하여 치료의 휴식 또는 입원을 한 경우를 3으로 분류하였고 전 치료기간 중 최초, 최저 수치와 방사선치료기간 중 최초, 최저 백혈구, 혈소판 수치를 조사하였다. 환자의 동의 하에 혈액을 채취하여 림프구를 분리한 후 DNA를 추출하여 PCR-RFLP 방법으로 XRCC1 유전자의 코돈 194, 280, 399번 위치의 다형성을 분석하였다. 통계는 Chi-square, t-test, logistic regression, ANOVA를 사용하였다. 결과: 다변량 분석결과 상부위장관 부작용에 영향을 미치는 인자는 재발유무였고, 하부위장관의 부작용에 영향을 미치는 인자는 XRCC1 339 다형성, 방사선량, 방사선 중 항암제횟수 순이었다. 방사선 치료 중 백혈구 감소에 영향을 미치는 인자는 XRCC1 399 다형성, 194 다형성이었고, 혈소판 감소에 영향을 미치는 인자는 진단명, XRCC1 399 다형성이었다. 결론: 대장 직장암 환자에서 방사선치료와 항암제의 치료에 따른 정상조직의 급성부작용을 예측하는데 XRCC1 유전자의 코돈 399번의 다형성이 사용될 가능성이 있을 것으로 생각된다.