• 음성과학
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.131-141
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• 2003

Recently, researchers have been debating whether Korean children exhibit a verb bias or not. Since verbs are perceptually and structurally more salient in Korean language, it has been questioned whether these differences in the Korean make a difference in the pattern of noun and verb acquisition of Korean children. Although language structures may vary between Korean and English, universal cognitive constraints play an important role in early vocabulary acquisition. Several recent studies have examined the noun and verb acquisition of Korean children. However, their conclusions regarding the noun versus verb bias have still been inconclusive. In this paper, previous studies investigating Korean children's noun versus verb bias are examined. Methodological issues are mentioned and results were reinterpreted as favoring the noun bias for one-year-old Korean children.

• 영어영문학
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.459-474
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• 2009

The Journal of English Language and Literature. The purpose of this study is to provide an optimality theoretic approach to NPIs (Negative Polarity Items) in English and Korean by proposing three universal constraints. The constraints are C-command Condition (CCC): NPI must be c-commanded by a constituent with negative meaning; Locality Condition (LOC): NPI must be bound in the local domain; Subjacency: NPI licensing must satisfy Subjacency Condition (SBJ); Previous analyses have shown that these three constraints control NPIs in one way or another. This study attempts to demonstrate that NPIs in both English and Korean languages can be nicely accounted for by setting a different constraint hierarchy for the two independent languages. That is, by slightly changing the constraint hierarchy, distributional differences of NPIs in both languages can be accounted straightforwardly within the framework of Optimality Theory.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.5-10
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• 2018

Purpose - The recent establishment of many varieties of English language in the globe has created many models of English such as world Englishes (WEs), English as a Lingua Franca (ELF), English as a family of languages, and English as an Intercultural Language (EIcL). Among the models, the present study highlights 'English as an intercultural language (EIcL)' in relation to distribution science business English teaching to elucidate what EIcL is and why it is critical and how it can be realized in the business English classrooms. Research design, data, and methodology - This study look into the EIcL paradigm that empowers all active users to view English as universal and at the same time enables them to develop critical skills to bridge intercultural gaps or to cross borders. Results - Rather than just focusing on an acquisition of standardized English(es), EIcL serves as a major contextual factor facilitating success in getting competence among the different English languages. Conclusions - EIcL is a promising and ultimately rewarding approach to the contemporary business English teaching arena. EIcL should be achieved through policies, textbooks or living abroad, and, above all, learners/teachers' active awareness and understanding' of the EIcL mainstreams.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제53권
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• pp.163-192
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• 2018

이 논문은 형태통사적 특성이 유사한 한국어와 일본어의 다국어 범용 의존관계 주석체계(Universal Dependencies, 이하 UD) 적용 사례를 살펴보고 비교 분석을 통해서 한국어의 UD 적용 및 개선 방안을 고찰하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 한국어와 일본어는 교착어적 특성으로 인하여 어미와 조사가 매우 발달되어 있다. 그러므로 영어와 같은 굴절어를 중심으로 설계된 UD를 적용하는 데에 많은 어려움이 있다. 이에 본고에서는 UD를 구성하는 범용 품사 주석(Universal POS, 이하 UPOS)과 범용 의존관계 주석(Universal Dependency Relations, 이하 DEPREL)의 적용과 그에 따른 논의들을 검토하였다. UPOS의 경우 AUX(조동사 표지), ADJ(형용사 표지), VERB(동사 표지)처럼 서술어와 관련된 주석 표지의 처리와 조사, 어미와 같은 기능어의 처리 방안을 살펴보았으며 접속사 및 이와 관련된 단위를 어떻게 처리하고 있는지 검토하였다. DEPREL과 관련해서는, 구문 표지를 주석하는 기본 단위의 문제에서 출발하여 통사적 문제를 어떻게 반영하고 있는지 살펴보았다. 지배소 설정 방식과 병렬 구조의 주석 방식, case(격 관계 표지)와 aux(조동사 관계 표지) 주석 방식을 검토하였다. 다양한 관계 주석 표지 중에서 특히 case와 aux에 집중하여 논의한 것은 한국어와의 주석 표지 적용 양상을 비교했을 때 분포 상 가장 두드러지는 차이를 나타내기 때문이다. case는 한국어와 일본어 모두 조사와 관련이 있고, aux는 한국어에서는 보조용언, 일본어에서는 조동사와 관련이 있는 표지이다. 구체적인 주석 양상을 살펴본 결과 일본어의 aux는 서법 조동사뿐만 아니라 동사에 문법적 의미를 더하는 요소, 한국어의 어미에 해당하는 형태에도 aux를 할당하기 때문에 주석이 차지하는 비율이 크게 차이가 나는 것으로 밝혀졌다. iobj(간접목적어 관계 표지)와 관련해서는 일본어에서 간접목적어를 인정하는 데에 반해 한국어에서는 간접목적어를 인정하지 않는 경우가 더 많았다. 일본어의 UD 주석에서 형태 분석 기본 단위인 '단단위'를 기본 구문 주석 단위로 하되 '장단위'와 문절 정보를 이용하는 것처럼, 한국어에서도 형태 분석 단위를 의존관계 주석의 정보로 활용하는 방안에 대해서 고려할 필요가 있다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.125-133
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• 2022

Objectives: No systematic review has explored the challenges related to worldwide universal health coverage (UHC). This study reviewed challenges on the road to UHC. Methods: A systematic electronic search of all studies that identified the challenges of worldwide UHC was conducted, without any restrictions related to the publication date or language. A hand search and a bibliographic search were also conducted to identify which texts to include in this study. These sources and citations yielded a total of 2500 articles, only 26 of which met the inclusion criteria. Relevant data from these papers were extracted, summarized, grouped, and reported in tables. Results: Of the 26 included studies, 7 (27%) were reviews, 6 (23%) were reports, and 13 (50%) had another type of study design. The publication dates of the included studies ranged from 2011 to 2020. Nine studies (35%) were published in 2019. Using the World Health Organization conceptual model, data on all of the challenges related to UHC in terms of the 4 functions of health systems (stewardship, creating resource, financing, and delivering services) were extracted from the included studies and reported. Conclusions: This study provides a straightforward summary of previous studies that explored the challenges related to UHC and conducted an in-depth analysis of viable solutions.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.22-38
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• 2015

While Modern Standard Arabic is the formal spoken and written language of the Arab world; dialects are the major communication mode for everyday life. Therefore, identifying a speaker's dialect is critical in the Arabic-speaking world for speech processing tasks, such as automatic speech recognition or identification. In this paper, we examine two approaches that reduce the Universal Background Model (UBM) in the automatic dialect identification system across the five following Arabic Maghreb dialects: Moroccan, Tunisian, and 3 dialects of the western (Oranian), central (Algiersian), and eastern (Constantinian) regions of Algeria. We applied our approaches to the Maghreb dialect detection domain that contains a collection of 10-second utterances and we compared the performance precision gained against the dialect samples from a baseline GMM-UBM system and the ones from our own improved GMM-UBM system that uses a Reduced UBM algorithm. Our experiments show that our approaches significantly improve identification performance over purely acoustic features with an identification rate of 80.49%.

• 한국수학사학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.11-23
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• 1997

Category theory gives a convenient language for the study of mathematical structures besides its own study. In this paper, we investigate how the abstract structure theory emerged in 1930s affects the study in Topology and eventually becomes a rudiment for the category theory. Moreover, various extensions and universal mapping problems were put in their proper perspective as reflections by the category theory and by its duality principle, coreflections become an interesting subject in Topology, both of which give rise to a new discipline of the categorical topology.

• 영어어문교육
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.91-104
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• 2003

The purpose of this paper is to show that when we consider the analytical ways of Dissimilation, it becomes clear that it is insufficient to deal with it in just linear and nonlinear ways. Thus within a new framework to be introduced in this paper, Harmonic Phonology, we will reanalyze the phenomenon. We will also consider how the Obligatory Contour Principle (hereinafter, OCP) is used as both rule trigger and rule blocker in rule application, and works as a universal constraint, that is, a filtering device of ill formed representation. As we also consider it under the new framework, we can show the application position and motivation of rules appropriately and represent the phenomenon synthetically. (Yosu National University)

• 영어어문교육
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.173-187
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• 2003

This paper proposes a semantic description of the English nominal relatives with a knowledge representation framework of Conceptual Graphs(CGs), which is a computer-oriented form of interlanguage from the Conceptual Structures Theory. This paper focuses on the difference between definite and universally quantified meaning of nominal relatives, on the compound relative clauses, and also on the difference between nominal relative clauses and interrogative clauses.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2001년도 ICCAS
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• pp.88.1-88
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• 2001

The paper describes a new approach to the organization of an artificial brain for mobile multi-robot systems, where individual robots are not considered as independent entities, but rather forming together a universal parallel and distributed machine capable of processing both information and physical matter in distributed worlds. This spatial machine, operating without any central control, is driven on top by distributed mission scenarios in WAVE-WP language. The scenarios can be written on a variety of levels, and any mixture of them, supporting the needed system flexibility and freedom ...